Practices to Protect Bus Operators from Passenger Assault (2011)

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78 Glossary definitions are primarily derived from Transit Safety & Security Statistics & Analysis 2003 Annual Report; National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP—July 2006) or the National Response Plan (NRP—Dec. 2004) All Hazards—An approach for prevention, protection, pre- paredness, response, and recovery that addresses a full range of threats and hazards, including domestic terrorist attacks, natural and man-made disasters, accidental dis- ruptions, and other emergencies. Arson—The unlawful and intentional damaging, or attempt to damage, any real or personal property by fire or incen- diary device. Assault, Aggravated—An unlawful attack by one person upon another wherein the offender: • uses a weapon in a threatening manner, or • the victim suffers obvious severe or aggravated bodily injury. Assault, Other—An unlawful attack or attempt by one per- son upon another in which no weapon is used or that does not result in serious or aggravated injury to the victim. Attack or Active Incident—An actual emergency, which might include a terrorist attack, accident, or natural disaster. Automated Vehicle Location (AVL) System—The core bus AVL system is defined as the central software used by dis- patchers for operations management that periodically receives real-time updates on fleet vehicle locations and typically have a Global Positioning System receiver and mobile data communications capability. They may also have other features, such as schedule adherence monitor- ing, onboard mobile data terminals, managed voice com- munications, text messaging, next-stop announcements, and automatic passenger counting and real-time passenger information using dynamic message signs at selected stops (TCRP Synthesis 73, p. 1). CompStat (COMParative STATistics)—CompStat is a crime management tool that uses crime mapping technology and analysis to identify areas of potential incidents and hot spots, and assesses the effectiveness of various policing measures. Concealed Carry—Carrying a firearm hidden on one’s person. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)— CPTED is a method of SCP by which the transit envi- ronment discourages offenders from making the choice to commit a crime by increasing the risks and required efforts. There are many CPTED measures; they include bright lighting, unobstructed sightlines, and natural and formal surveillance. Criminal Activity—An activity that violates the law. Derailment/Bus Going Off Road—A non-collision incident in which either one or more wheels of a transit vehicle unintentionally leaves the rails, a bus leaves the roadway, or there is a rollover. Detection—The identification and validation of potential threat or attack that is communicated to an appropriate authority that can act. General detection activities include intelligence gathering, analysis of surveillance activities, and trend analysis of law enforcement reporting. For spe- cific assets, examples include intrusion-detection systems, alarms, surveillance, and employee security awareness programs. Deterrence—An activity, procedure, or physical barrier that reduces the likelihood of an incident, attack, or criminal activity. Directly Operated—Transportation service provided directly by a transit agency, using their employees to supply the necessary labor to operate the revenue vehicles. This includes instances in which an agency’s employees provide purchased transportation services to the agency through a contractual agreement. Emergency Incident—An incident in which emergency response is required; specifically, an imminent threat to human life. Employee—An individual who is compensated by the tran- sit agency. Evacuation—A condition requiring all passengers and employ- ees to depart a transit vehicle and enter onto the transit right- of-way or roadway under emergency circumstances. Fare Evasion—The unlawful use of transit facilities by rid- ing without paying the applicable fare. Fatality—A transit-caused death confirmed within 30 days of a transit incident, which occurs under the collision, derail- ment, fire, evacuation, security incident, vehicle leaving the roadway, or not otherwise classified categories. Fire—Uncontrolled combustion made evident by flame and/or smoke that requires suppression by equipment or personnel. Forcible Rape—The carnal knowledge of a person forcibly and/or against that person’s will. This includes assault to rape or attempt to rape. FTA Urbanized Area Formula Program Funds—Financial assistance from Section 5307 of the Federal Transit Act. This program makes federal resources available for capi- tal projects and to finance the planning and improvement costs of equipment, facilities and associated capital main- tenance items for use in mass transportation. The program also allows funds for operating assistance in urbanized areas of less than 200,000 population. Graduated Security Response—A security response that increases in a modular or continuous fashion as the defined threat level increases in severity; protective measures implemented at lower threat levels build to the higher threat level protective measures in a cumulative fashion. High Visibility Patrols—High visibility patrols are made highly visible through the saturation of specific locations with multiple specially uniformed officers and the use of visible tactical vests. GLOSSARY

79 Hijacking—Seizing control of a transit vehicle by force. Homicide—The killing of one or more human beings by another, including the following: • Murder and non-negligent manslaughter—the willful (non-negligent) killing of one or more human beings by another. • Negligent manslaughter—the killing of another person or persons through gross negligence. Incident—Major (episodic): Existence of one or more of the following: • A fatality other than a suicide; • Injuries requiring immediate medical attention away from the scene for two or more persons; • Property damage equal to or exceeding $25,000; • An evacuation owing to life safety reasons; • A collision at a grade crossing resulting in at least one injury requiring immediate medical attention away from the scene or property damage equal to or exceed- ing $7,500; • A mainline derailment; • A collision with person(s) on a rail right-of-way resulting in injuries that require immediate medical attention away from the scene for one or more persons; or • A collision between a rail transit vehicle and another rail transit vehicle or a transit non-revenue vehicle resulting in injuries that require immediate medical attention away from the scene for one or more persons. Non-major (summary): Incidents not already reported on the Major Incident Reporting form (S&S-40). Existence of one or more of the following conditions: • Injuries requiring immediate medical attention away from the scene for one person; • Property damage equal to or exceeding $7,500 (less than $25,000); and • All non-arson fires not qualifying as major incidents. Injury—Any physical damage or harm to persons as a result of an incident that requires immediate medical attention away from the scene. Kubotan—A small stick that can be used as a self-defense tool. The principal areas for attacks in self-defense include bony, fleshy, and nerve targets. Larceny/Theft—The unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another person. This includes pocket picking, purse snatching, shoplifting, thefts from motor vehicles, thefts of motor vehicle parts and accessories, theft of bicy- cles, theft from buildings, theft from coin-operated devices or machines, and all other theft not specifically classified. Less-Lethal or Less-Than-Lethal Weapons—Weapons designed to temporarily disable or stop individuals with- out killing them. Mitigation—Activities designed to reduce or eliminate risks to persons or property or to lessen the actual or potential effects or consequences of an incident. Mode—A system for carrying transit passengers described by specific right-of-way, technology, and operational features. Motor Vehicle Theft—The theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. A motor vehicle is a self-propelled vehicle that runs on the surface of land and not on rails. National Transit Database—The system through which the FTA collects uniform data needed by the secretary of transportation to administer department programs. Not Otherwise Classified (Personal Casualty)—A major or non-major incident in which person(s) are injured or die in transit-related operations, but not as a result of a collision, derailment/vehicle leaving roadway, evacuation, or fire. These incidents can include the following: • Injuries or fatalities that occur in slips, trips, or falls on stairs, escalators, elevators, passageways, platforms, or transit right-of-ways; • Injuries or fatalities that occur in sudden braking or unex- pected swerving on transit vehicles; and • Injuries or fatalities that occur in slips, falls, door clos- ings, or lifts while getting on or off a transit vehicle. Non-Arson Fires—An incident involving uncontrolled com- bustion manifested by flame or smoke resulting in evi- dence of charring, melting, or other evidence of ignition of transit property. These are reported as in-station, on right of way or other, or in vehicle. Non-Lethal Weapons—These are explicitly designed and pri- marily used to incapacitate personnel and materiel while minimizing fatalities, permanent injury to personnel, and undesired damage to property and the environment. Non-Violent Civil Disturbance—Non-violent public demon- strations that may or may not be disruptive. Oleoresin Capsicum (OC)—OC is obtained from chili pep- pers that have been dried and ground into a fine powder. When mixed with an emulsifier, it may be sprayed from a variety of dispensers and used as an irritant to control vio- lent people or vicious animals and/or to restore and main- tain order. Open Carry—Carrying a firearm in public in plain sight. Other—An individual who is neither a transit passenger, transit facility occupant, employee/other worker at a tran- sit agency, nor a trespasser. Other Assault—An unlawful attack or attempt by one person upon another where no weapon is used or which does not result in serious or aggravated injury to the victim. Passenger—A person who is on board, boarding, or alighting from a transit vehicle for the purpose of traveling without participating in the operation of the vehicle. Passenger Miles—The cumulative sum of distances ridden by each passenger. Pepper Gel—Pepper gel consists of oleoresin capsicum or OC, which is derived from the cayenne pepper plant. Pepper Spray—Pepper spray consists of oleoresin capsicum or OC, which is derived from the cayenne pepper plant. Population Density—Population divided by the area for which the population is measured. In the NTD, the number of people is the most recent census urbanized area popula- tion divided by the square miles of that urbanized area.

Property Damage—The dollar amount required to repair or replace all vehicles (transit and nontransit) and all property/ facilities (track, signals, and buildings) damaged during an incident, to a state equivalent to that which existed before the incident. Protective Measures—Planned activities that reduce vulnera- bility, deny an adversary opportunity, or increase response capability during a period of heightened alert. Purchased Transportation—Transportation service provided to a public transit agency or governmental unit from a pub- lic or private transportation provider based on a written contract. The provider is obligated in advance to operate public transportation services for a public transit agency or governmental unit for a specific monetary consideration, using its own employees to operate revenue vehicles. Pur- chased transportation does not include franchising, licensing operations, management services, cooperative agreements, or private conventional bus service. Recovery—Development, coordination, and execution of service- and site-restoration plans for affected areas and operations. Response—Activities that address the short-term, direct effects of an incident, including immediate actions to save lives, protect property, and meet basic human needs. Risk—A measure of potential harm that encompasses threat, vulnerability, and consequence. Robbery—The taking or attempting to take anything of value under confrontational circumstances from the care, custody, or control of another person by force, threat of force, or vio- lence and/or by putting the victim in fear of immediate harm. The use or threat of force includes firearms, knives or cutting instruments, other dangerous weapons (clubs, acid, explosives), and strong arm techniques (hands, fists, feet). Sabotage—Sabotage or tampering with transit facilities’ assets may be a means to achieve any of the above events, such as starting a fire or spreading an airborne chemical agent, or it may be a stand-alone act, such as tampering with track to induce derailment. Security Vulnerability/Risk Assessment—A systematic assessment approach for security vulnerability/risk and includes threat and vulnerability analysis. Sensitive Security Information—Any information or records the disclosure of which may compromise safety or security 80 of the traveling public and transit workers. The use is intended to restrict the material from automatic Freedom of Information Act disclosure. Situational Crime Prevention—The theoretical basis is rational choice. The offender decides to commit a crime based on risks, efforts, and rewards. Situational crime prevention attempts to make the risks and efforts greater than the rewards. Taser—Tasers fire electrified darts to immobilize an individ- ual by causing neuromuscular incapacitation. Terrorist Attack—An intentional act of violence with intent to inflict significant damage to property, inflict casualties, and produce panic and fear. Threat—A potential action or situation that may cause harm to people or property. Transit Facility Occupant—A person who is inside the pub- lic passenger area of a transit revenue facility. Employ- ees, other workers, or trespassers are not transit facility occupants. Trespass—To unlawfully enter land, a dwelling, or other real property. Unlinked Passenger Trips—The number of passengers who board public transportation vehicles. Passengers are counted each time they board vehicles no matter how many vehicles they use to travel from their origin to their destination. Vandalism—The willful or malicious destruction, injury, dis- figurement, or defacement of any public or private property, real or personal, without consent of the owner or person having custody or control by cutting, tearing, breaking, marking, painting, drawing, covering with filth, or any other such means as may be specified by local law. Vehicle Miles—The total number of miles traveled by tran- sit vehicles. Commuter rail, heavy rail, and light rail report individual car miles rather than train miles for vehicle miles. Vehicles Operated in Annual Maximum Service—The num- ber of revenue vehicles operated to meet the annual maxi- mum service requirement. Vulnerability—A weakness in the design, implementation, or operation of an asset, system, or network that can be exploited by an adversary, or disrupted by a natural hazard or technological failure.