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SUMMARY OF MAJOR TRENDS 36 ACADEMIC R&D: SHARE OF U.S. GNP Academic R&D as a percentage of the nation's gross national product rose sharply and continuously during the 1950s and 1960s, from 0.07 percent in 1953 to 0.25 percent by 1968; after falling to 0.21 percent in the 1970s, it has reached a new high of 0.27 percent in the late 1980s. The federal funding share of academic R&D grew from 0.04 percent in 1953 to 0.17 percent by 1968; after declining during 1970s, it returned to 0.16 percent by 1988. Figure 2-4: Total and Federal Academic R&D Funds as Percents of U.S. GNP DEFINITION OF TERMS: Total academic R&D expenditures include current-fund expenditures within higher education institutions for all research and development activities that are separately budgeted and accounted for. This includes both sponsored research activities (sponsored by federal and non-federal agencies and organizations) and university research separately budgeted under an internal application of institutional funds; and excludes training grants, public service grants, demonstration projects, and departmental research expenditures that are not separately budgeted. Federal funds include grants and contracts to academic institutions for R&D (including direct and reimbursed indirect costs) by agencies of the federal government; excludes funds for FFRDCs. Gross national product is the estimated total market value of all goods and services produced annually in the United States. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection. Primary data sources: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Scientific and Engineering Expenditures at Universities and Colleges; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business and Commerce.
