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NATIONAL R&D EXPENDITURES 46 NATIONAL RESEARCH: PERFORMERS. For the past two decades, academic institutions have maintained a 25-percent share of total national research (basic and applied) expenditures. By 1988, total research expenditures had risen to $46 billion. Figure 2-15: U.S. Research Expenditures by Performer Figure 2-16: Distribution of U.S. Research Expenditures by Performer NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total. Financial data are expressed in 1988 constant dollars to reflect real long-term growth trends. DEFINITION OF TERMS: Research is a systematic study directed toward fuller knowledge or understanding (basic and applied) of the subject studied. Research expenditures include current-fund expenditures for all research activities that are separately budgeted and accounted for. Academic sector consists of public and private institutions of higher education, including 185 doctoral, 1,224 comprehensive, and 1,388 2-year institutions; (federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) administered by universities are reported under the Other category). Industry sector consists of both manufacturing and non-manufacturing companies; FFRDCs administered by industry are reported within this category. Federal sector consists of all agencies of the federal government. Other sector consists of public and private non-profit organizations that are involved in performing R&D, including FFRDCs administered by non-profit organizations. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection. Primary data sources: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development; Survey of Federal Support to Universities, Colleges, and Non-profit Organizations; Survey of Scientific and Engineering Expenditures at Universities and Colleges; Survey of Industrial Research and Development.
