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ACADEMIC R&D EXPENDITURES 53 ACADEMIC R&D: SOURCE OF FUNDING The federal government's share of support for academic R&D increased from 55 percent in 1958 to more than 70 percent during the 1960s; from there it has gradually declined to its present level of 60 percent. The share contributed directly by the academic institutions themselves has increased from a little over 5 percent in the late 1950s to just under 20 percent in the late 1980s. Figure 2-27: Academic R&D Expenditures by Source Figure 2-28: Distribution of Academic R&D Expenditures by Source NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total. Financial data are expressed in 1988 constant dollars to reflect real long-term growth trends. DEFINITION OF TERMS: Academic R&D expenditures include current-fund expenditures within higher education institutions for all research and development activities that are separately budgeted and accounted for. This includes both sponsored research activities (sponsored by federal and non-federal agencies and organizations) and university research separately budgeted under an internal application of institutional funds; but excludes training, public service, demonstration projects, departmental research not separately budgeted, and FFRDCs. Federal funds include grants and contracts for academic R&D (including direct and reimbursed indirect costs) by agencies of the federal government. State/Local funds include funds for academic R&D from state, county, municipal, or other local governments and their agencies, including funds for R&D at agricultural and other experiment stations. Industry funds includes all grants and contracts for academic R&D from profit-making organizations, whether engaged in production, distribution, research, service, or other activities. Own Funds include institutional funds for separately budgeted research and development, cost-sharing, and under-recovery of indirect costs; they are derived from (1) general purpose state or local government appropriations, (2) general purpose grants from industry, foundations, and other outside sources, (3) tuition and fees, and (4) endowment income. Other sources include grants for academic R&D from non-profit foundations and voluntary health agencies, as well as individual gifts that are restricted by the donor to research. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection. Primary data source: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Scientific and Engineering Expenditures at Universities and Colleges.