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STATUS OF THE ENTERPRISE. 7 23,000 in 1968 (Figure 1-7).6 With increased funding, average combined operating and capital expenditures per researcher rose from $85,000 to $170,000 (Figure 1-8). Two driving forces produced this extraordinary expansion: One, a substantial increase in the number of faculty (Figure 1-9) due to surging university and college enrollments and, two, urgent and substantial increases in federal investment in academic researchâfueled by anxiety over the national security, desire for international leadership, and recognition of general domestic problems. But if the Cold War, Sputnik, and concern over cancer and heart disease provided the impetus, the burgeoning U.S. economy provided the means. From 1958 to 1968, annual federal contributions to academic research increased five-fold, from $1 billion (1988 dollars) to $5 billion (Figures 1-10 and 1-11). The federal share of public doctoral universities' research funds increased from 53 percent to nearly 75 percent; for private doctoral universities, the federal share increased from 66 percent to 82 percent (Figures 1-12 and 1-13). The preponderance of growth in federal R&D spending occurred in non-defense agencies (Figure 1-16). Simultaneously, a rapidly growing job market for college graduates and the maturation of the post-war baby boom doubled the size of the U.S. higher education system, rapidly expanding the institutional base for academic science and technology. Between 1958 and 1968, total higher education enrollments rose from 3 million to more than 7 million, as 2-year colleges firmly took their place in the education system. But the universities that offered doctoral programs grew also. Enrollments in public doctoral universities, for example, doubled from 800,000 to 1.9 million during the decade, while private doctoral university enrollments grew from 440,000 to 650,000 (Figure 1-17). The increase is more striking for advanced degrees awarded during this period. Annual Ph.D. degrees granted in the sciences and engineering from public institutions nearly tripled, rising from 3,300 to 9,000 per year, and those granted by private institutions doubled, from 2,500 to 5,300 (Figure 1-18). 1968 TO 1978: STEADY-STATE In contrast to the previous decade, the major challenge for the period between 1968 and 1978 became managing steady- state funding for the academic research enterprise. The decade began with an expanding guns-and-butter federal budgetary policy and ended with national belt tightening. Accounting for inflation, total academic research expenditures for the decade showed no real growth, fluctuating around $7 billion (1988 dollars); as a share of the gross national product, academic research declined from 0.25 percent to 0.21 percent (Figures 1-4). When inflation is accounted for, annual federal contributions to academic research declined from $5 billion in 1968 to $4.7 billion in 1974, then increased again to $5 billion in 1978 (Figure 1-10 and 1-11). During the period, the federal share of public doctoral universities' research funds decreased from 75 percent to 60 percent; for private doctoral universities, the federal share decreased from 82 percent to 77 percent (Figures 1-12 and 1-13). While the number
