INDEX
A
Acetaminophen, 18
Acetone, 75
Acetylation, autoimmunity, 60
antinuclear antibody, 60-61
complement, 61
histopathologic examination, 60-61
immune complex, 61
Acetylcholine, 17
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 10, 12, 63
Adenosine deaminase deficiency, 65
Adrenal cortical trophic hormone, interleukin-1, 17
B cell, 16
immune function, 15
immunoglobulin, 16
immunosuppression, 78-79
T cell, 16
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
reference population, 120
trichloroethylene, 11
arrhythmia, 131
asthma, 1
cacosmia, 131
depression, 130
psychiatric disorder, 130
recommendations, 148
synergistic effect, 18
Alcoholism, 19
Alfalfa, 54
Allergy, overview, 10
Alum, immunologic adjuvant, 40
Amaranth, 37
Amino acid, 19
Amiodarone, 54
Anemia, 54
Animal model, 3-4, 58-59, 82, 83-98
bioassay
application, 92-97
approach, 85
criteria, 83-84
bone marrow, 89
cellular immunity, 87-88
host resistance, 89
humoral immunity, 87
hypersensitivity, 43-49
antigen-antibody complex, 46
contact, 46-49
cytotoxic reaction, 46
immunoglobulin E, 45-46
immunoglobulin G, 45-46
technique, 44-45
mechanistic study, 89-90
nonspecific immunity, 88-89
pathologic evaluation, 84-87
pulmonary immunocompetence, 90-91
risk assessment, 94-97
rodent immunoassay table, 86
test design, 92-94
Antibody
defined, 9
hypersensitivity, 42
Antibody formation testing, 101-102
Antigen
complement-mediated immune reaction, 29
defined, 9
Antimicrobial drug, 18
Antiparasitic drug, 18
Anxiety, multiple chemical sensitivity, 134
Aroclor, 75
Arrhythmia, air pollution, 131
Arsine gas, 75
Arthritis
autoimmunity, 145
multiple chemical sensitivity, 135
Asbestos, 70
air pollution, 1
autoimmunity, 145
defined, 11
detergent, 35
incidence, 35
mortality, 40-41
nickel, 35
nitrogen dioxide, 1
ozone, 1
palladium, 35
platinum, 35
sulfite sensitivity, 38
tobacco, 130
toluene diisocyanate, 35
trimellitic anhydride, 35
Ataxia telangiectasia, 65
Atopy, asthma, 35
acetylation, 60
antinuclear antibody, 60-61
complement, 61
histopathologic examination, 60-61
immune complex, 61
tissue autoantibody, 60
animal model, 58-59
defined, 53
erythema multiforme, 57
histocompatibility complex, 59
immunoglobulin, 59
incidence, 53-55
mechanism, 57-58
pharmaceutical worker, 3
xenobiotic, 54-57
B
B cell
age, 16
assay, 102
defined, 9
Bacteria, 24
immunosuppression, 72
Benzidene, 70
Benzoic acid, 38
Benzophenone, 39
Beryllium disease, sarcoidosis, diagnosis, 14, 41
Biologic marker
animal model, 83-98
autoimmune disease, 53-62
classification, 12
environmental health, 127-139
epidemiology, 113-125
human marker, 99-111
immune-mediated disease, 33-52
immunosuppression, 63-82
recommendations, 141-148
validation, 19-20
Bone marrow, 31
animal model, 89
Bronchoalveolar lavage, 76
hypersensitivity, 43
Bruton's disease, 65
Butylated hydroxyanisole, 70
Butylhydroxyanisol, 37
Butylhydroxytoluene, 37
C
Cacosmia, air pollution, 131
Calcium, 70
Cannabionoid, 70
Captopril, 54
Carbon tetrachloride, 75
Carrier protein, 13
Cell-mediated immunity, defined, 9
Cellular immunity
animal model, 87-88
hypersensitivity, 42
testing, 102-104
Cellular interaction schema, 25
Cephalosporin, 58
Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 65
Chemical environment, 127-139
Chemical sensitivity
provocative challenge, 136
skin test, 137
syndrome, 128-139
agent table, 129
classification, 128-130
Chlorobenzene, 75
Chloroform, 75
Chromium, 75
Clinical testing regimen, 4, 99
Cocaine, 70
Cohort study, epidemiology, 113, 114
Common variable immunodeficiency, 65
Complement deficiency, 65
Complement-mediated injury, 27-29
Contact dermatitis, 38-39
Contact urticaria, 39-40
Contraceptive, 18
Cosmetic, hypersensitivity, 10
Crohn's disease, 54-55
Cross-sectional study, epidemiology, 113-114, 119
immunosuppression, 17
immunosuppression, 66-67
species comparison, immune response, 67
D
Depression
air pollution, 130
multiple chemical sensitivity, 133-134
Dermal hypersensitivity, 38-40
contact dermatitis, 38-39
contact urticaria, 39-40
photocontact dermatitis, 39
Detergent, asthma, 35
Dichloroethane, 75
Dichloroethylene, 75
Diesel exhaust, 41
Diethylhexyl phthalate, 75
DiGeorge syndrome, 65
Diisocynate, 11
Dimethylbenzanthracene, 147
Dioxin, 11
Diphenhydramine, 39
Diphenylhydantoin, 70
Dodecylgallate, 37
hypersensitivity, 10
immunoglobulin E hypersensitivity, 27
immunosuppression, 70
Dye, 37
Dysphagia, Spanish toxic oil syndrome, 57
E
Education, recommendations, 147-148
Effect marker, overview, 13-14
Electric shock, 24
Emotional disfunction, 24
Endorphin, 17
Enkephalin, 17
Environmental control unit, inhalation challenge, 43, 139
Environmental exposure, recommendations, 148
Environmental health, controversial areas, 127-139
Environmental illness, 127, 135
Environmental Protection Agency, 146
Epidemiology
case studies, 121-125
cross-sectional study, 113-114, 119
event status authentication, 117, 119
hexamethylene diisocyanate, 121-122
National Health and Nutritional Evaluation Survey, 121
recommendations, 125
reference population, 115, 120-121
retrospective studies, 113, 114
sick building syndrome, 124-125
study classification, 113
study design, 119-120
tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 122-123
tobacco, 114
well water, 123-124
Epinephrine, 17
Erythema multiforme, autoimmunity, 57
Erythrosin, 37
Ethanol, 70
Ethics, biological markers, 21
Ethylbenzene, 75
Exposure marker, overview, 13
F
Fetus, immune function, 15
Food hypersensitivity, 37-38
food intolerance, distinguished, 37
Food intolerance, food hypersensitivity, distinguished, 37
Formaldehyde, 136
T cell, 137
Formaldehyde-human serum albumin, multiple chemical sensitivity, 137
Freund's complete adjuvant test, 45, 48
G
Genetic code
antigen recognition, 15
Glomerulonephritis, 54
Glucocorticoid
stress, 16
Glucocorticosteroid, 18
Gold, 54
Granulomatous disease, 65
Groundwater, immunosuppression, 1, 74-75
Guinea pig
immunotoxic study, 10
H
Haloperidol, stress, 17
Halothane, 54
Hapten, 13
immunoglobulin E, 52
respiratory tract, 35
Hereditary syndrome, 24
Hexachlorobenzene, 70
Hexamethylene diisocyanate, epidemiology, 121-122
Histocompatibility complex, autoimmunity, 59
Host resistance, animal model, 89
Human immune system, biologic marker, 99-111
Human immunodeficiency virus, 63-64
Human leukocyte antigen, 59
cell-mediated cytotoxicity, 108
pregnancy, 16
Humoral immunity
animal model, 87
defined, 9
response, 105-106
testing, 100-102
Hydrazine, 54
Hydrocarbon, immunosuppression, 70, 71-72
Hypersensitivity, 2, 26-30, 33-52
animal model, 43-49
antigen-antibody complex, 46
contact, 46-49
cytotoxic reaction, 46
immunoglobulin E, 45-46
immunoglobulin G, 45-46
technique, 44-45
antibody, 42
asthma, 14
beryllium lung disease, 14
biologic marker, 41-43
bronchoalveolar lavage, 43
cellular immunity, 42
chemical detection schema, 48
clinical signs, 41
cosmetic, 10
dermal, 38-40
generally, 10
history, 41
immunoglobulin E, 2, 27, 42, 50-52
immunosuppression, distinguished, 34
ingestion, 37-38
multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome, distinguished, 2
provocation challenge, 42-43
pulmonary, 34-37
response schematic, 47
skin tests, 41
test methods chart, 45
I
Ibuprofen, 18
IL-1, glucocorticoid, 17
Immune-complex-mediated injury, 27-29
Immune suppression, 3
cyclophosphamide, 3
cyclosporin A, 3
Immune system.
component asthma, 26
structure, 24-26
xenobiotic, overview, 30-31
see also Immunotoxicity
Immunity assessment testing, 99-100
Immunoglobulin
age, 16
autoimmunity, 59
concentration testing, 100-101
isotype reference standards, 20
smoking, 18
Immunoglobulin A deficiency, 65
Immunoglobulin E, 13
contact urticaria, 39-40
hapten, 52
hypersensitivity, 2, 27, 42, 50-52
pregnancy, 15
Immunologic adjuvant, 40
Immunopotentiation, defined, 10
acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 63
age, 78-79
benzene, 72
consequences, 64-68
cyclophosphamide, 17
cyclosporin A, 66-67
defined, 10
environmental contaminant, 68-74
human immunodeficiency virus, 63-64
hydrocarbon, 71-72
hypersensitivity, distinguished, 34
inhalation, 74-77
mechanistic study importance, 80
metabolism, 79-80
myelotoxicity, 77-78
organ transplant, 64-65
recommendations, 81-82, 144-145
route of administration, 79
skin, 77
susceptibility, 78-80
syndrome chart, 65
tobacco, 79
Immunotoxicity
animal model, 83-98
autoimmune disease, 53-62
complement-mediated injury, 27-29
environmental health, 127-139
epidemiology, 113-125
human marker, 99-111
hypersensitivity, 27
immune-complex-mediated injury, 27-29
immune-mediated disease marker, 33-52
immunosuppressive toxic agents, 63-82
mechanism, 26-30
recommendations, 141-148
T cell reaction, 29-30
Immunotoxicology
defined, 23
Infant-mother separation, 24
Ingestion, hypersensitivity, 37-38
Inhalation
alveolar macrophage, 76
bronchoalveolar-lavage, 76
immunosuppression, 74-77
Inhalation challenge
environmental control unit, 43
hypersensitivity, 43
Interleukin-1, adrenal cortical trophic hormone, 17
Iron, 19
Isobutyl nitrite, 74-75
Isocyanate, case study, 121-122
K
Kidney, 12
L
Langerhans cell, ultraviolet, 19
Lecithin, 37
Legionnaires' disease, 124
Leukemia, 17
trichloroethylene, 11
well water, 123-124
Light
immune function, 17
photoallergy, 39
solar uticaria, 19
Liver, 12
Lupus, pregnancy, 15
Lymphocyte
antigen activation, 106-107
assay, 103-104
defined, 9
function, 24-26
Lymphokine
function, 24-26
lymphocyte activation secretion, 107
Lymphoma, 17
M
Malnourishment, 18-19
Marker, terminology, 12
Mast cell, immunoglobulin E hypersensitivity, 27
Mechanistic study, animal model, 89-90
Mental dysfunction, 24
α-Mercaptopropionylglycine, 54
Metabolism, immunosuppression, 79-80
Metal, immunosuppression, 70, 73
Methyl mercury, 70
α-Methyldopa, 54
Methylene chloride, 75
Mouse-ear-swelling test, 45, 48
Mucosal response, 147
Mucous membrane, sick building syndrome, 5
Multiple chemical sensitivity, 127
anxiety, 134
arthritis, 135
case definitions, 132-134
characterization
Cullen, 132-134
Randolph, 132-133
defined, 133
depression, 133-134
formaldehyde-human serum albumin, 137
immune-system dysfunction, 134-136
sick building syndrome, relationship, 132
terminology, 136
vascular dysfunction, 134-135
Multiple personality disorder, immune function, 16
Myeloma, 17
Myelotoxicity, immunosupression, 77-78
N
National Health and Nutritional Evaluation Survey, 121
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, reference population, 120
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 9, 11
National Research Council, 9, 11
National Toxicology Program, 10, 146
Natural killer cell, smoking, 18
Nervous-endocrine-immune axis, 2
Nervous system, immune system interaction, 16-17
Neurogenic factor, immune function, 16
Neuropsychology, 21
Nezelof's syndrome, 65
asthma, 35
asthma, 1
autoimmunity, 145
Nitrosamine, 70
Noise, 24
Nonspecific immune enhancement, 40-41
Nonspecific immunity, animal model, 88-89
Norepinephrine, 17
O
Occupational dermatitis, 11
Open epicutaneous test, 45, 48
Opioid, 70
Organ transplant, 11
immunosuppression, 64-65
Organophosphate pesticide, 23
psychosis, 130
Organotin, immunosuppression, 70
Overcrowding, 24
Oxyphenisatin, 54
asthma, 1
autoimmunity, 145
P
Palladium, asthma, 35
Parasite, 24
Pemphigus, 54
Penicillamine, 54
Penicillin, 54
Pentachlorophenol, 23
Perchloroethylene
trichloroacetic acid, 20
trichloroethanol, 20
Pesticide, immunosuppression, 70
Pharmaceutical worker, autoimmunity, 3, 62
Parmacokinetics (toxicokinetics), 67, 79-80, 84, 97
Phenol, 75
Phenothiazine, 39
Phenylcyclohexene, 132
Phenylketonuria, 12
Phosgene, 74
Photoallergy see Light
Placenta, antigen, 15
Platinum, asthma, 35
Platinum salt, 40
Pneumonia, hypersensitivity, diagnosis, 41
Pollen, 41
Polybrominated biphenyl, 54, 70
Polychlorinated biphenyl, 23, 54, 70
Polychlorinated dibenzofuran, 70
Polyunsaturated fatty acid, 19
Polyurethane, autoimmunity, 145
Predictive value, epidemiology, 115-117, 118
Pregnancy
human leukocyte antigen, 16
immune function, 15-16
immunoglobulin G, 15
lupus, 15
Preservative, 37
Procainamide, 15
Propyloctyl, 37
Prospective study, epidemiology, 113, 120
Protozoa, 24
Provocation challenge, hypersensitivity, 42-43
Psychiatric disorder, air pollution, 130
Psychoneuroimmunology, 16
Psychosis, organophosphate pesticide, 130
Pulmonary hypersensitivity, 34-37
asthma, 34-36
lymph node, 35
pneumonitis, 36-37
rhinitis, 34-36
Pulmonary hypertension, Spanish toxic oil syndrome, 57
Pulmonary immunocompetence, animal model, 90-91
Pyrithioxine, 54
R
Ragweed pollen, 11
Rapeseed oil, 54
Raynaud's phenomenon, Spanish toxic oil syndrome, 57
Reactive airways-dysfunction syndrome, 127, 130
Reference population
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 120
epidemiology, 120-121
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 120
Respiratory tract, 34-37
Responsiveness decay, 13
Reticular dysgenesis, 65
Retrospective studies, epidemiology, 113, 114
Rhinitis, 34-36
Risk assessment, animal model, 94-97
Route of administration, immunosuppression, 79
S
Salicylanilide, 39
Sarcoidosis, beryllium disease, diagnosis, 41
Sclerosis, 54
Serotonin, 17
Serum, antigen activation, 106-107
Serum protein, 27-29
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease, 65
Sick building syndrome, 127
epidemiology, 124-125
mucous membrane, 5
multiple chemical sensitivity, relationship, 132
Silicone, 57
Sjögren's syndrome, Spanish toxic oil syndrome, 57
Skin
immunosuppression, 77
response, 147
see also Dermal hypersensitivity
Sodium benzoate, 37
Sodium glutamate, 38
Sodium metabisulfite, 37
Sodium nitrite, 37
Solar urticaria see Light
Spanish toxic oil syndrome, 11, 57
Specificity
biologic marker validation, 19-20
Split adjuvant technique, 45, 48
Staphylococcus enterotoxin, 107
glucocorticoid, 16
haloperidol, 17
Study design, epidemiology, 119-120
Sulfanilamide, 39
Sulfite sensitivity, asthma, 38
Sulfur dioxide, 40
Super antigen, 107
Susceptibility marker, overview, 14-19
Systemic lupus erythematosus, 54
T
T cell
age, 16
defined, 9
formaldehyde, 137
reaction, 29-30
Testing regimen, human immune system, 108-110
Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 70
epidemiology, 122-123
Tetrachloroethylene, 75
Thymus gland, involution, 16
Thyroid disease, 54
Tobacco
asthma, 130
epidemiology, 114
immunoglobulin, 18
immunosuppression, 79
natural killer cell, 18
Tocopherol, 37
asthma, 35
Total Exposure Assessment Methodology, 128
Toxaphene, 23
Training, recommendations, 147-148
Trichloroacetic acid, perchloroethylene, 20
Trichloroethane, 75
Trichloroethanol, perchloroethylene, 20
Trimellitic anhydride, asthma, 35-36
Triphenylmethane, 37
Tryptophan, 57
U
Ultraviolet see Light
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1, 9
V
Vaccine, immunoglobulin E hypersensitivity, 27
Variability of markers, 15-19, 26, 35, 56, 78-80, 82, 115
Vascular dysfunction, multiple chemical sensitivity, 134-135
Vinyl chloride, 54
Virus, 24
Volatile organic compound, 128, 132, 137-138
W
Well water, epidemiology, 123-124
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 65
X
Xenobiotic
defined, 10
immune system, overview, 30-31
Xylene, 75
