Index
A
Academic research,
see University research
Accretion disks, 29–30, 35, 41–42, 72, 82
Active galaxies, 40–42, 59, 64, 73, 88
Active optics, 82
Adaptive optics, 58, 76, 82–83, 85, 88, 113
Advanced Composition Explorer, 38
Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF), 15, 26, 34, 38, 42, 50, 53, 63, 64–65, 68, 76
Airborne telescopes, 5, 66–67, 117
KAO, 41, 61, 67, 75, 77, 78, 79, 156
SOFIA, 5, 23, 25, 32, 35, 38, 67, 77, 78–79, 80
Air Force Office of Scientific Research, 113
Airshower detector, 70–71, 90, 111
American Astronomical Association, 114, 150–152
Andromeda Galaxy, 39
Anglo-Australian Telescope, 96
Apollo program, 103
ARC telescope, 57
Aristotle, 44–45
Asteroids, 31–32
ASTRO telescope, 68
Astrometric Interferometry Mission (AIM), 5, 23–24, 85
Astronomical Image Processing System (AIPS), 93, 95, 97
Astrophysical Data System, 98
Atmospheric processes, 33, 75, 127
climate and weather, 8, 32–33, 126–127
image quality and, 80, 82–83, 101, 104
ozone layer, 127
Planetary atmospheres
B
Baade, W., 36
Berkeley, University of California, 60
Big Bang, 8, 9, 28, 29, 44–47, 48, 51, 52, 54, 71
Biological/organic evolution
comets, 31–32
extraterrestrial intelligence, 62
Black holes, 9, 37, 41–42, 64, 66, 79
Bruno, G., 31
C
California Institute of Technology, 56
Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO), 60, 75
Canary Islands, 85
Carnegie Institution, 56
Charon, 10
Chemical processes, 122
galactic, 39
Chicago Airshower Array, 111
Climate and weather, 8, 32–33, 126–127
Columbus telescope, 56
Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby, 31
Computers and computer science, 6, 89, 91–99, 130
centimeter wavelength programs, 58
cost-effectiveness, 91–92, 96–97
international collaboration, 92, 96
simulations, 30, 42, 48, 91, 97–98, 127
Consortia, telescopes, 56–57, 96
Copernicus telescope, 65
Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), 38–39, 44, 46, 51, 66, 117
Cosmic Background Imager, 25, 68
Cosmic rays, 22, 25, 38, 53, 68, 70, 71, 80, 90 see also
Fly's Eye telescope
Cosmology, 28–29, 44–45, 121–122
Big Bang, 8, 9, 28, 29, 44–47, 48, 51, 52, 54, 71
large-scale structure of universe, 9, 29, 47–49, 51–54, 73, 88
Cost-effectiveness, 119
computer technology, 91–92, 96–97
international efforts, 120
manned space programs, 103, 106
technology development, 68
D
black holes, 9, 37, 41–42, 64, 66, 79
Defense,
see National security
Demographic factors, 150–152
Density of universe (omega), 49, 50, 52–54
Department of Defense, 16, 83, 113
Air Force Office of Scientific Research, 113
Department of Energy, 16, 69–70, 112–113
Department of the Navy, 58, 113
Naval Observatory, 132
Naval Research Laboratory, 113
Deuterium, 65
Digges, T., 45
E
Economic factors,
see Cost effectiveness;
Funding
Education, 7, 110, 113–115, 122–124, 150–152
grants and fellowships, individuals, 55, 63, 110, 114, 116, 156
university research, 56–57, 60–61, 88–89, 106, 114, 122–124
An Educational Initiative in Astronomy , 114
8-m telescopes,
see Infrared-optimized 8-m telescope;
Southern 8-m telescope
Einstein Observatory (HEAO), 42, 50, 64, 91, 96, 117
Energy sources, 16, 69–70, 112, 133
Europe, 58, 63, 85, 112 see also
specific countries
European Southern Observatory (ESO), 88, 96, 133
European Space Agency (ESA), 61, 67, 118
Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), 67, 76, 78
Explorer program, 23, 38, 65–66, 67, 90, 118, 119
Advanced Composition Explorer, 38
COBE, 38–39, 44, 46, 51, 66, 117
FUSE, 5, 23, 38, 65, 89, 111–112, 119
IRAS, 4, 30, 35, 40, 66, 67, 75, 76, 78, 80, 93, 96, 117, 119, 131–132, 134
Extraterrestrial intelligence, 62
Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE), 38, 65, 89, 119
F
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Explorer
(FUSE), 5, 23, 38, 65, 89, 111–112, 119
Federal government, 110–120, 152
Department of Defense, 16, 83, 113
Department of Energy, 16, 69–70, 112
Department of the Navy, 58, 113
private projects, partnerships, 56–57
see also National Aeronautics and Space Administration;
National Science Foundation
Fellowships and grants,
see Grants and fellowships, individuals
Fiber optics, 86
Field Report, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 111
Flexible Image Transport System (FITS), 97
Fly's Eye telescope, 22, 38, 71, 90, 111
Focal plane arrays, 26
4-m telescopes, 22, 44, 53, 88, 111
European Southern Observatory (ESO), 88, 96, 133
Friedmann, A., 45
archival data, 6, 96–97, 98–99
centimeter wavelength programs, 58
cooperative projects, 56–57
grants and fellowships, individuals, 2, 7, 13–14, 55, 63, 110, 114, 116, 156
ground-based infrastructure and programs, 2, 12–27, 115–116
international collaborations, 24, 67
lunar initiative, 7, 107, 108–109
NASA, 6, 27, 111–112, 116–117, 153, 156, 157
NSF, 2, 6, 13–14, 115, 153–156
prioritized equipment initiatives, 3–6, 16–18
small and moderate programs, 5, 24, 117
technology development, 20, 26–27
see also Joint ventures
G
Galaxies and galactic processes, 28, 51, 59, 60
Andromeda, 39
clusters, 9, 39, 40, 47–48, 49–50, 53
constituent elements, 38
evolution, 8, 9, 39–40, 42–44, 65, 73–74, 81–82, 103, 105
explosions, 28
gas processes, 43–44, 47, 50, 53, 60, 64, 75, 82
intergalactic media and processes, 43–44, 47, 50, 53, 60
Large Magellanic Cloud, 9
magnetic fields, 90
Milky Way, 38–39
see also Quasars
Gamma-ray astronomy, 26 , 38, 42, 70–71, 90, 105, 132
airshower detector, 70–71, 90, 111
Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO), 15, 38, 63, 64
Gas processes
galactic, 43–44, 47, 50, 53, 60, 64, 75, 82
interstellar, 39, 41–42, 43, 73–74, 82, 122
supernova, 38
see also Accretion disks
Geophysics, 126
Gladstone, W., 129
Global Oscillations Network Group (GONG), 61, 111, 119
Global Positioning System, 132
Granite telescope, 70
Grants and fellowships, individuals,
see Funding
Gravitational processes
accretion disks, 29–30, 35, 41–42, 72, 82
Big Bang, 8, 9, 28, 29, 44–47, 48, 51, 52, 54, 71
black holes, 9, 37, 41–42, 64, 66, 79
refraction, 9
solar systems, other, 31
Great Observatories, 15, 27, 59, 63, 110, 117
see also Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility;
Gamma Ray Observatory;
Hubble Space Telescope;
Space
Infrared Telescope Facility
Great Red Spot, 28
Green Bank radio telescope, 59, 60, 82
Ground-based research, general, 2, 5–6, 12–14, 16–19, 20–22, 25, 55–62, 115–116, 156, 158
see also specific projects
H
HEAO,
see Einstein Observatory
High-Energy Astronomical Observatory,
see Einstein Observatory
High-Energy Transient Experiment (HETE), 118–119
Historical perspectives, 28, 29–31, 33, 121, 152
archiving, data, 95
computer technology, 91
cosmological theory, 44–45, 51, 54
interferometry, 83
Little Ice Age, 126
non-astronomy applications, 129–133
policy, 111–113
quasars, 40
space-based research, 63
Homestake mine, 70
Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 15, 40, 41, 43, 44, 63–64, 68, 112, 117
I
Image Reduction and Analysis Facility (IRAF), 93, 95, 97
Indiana University, 56
Inflationary universe model, 53–54
Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), 30, 35, 40, 66, 67, 75, 78, 93, 96, 117, 119, 131–132, 134
Infrared astronomy, 75–80, 158
galactic evolution, 43
infrared-optimized 8-m telescope, 4, 17, 20, 30, 32, 39, 40, 43, 44, 56, 74, 76–78, 79, 83
IRAF, 97
IRAS, 30, 35, 40, 66, 67, 75, 76, 78, 80, 93, 96, 117, 119, 131–132, 134
moon, observatories on, 101
planetary evolution, 9
SIRTF, 3–4, 15, 26, 30, 35, 38, 40, 43, 50, 63, 67, 68, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80
SOFIA, 5, 23, 25, 32, 35, 38, 67, 77, 78–79, 80
telescopes, general, 25, 26, 31
two-micron survey, 24
Infrared-optimized 8-m telescope, 4, 17, 20, 30, 32, 39, 40, 43, 44, 56, 74, 76–78, 79, 83
Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), 67, 76, 78
Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF), 20, 61, 83
Interdisciplinary cooperation, 69, 71, 124–126, 129–133
Interferometry, 21, 23–24, 80, 113
history, 83
infrared and optical, 26–27, 31, 58, 80–81, 83–84, 103–105
moon, observatories on, 101, 103–105, 106, 108
optical, 26–27, 31, 58, 80–81, 83–84
planetary, 23–24
radio, 60, 80, 81, 105, 119, 160
VLA, 5, 13, 22–23, 58, 80, 85–86, 91, 93, 94
Intergalactic media and processes, 43–44, 47, 50, 53, 60
International Astronomical Union, 133
International collaborations, 24, 67, 110, 112, 119–120, 133–134
cost-effectiveness, 120
IRAS, 30, 35, 40, 66, 67, 75, 78, 93, 96, 117, 119, 131–132, 134
moon-based technology, 109
particle physics, 70
solar astronomy, 22, 34, 61, 62, 85–86
VLBI, 134
see also specific countries
International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), 96, 117, 119, 133, 156
Interstellar media and processes, 65
gases, 39, 41–42, 43, 73–74, 82, 122
organic materials, 62
supernova gases, 38
Iron, 36
J
Japan, 63, 67, 70, 112, 118, 134
Johns Hopkins University, 56
NASA/NSF, 112
see also International collaboration
K
Kamiokande II, 70
Kant, I., 29
Keck optical telescope, 56, 78, 82, 86, 87
Kodak Company, 130
Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO), 41, 61, 67, 75, 77, 78, 79, 156
L
Laboratory astrophysics, 25, 26, 55, 68–70
La Palma Observatory, 96
Large Earth-based Solar Telescope (LEST), 22, 34, 85
Large-scale structure of universe, 9, 29, 47–49, 51–54, 73, 88
Laser technology, artificial stars, 83
Launch vehicles, 27, 67–68, 76, 89, 101, 117, 119
Little Ice Age, 126
Lunar bodies
Charon, 10
M
Magellan telescope, 56
Magnetic fields
galactic, 90
MANIAC, 91
Manned space exploration, 101, 103, 106
Space Shuttle, 62–63, 67–68, 89, 112, 118, 119
Medical science, 129–130
Michelson, A., 83
Microwave Observing Program, 62
Milky Way, 38–39
Millimeter Array (MMA), 4–5, 20–21, 30, 35, 53, 74, 81–82
Millimeter astronomy, 4–5, 13, 30, 35, 60–61, 158
MMA, 4–5, 20–21, 30, 35, 53, 74, 81–82
Millitech Corporation, 130
Minorities, 151–152
Mirror Laboratory of Steward Observatory, 86
Mirror technology, 56, 57, 63, 86, 106–107, 117
Keck optical telescope, 56, 78, 82, 86, 87
on moon, 101
Spectroscopic Survey Telescope, 56, 86
Mission operations and data analysis, 89, 92
see also Computers and computer science
see also Lunar bodies
Multidisciplinary approach,
see Interdisciplinary cooperation
N
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA), 11, 16, 26, 27, 61, 66, 111–112, 116–117, 153, 156, 157
Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby, 31
computer science, 95–97, 98–99
extraterrestrial intelligence, 62
interferometry, general, 5, 23–24, 85, 108
manned space exploration, 101, 103, 106,
see also Space Shuttle
suborbital program, 66–67, 117
theory, 69
Voyager program, 33
see also Explorer program;
Great Observatories
National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC), 13, 116
National Optical Astronomy Observatories (NOAO), 13, 56, 88, 93, 115, 116
National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), 12, 58, 93–94, 115, 116
see also Very Large Array;
Very Long Baseline Array
National Research Council, 1–2, 10–11
Stever Report, 68
see also Field Report;
Working Papers
National Science Foundation, 13, 16, 57, 58, 59, 60, 69, 111, 112, 115–116, 153–156
computer science, 92, 95, 97, 98, 99
education, 114
National security, 130–132
telescopes, 26
see also Department of Defense
National Solar Observatory (NSO), 62
Naval Observatory, 132
Naval Research Laboratory, 113
Netherlands, 134
von Neumann, J., 91
Neutrino astronomy, 9, 37, 124
solar, 10, 26, 34, 62, 68–69, 70, 124
Neutron stars, 9, 36, 37, 64, 66
New Mexico State University, 57
New Technology Telescope, 88
Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-Objective Spectrometer (NICMOS), 64, 68
Nuclear reactions, fusion, 36, 133
O
Office of Management and Budget, 12
Office of Space Science and Applications,
Strategic Plan , 63, 107, 111, 116–117, 118
Ohio State University, 56
Omega,
see Density of universe
Optical astronomy, 5, 21–22, 31, 32, 48, 49–50, 55–56, 58, 158
active optics, 82
adaptive optics, 58, 76, 82–83, 88, 113
interferometry, 26–27, 31, 58, 80–81, 83–84
Keck telescope, 56, 78, 82, 86, 87
laser technology, 83
National Optical Astronomy Observatories, 13, 56, 88, 93, 115
see also Mirror technology
Ozone layer, 127
P
Particle astrophysics, 9, 26, 33, 36, 38, 42, 55, 70–71, 124–125
American Astronomical Association, 114, 150
cosmology, 47
see also Black holes
neutrinos 9, 10, 26, 34, 37, 62, 68–69, 70, 124
see also Cosmic rays
Pease, F., 83
Pennsylvania State University, 56
geophysics, 126
historical perspectives, 29, 31
interferometry, 23–24
see also specific planets
Planetary atmospheres,
see Atmospheric processes
Planetary Data System, 98
Planetary formation and evolution, 9, 29–30, 72–73
accretion disks, 29–30, 35, 41–42, 72, 82
Princeton University, 57
Private telescope initiatives, 56–57, 78
Professional associations
American Astronomical Association, 114, 150
International Astronomical Union, 133
Project STAR, 122
Project 2061, 122
Protogalaxies, 8
see also Accretion disks
Pulsars, 59
Q
Quasars, 9, 40–42, 50, 54, 59, 82, 104, 119, 132
R
Radioactive dating, 45
Radio astronomy, 26, 58–61, 75, 105, 109, 158, 160
Green Bank radio telescope, 59, 60, 82
interferometry, 60, 67, 80, 81, 105, 119, 134
non-astronomy uses, 129–130, 132
VLA, 5, 13, 22–23, 58, 80, 85–86, 91, 93, 94
VSOP, 67
see also Millimeter astronomy;
Neutron stars;
Submillimeter astronomy
Rockets,
see Launch vehicles
Roentgen Satellite (ROSAT), 50, 67
S
Scientists
demographic factors, 150–152
grants and fellowships, individuals, 55, 63, 110, 114, 116, 156
professional associations, 114, 133, 150
Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), 62
6-m telescope, 27
Small Explorers (SMEX), 25, 65, 90, 112, 118, 119
Small and moderate projects, 2, 5–6, 19, 110, 117, 118
Smithsonian Institution, 56, 61, 70, 86
Solar astronomy, 26, 33–34, 36, 61–62
atmosphere, 85
climate and, 126–127
international efforts, 22, 34, 61, 62, 85–86
variability, 33, 126–127, 129;
see also Helioseismology
Solar-Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), 61
Solar neutrinos, 10, 26, 34, 62, 68–69, 70, 124
Solar oscillations,
see Helioseismology
Solar system
asteroids, 31–32
see also terms beginning Planetary and specific planets
Solar systems, other, 30–31, 104
Southern 8-m telescope, 5, 21, 74, 86, 88
Soviet Union, 51, 62, 63, 67, 70, 112, 134
Space-based research, general, 5, 14–16, 21, 23–24, 25–26, 62–68
archiving, 98
see also specific projects
Space Exploration Initiative, 107–108
Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), 3–4, 15, 26, 30, 35, 38, 40, 43, 50, 63, 67, 68, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80
Space Science in the 21st Century , 103
Space Shuttle, 62–63, 67–68, 89, 112, 118, 119
Space Telescope Imaging Spectrometer, 64
Space Telescope Science Institute, 63
Spectroscopic Survey Telescope, 56, 86
Stellar atmospheres, 83
Stellar evolution, 8, 34–38, 72–73, 104, 105
computer models, 91
neutron stars, 9, 36, 37, 64, 66
protostars, 29–30, 34–35, 75, 97
pulsars, 59
red giants, 36
supernovae, 9, 28, 36, 37–38, 54, 67, 70, 88, 91, 124
Stellar magnetic fields, 36, 85
Stellar variation, see
Helioseismology
Stever Report, 68
Steward Observatory Mirror Laboratory, 57
Strategic Defense Initiative, 113
Strategic Plan (NASA), 63, 107, 111, 116–117, 118
Stratospheric Facility for Far-Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), 5, 23, 25, 32, 35, 38, 67, 77, 78–79, 80
Submillimeter astronomy, 27, 60–61, 67, 75, 90, 105
SOFIA, 5, 23, 25, 32, 35, 38, 67, 77, 78–79, 80
Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS), 63, 66
Sun,
see Solar astronomy
Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, 53
Supernovae, 9, 28, 36, 37–38, 54, 67, 70, 88, 91, 124
T
Taurus constellation, 30
Technology development, 26–27, 56, 68, 72
Telescopes, 1, 4–5, 26, 27, 39, 72, 159
atmospheric processes and error, 80, 82–83, 101, 104
international collaboration, 56, 61, 78–79, 96
see also Airborne telescopes;
8-m telescopes;
4-m telescopes;
Infrared astronomy;
Interferometry;
Optical astronomy;
Radio astronomy;
10-m telescopes;
Ultraviolet astronomy
Temperature effects and measurements, 126
intergalactic, 44
10-m telescopes, 10, 27, 39, 43, 44, 56, 78, 82, 83
Theoretical astrophysics, 12, 29, 31, 33, 55, 68–70
computer simulations, 30, 42, 48, 91, 97–98
particle physics, 51, 111, 124
see also Cosmology
Time standards, 132
Two-micron survey, 24
U
Ultraviolet astronomy
FUSE, 5, 23, 38, 65, 89, 111–112, 119
University of Arizona, 56, 57, 61, 86
University of California, 56
University of California, Berkeley, 60
University of Chicago, 57
University of Illinois, 60
University of Maryland, 60
University of Texas, 56
University of Washington, 57
University of Wisconsin, 56
University research, 56–57, 60–61, 88–89, 106, 114, 122–124
V
Venus, 127
Very Large Array (VLA), 5, 13, 22–23, 58, 80, 85–86, 91, 93, 94
Very large telescopes, 159
moon-based technology, 109
see also 8-m telescopes;
10-m telescopes
Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), 23, 40, 59, 85–86, 111
Very long baseline interferometry (VLBI), 25, 59, 80, 126, 134
Voyager program, 33
VSOP, 67
W
Washington State University, 57
Weather,
see Climate and weather
Whipple Observatory, 70
Wide-Field/Planetary Camera (WF/PC), 63, 64
WIYN telescope, 56
Women, 151
Working Papers , 11, 16, 27, 75, 80, 150, 152, 161
centimeter wavelength programs, 58
theory and laboratory astrophysics, 69