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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: References." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Improving Access to Essential Medicines for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18380.
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Page 109
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: References." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Improving Access to Essential Medicines for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18380.
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Page 110
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: References." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Improving Access to Essential Medicines for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18380.
×
Page 111
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: References." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Improving Access to Essential Medicines for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18380.
×
Page 112
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: References." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Improving Access to Essential Medicines for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18380.
×
Page 113
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: References." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Improving Access to Essential Medicines for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18380.
×
Page 114

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B References Abegunde, D. 2011. Essential medicines for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Background paper for World Health Organization. http://www.who. int/medicines/areas/policy/access_noncommunicable/EssentialMedicinesfor NCDs.pdf (accessed April 15, 2014). Alliance HPSR (for Health Policy and Systems Research) and WHO (World Health Organization). 2009. Systems thinking for health systems strengthening. http://www.who.int/alliance-hpsr/resources/9789241563895/en (accessed April 15, 2014). Basu, S., J. Andrews, S. Kishore, R. Panjabi, and D. Stuckler. 2012. Com- parative performance of private and public healthcare systems in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. PLoS Medicine 9(6): e1001244. Bigdeli, M., D. Javadi, J. Hoebert, R. Laing, K. Ranson, and the AHPSR network of researchers on ATM. 2013a. Health policy and systems research in access to medicines: A prioritized agenda for low- and middle-income countries. Health Research Policy and Systems 11:37. Bigdeli, M., B. Jacobs, G. Tomson, R. Laing, A. Ghaffar, B. Dujardin, and W. Van Damme. 2013b. Access to medicines from a health system perspective. Health Policy and Planning 28(7):692-704. Blanchet, N. J., and O. B. Acheampong. 2013. Building on community-based health insurance to expand national coverage: The case of Ghana. U.S. Agency for International Development. Health Finance and Governance. http://www.hfgproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Building-on-Community- based-Health-Insurance-to-Expand-National-Coverage-The-Case-of-Ghana. pdf (accessed April 21, 2014). Blanchet, N. J., G. Fink, and I. Osei-Akoto. 2012. The effect of Ghana’s National Health Insurance Scheme on health care utilisation. Ghana Medical Journal 46(2):76-84. 109

110 ESSENTIAL MEDICINES FOR MNS DISORDERS IN SSA Cameron, A., M. Ewen, D. Ross-Degnan, D. Ball, and R. Laing. 2009. Medicine prices, availability, and affordability in 36 developing and middle-income countries: A secondary analysis. Lancet 373(9659):240-249. Cameron, A., M. Ewen, M. Auton, and D. Abegunde. 2011a. The world medicines situation 2011: Medicine prices, availability and affordability. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s18065en/s18065en.pdf (accessed April 15, 2014). Cameron, A., I. Roubos, M. Ewen, A. K. Mantel-Teeuwisse, H. G. M. Leufkens, and R. O. Laing. 2011b. Differences in the availability of medicines for chronic and acute conditions in the public and private sectors of developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 89:412-421. http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/89/6/10-084327/en (accessed April 15, 2014). Cameron, A., A. Bansal, T. Dua, S. R. Hill, S. L. Moshe, A. K. Mantel‐ Teeuwisse, and S. Saxena. 2012. Mapping the availability, price, and affordability of antiepileptic drugs in 46 countries. Epilepsia 53(6):962-969. Center for Pharmaceutical Management. 2008. Accredited drug dispensing outlets in Tanzania: Strategies for enhancing access to medicines program. Prepared for the Strategies for Enhancing Access to Medicines Program. Arlington, VA: Management Sciences for Health. http://apps.who.int/ medicinedocs/en/d/Js19983en (accessed April 21, 2014). Chin, J. H. 2012. Epilepsy treatment in sub-Saharan Africa: Closing the gap. African Health Sciences 12(2):186-192. Collins, P. Y., V. Patel, S. S. Joestl, D. March, T. R. Insel, and A. S. Daar. 2011. Grand challenges in global mental health. Nature 475:27-30. Doku, V. C. K., A. Wusu-Takyi, and J. Awakame. 2012. Implementing the mental health act in Ghana: Any challenges ahead? Ghana Medical Journal 46(4):241-250. FMOH (Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health). 2011. National Mental Health Strategy 2012-2016. http://www.prime.uct.ac.za/ images/prime/Ethiopia_MH_Strategy_2012-2016.PDF (accessed April 15, 2014). Gandhi, N. R., A. Moll, A. W. Sturm, R. Pawinski, T. Govender, U. Lalloo, K. Zeller, J. Andrews, and G. Friedland. 2006. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis as a cause of death in patients co-infected with tuberculosis and HIV in a rural area of South Africa. Lancet 368(9547):1575-1580. Gérard, D., and F. Bompart. 2013 (unpublished). Improving access to mental health care in developing countries, from pilot programs to scaling up, the Mauritania and Morocco experiences. Sanofi Access to Medicines. Gureje, O., R. A. Acha, and O. A. Odejide. 1995a. Pathways to psychiatric care in Ibadan, Nigeria. Tropical and Geographical Medicine 47(3):125-129.

APPENDIX B 111 Gureje, O., A. O. Odejide, M. O. Olatawura, B. A. Ikuesan, R. A. Acha, R. W. Bamidele, and O.S., Raji. 1995b. Results from the Ibadan Centre. In Mental illness in general health care: An international study, edited by T. B. Üsün and N. Sartorius. West Sussex, England: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 157-174. Gureje, O., V. O. Lasebikan, O. Ephraim-Oluwanuga, B. O. Olley, and L. Kola. 2005. Community study of knowledge of and attitude to mental illness in Nigeria. British Journal of Psychiatry 186(5):436-441. Hanson, K., M. K. Ranson, V. Oliviera-Cruz, and A. Mills. 2003. Expanding access to priority health interventions: A framework for understanding the constraints to scaling-up. Journal of International Development 15:1-14. Hogerzeil, H. 2006. Essential medicines and human rights: What can they learn from each other? Bulletin of the World Health Organization 84(5):371-375. Hogerzeil, H. V., J. Liberman, V. J. Wirtz, S. P. Kishore, S. Selvaraj, R. Kiddell-Monroe, F. N. Mwangi-Powell, and T. von Schoen-Angerer, on behalf of The Lancet NCD Action Group. 2013. Promotion of access to essential medicines for non-communicable diseases: Practical implications of the UN political declaration. Lancet 381(9867):680-689. IDF (International Diabetes Federation). 2013. IDF diabetes atlas, 6th edition. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation. http://www.idf. org/diabetesatlas (accessed April 15, 2014). IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2009a. Mental, neurological, and substance use disorders in sub-Saharan Africa: Reducing the treatment gap, improving quality of care: Workshop summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. IOM. 2009b. Addressing the threat of drug-resistant tuberculosis: A realistic assessment of the challenge: Workshop summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. IOM. 2012. Epilepsy across the spectrum: Promoting health and understanding. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. IOM. 2013a. Evaluation of PEPFAR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. IOM. 2013b. Countering the problem of falsified and substandard drugs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. IOM. 2013c. Developing and strengthening the global supply chain for second- line drugs for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. IOM. 2013d. Strengthening human resources through development of candidate core competencies for mental, neurological, and substance use disorders in sub-Saharan Africa: Workshop summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. IOM. 2014. The global crisis of drug-resistant tuberculosis and leadership of China and the BRICS: Challenges and opportunities: Summary of a joint workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

112 ESSENTIAL MEDICINES FOR MNS DISORDERS IN SSA Lee, H. L., V. Padmanabhan, and S. Whang. 1997. Information distortion in a supply chain: The bullwhip effect. Management Science 43(4):546-558. Leive, A. and K. Xu. 2008. Coping with out-of-pocket health payments: Empirical evidence from 15 African countries. WHO Bulletin 86(11):817- 908. MSH (Management Sciences for Health). 2014a. About us. https://www.msh. org (accessed May 2, 2014). MSH. 2014b. International drug price indicator guide. http://erc.msh.org/ mainpage.cfm?file=1.0.htm&module=dmp&language=english (accessed May 2, 2014). NHIA (National Health Insurance Authority). 2012. National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS). http://www.nhis.gov.ng (accessed April 21, 2014). Rashidian, A., N. Jahanmehr, S. Jabbour, S. Zaidi, F. Soleymani, and M. Bigdeli. 2013. Bibliographic review of research publications on access to and use of medicines in low-income and middle-income countries in the eastern Mediterranean region: Identifying the research gaps. BMJ Open 3:e003332. Saksena, P., K. Xu, R. Elovainio, and J. Perrot. 2012. Utilization and expenditure at public and private facilities in 39 low‐income countries. Tropical Medicine & International Health 17(1):23-35. Smith, L., and P. Yadav. 2012. Improving access to medicines for noncommunicable diseases through better supply chains. In Non- communicable diseases in the developing world: Addressing gaps in global policy and research, edited by L. Galambos and J. L. Sturchio. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Pp. 53-81. SPS (Strengthening Pharmaceutical Systems) Program. 2011. Safety of medicines in sub-Saharan Africa: Assessment of pharmacovigilance systems and their performance. Submitted to the U.S. Agency for Inter- national Development by the SPS Program. Arlington, VA: Management Sciences for Health. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s19152en/ s19152en.pdf (accessed April 30, 2014). UHCC (Universal Access to Health Care Campaign Coalition). 2013. Ten years of the National Health Insurance Scheme in Ghana: A civil society perspective on its successes and failures. http://uhcc.org.gh/TEN%20YEARS %20 OF % 20 THE % 20 NATIONAL % 20 HEALTH % 20 SERVICE%20 INSURANCE%20SCHEME%20IN%20GHANA%20pdf (accessed April 15, 2014).

APPENDIX B 113 Wang, P. S., M. Angermeyer, G. Borges, R. Bruffaerts, W. T. Chiu, G. de Girolamo, J. Fayyad, O. Gureje, J. M. Haro, Y. Huang, R. C. Kessler, V. Kovess, D. Levinson, Y. NAKANE, M. A. Oakley Brown, J. H. ORMEL, J. Posada-Villa, S. Aguilar-Gaxiola, J. Alonso, S. Lee, S. Heeringa, B. E. Pennell, S. Chatterji, and T. B. Üstün, on behalf of the WHO World Mental Health Survey Consortium. 2007b. Delay and failure in treatment seeking after first onset of mental disorders in the World Health Organization’s World Mental Health Survey Initiative. World Psychiatry 6(3):177-185. WHO (World Health Organization). 2002a. Epilepsy in the African region: Bridging the gap. The global campaign against epilepsy “Out of the shadows.” 2002a. http://www.ilae.org/Commission/CAA/documents/Declaration-English- reduced.pdf (accessed May 12, 2014). WHO. 2002b. The selection and use of essential medicines: Report of the WHO Expert Committee 2002 (including the 12th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines). http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_914_eng.pdf?ua=1 (acc- essed April 15, 2014). WHO. 2004a. The world medicines situation: Access to essential medicines. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js6160e/9.html (accessed April 15, 2014). WHO. 2004b. Equitable access to essential medicines: A framework for collective action—WHO policy perspectives on medicines. http://apps.who.int/ medicinedocs/en/d/Js4962e/1.html (accessed April 15, 2014). WHO. 2006a. Procurement manual for the DOTS-Plus projects approved by the green light committee. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2033/WHO_HTM_TB_ 2003.328_Rev.2_eng.pdf?ua=1 (accessed April 15, 2014). WHO. 2006b. Guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Geneva, Switzerland. http://www.stoptb.org/assets/documents/ resources/publications/technical/tb_guidelines.pdf (accessed April 21, 2014). WHO. 2007. Everybody’s business: Strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes—WHO’s framework for action. http://www.who.int/health systems/strategy/everybodys_business.pdf (accessed April 15, 2014). WHO. 2008a. WHO Medicines Strategy 2008-2013. http://www.who.int/ medicines/areas/policy/medstrategy_consultation/en (accessed April 15, 2014). WHO. 2008b. Counterfeit drugs kill. May 2008. http://www.who.int/impact/ FinalBrochureWHA2008a.pdf (accessed April 30, 2014). WHO. 2010a. Assessment of medicines regulatory agencies in sub-Saharan Africa: An overview of findings from 26 assessment reports. http://apps. who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s17577en/s17577en.pdf (accessed April 30, 2014). WHO. 2010b. World Health Report 2010. Health systems financing: The path to universal coverage. http://www.who.int/whr/2010/en (accessed April 15, 2014).

114 ESSENTIAL MEDICINES FOR MNS DISORDERS IN SSA WHO. 2011a. Mental health atlas 2011. http://whqlibdoc.whoint/publications/ 2011/9799241564359_eng.pdf (accessed April 15, 2014). WHO. 2011b. Partners call for increased commitment to tackle MDR-TB. March 23. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2011/TBday_ 20110322/en (accessed May 12, 2014). WHO. 2011c. The world medicines situation 2011: Selection of essential medicines. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s18770en/s18770en. pdf (accessed April 15, 2104). WHO. 2011d. The world medicines situation 2011: Storage and supply chain management. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s20037en/s20037 en.pdf (accessed April 15, 2014). WHO. 2012. Epilepsy fact sheet. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/ fs999/en (accessed April 29 2014). WHO. 2013. The selection and use of essential medicines: Report of the WHO Expert Committee, 2013 (including the 18th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 4th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children). http://www.who.int/medicines/EC19uneditedReport.pdf (accessed April 15, 2014). WHO. 2014. Essential medicines. http://www.who.int/medicines/services/ess medicines_def/en (accessed April 30, 2014). WHO/HAI (Health Action International). 2008. Measuring medicine prices, availability, affordability and price components, 2nd edition. http://www.haiweb.org/medicineprices/manual/documents.html (accessed April 15, 2014). WHO/HAI. 2013. Database of medicine prices, availability, affordability and price components (surveys 2007-2013). http://www.haiweb.org/MedPrice Database (accessed April 15, 2014). World Bank. 2014. Poverty and equity regional dashboard: Sub-Saharan Africa. http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/region/SSA (accessed May 12, 2014). Yadav, P. 2010. In-country supply chains: The weakest link in the health system. Global Health Magazine Winter (5):18-20. Yadav, P., J. L. Cohen, S. Alphs, J. Arkedis, P. S. Larson, J. Massaga, and O. Sabot. 2012. Trends in availability and prices of subsidized ACT over the first year of the AMFm: Evidence from remote regions of Tanzania. Malaria Journal 11:299. Yadav, P., O. Stapleton, and L. Van Wassenhove. 2013. Learning from Coca- Cola. Stanford Social Innovation Review 11(1):51-55. Zaidi, S., M. Bigdeli, N. Aleem, and A. Rashidian. 2013. Access to essential medicines in Pakistan: Policy and health systems research concerns. PLoS ONE 8(5).

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In 2011 the Grand Challenges in Global Mental Health initiative identified priorities that have the potential to make a significant impact on the lives of people with mental, neurological, and substance use disorders. Reduction of the cost and improvement of the supply of effective medicines was highlighted as one of the top five challenges. For low- and middle-income countries, improving access to appropriate essential medicines can be a tremendous challenge and a critical barrier to scaling up quality care for mental, neurological, and substance use disorders. Reduction of cost and improvement of the supply of effective medicines has the potential to significantly impact the lives of patients with these disorders.

Improving Access to Essential Medicines for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa is the summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine Neuroscience Forum in January 2014 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia to discuss opportunities for achieving long-term affordable access to medicines for these disorders. This report examines challenges and opportunities for improving access to essential medicines in four critical areas: demand, selection, supply chains, and financing and pricing. The report also discusses successful activities that increase access to essential medicines both within Sub-Saharan Africa and in other developing countries, and considers the role of governments, nongovernmental organizations, and private groups in procurement of essential medicines for mental, neurological, and substance use disorders.

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