Damage to Livestock From Radioactive Fallout in Event of Nuclear War: A Report (1963)

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Lioi.cx:i(^i ^v^n^Zii,ii^ or r^ix)m? 1A l^Ll^.110« 10 H3 vI3IKILUII0M One ot tne tir8t prodlem8 tdat ari8e8 in 6etininß tne potential level8 ot eitner 8nort»ranße or lonß»ranße na2ar68 trcm ra6ioactive tallout i8 tne 6i8pc>8ition ot tne variou8 ra6ioactive element8 in tne tallout material. 3ince tde 6i8po8ition ot tne ti88ion pro6uct8 an6 otner ra6ioactive element8 in tallout i8 6etermine6 verv ear1v atter a nuclear 6etonation occur8, it i8 ok intere8t to reviev drietlv tne proce88 ot tal1out tormation a8 6e» 6uce6 irom mea8urement8 on an6 analv8e8 ot variou8 tvpe8 ot tallout. Ine ra6iation in^urv to 8pecitic orßan8 an6 ti88ue8 vill de relate6 to tKe amount an6 tne nature ot ra6ioactive material8 inße8te6 an6 it vill de limite6 dv tne dioloßical availadilitv ot tde ra6ioactive element8 pre8ent in tne tallout Particle8. One can make certain ßenerali2ation8, l2.rßelv da8e6 upon iiel6 8tu6ie8. 3ilica»I.a6en 6etonation8 vill 8erve a8 an example 8ince tdev are our principal 8ource ot intormation. (a) Hear tne point ot 6etonation particle8 vill de larße. Ine ratio ot total ra6ioactivitv to dioloßicallv availadle ra6ioactivitv vill de larße. Idi8 mean8 tdat tne da2ar6 trom external vdole»do6v irra6iation vill de ßreater tdan irom tne inße8tion ot ti88ion pro6uct8 a8 one approacne8 tne 6etonation point. (d) ^8 one move8 avav an6 6ovn«in6 trom tne point ot 6eto» nation, dioloßical availadilitv increa8e8 8o tnat tde ratio ot tne total ra6ioactivitv to dioloßicallv availadle ra6ioactivitv decome8 8maller. ^t 8ud8tantial 6i8tance8 tne inße8tion da2ar6 mav pre6ominate. Lioloßicallv availadle ti88ion pro6uct8, tdoußd, mav de con8i6erad1v le88 quanti» tativelv decau8e tnev are 6i8per8e6 over a vi6e area. (c) ^l8o, a8 one move8 avav trcnn tne point ot 6etonation a protile ot 8pecitic dioloßicallv availadle ti88ion ra6ioi8otope8 i8 6evelope6. In a nuclear 6etonation near tne 8urtace ot tne eartd, 8ome 8oil i8 vapc>ri2e6 alonß vitd tne content8 ot tne veapon. In a66ition, 8ome 8oil i8 >nelte6 an6 larße amount8 ot 8oil are pulveri2e6. ^8 tde tiredall ri8e8 an6 expan68 it cool8 rapi6lv; vnen tne temperature taÜ8 to adout 20Ol)°X ^ La8e6 on material prepare6 dv 0arl ?. Killer tor tne 3tantor6 Ke8earcn In8titute Keport: ?allout an6 Ka6ioloßical 0ountermea8ure8 (to de pudli8ne6) . ^7

or 8o, 8ome ot tne more retractorv 8ud8tance8 8ucn a8 aluminum oxi6e, iron oxi6e, an6 otner 8ucn 8ud8tance8 in tne vapor pda8e vill deßin to con6en8e into 8mall liqui6 oxi6e 6rop8. Ine8e 8mall 6rop8 (or particle8) in turn 8erve a8 con6en8ation nuclei tor con6en8ation ot retractor ti88ion»prcxluct element8 8ucn a8 tne rare eartd8, 2irconium, niodium, an6 otder8 tdat voul6 not otnervi8e con6en8e to türm liqui6 6rop8 d^ tnem8elve8. Novever, tni8 proce88 alone cannot account tor tne larße particle8 toun6 in tallout. Le» cau8e ot tde rapi6 tall in temperature ot tne tiredall an6 tne tiredall 8i2e, an6 decau8e ot tne luv vapor content in tne tiredall ot con6en8adle 8ud8tance8, tne larße8t particle8 torme6 d^ tni8 proce88 alone voul6 de onlv ot tne or6er ot l0 micron8 in 6iameter. ^8 tde tiredall ri8e8 , melte6 an6/or pulveri2e6 8oil particle8 are 6ravn into tne tiredall an6, vnile tne temperature ot tne tiredall i8 ßreat> er tdan tne meltinß point ot tne 8oil tde8e particle8 vill melt (at lea8t on tneir 8urtace8). ^8 tne8e larßer particle8 8veep tdroußd tne ßa8 volu>ne tne^ 8cavenße ßreat numder8 ot tne 8mall vapor»con6en8e6 6rop8 (or particle8) a8 vell a8 iurni8ninß more 8urtace tor otner, le88 retractorv ti88ion» prcxiuct element8 to con6en8e on. Unile tne temperature ot tne tiredall i8 in tne temperat>ure ranße vnere 8oil mineral8 can exi8t in a lihui6 8 tate, tde tallout particle Formation or con6en8ation proce88 i8 cn2racteri2e6 d^ rne exi8tence ot a liqui6 in ccmtact virn a con6en8inß vapor. Idu8, at eacn temperature, eacn element pre8ent da8 8ome 6i8tridution detveen vne tvo pda8e8. Llement8 (or rneir oxi6e8 or compoun68) more retractor^ dnan vne 8oil vill de toun6 in tne con6en8e6 pn28e an6 tno8e tdat are more volatile vill de concentrate6 in tne vapor pda8e. Unen a 8oil particle leave8 tne reaction 2one or vden tne overall temperature ot tne 8^8 tem tall8 delov tne meltinß point ot tne 8oil, tne particle8 8oli6it^ an6 tde com» po8ition ot tne 6i88olve6 con6en8ate8 i8 trogen in8i6e tde particle8. It tne adove proce88e8 con8tiliute tne tir8t pericxl ot con6en8aliion in tallout tormation, an6 it tni8 perio6 i8 cn2racteri2e6 d^ tne exi8tence ot vapor» liqui6 pd.a8e equilidria, tnen tne 8econ6 pericxl ot con6en8ation vnicn tollov8 i8 cnaracteri2e6 d^ tne exi8tence ot vapor an6 8oH6 pda8e8. ?article8 tdat enter tne tiredall atter it da8 coole6 to or delov tneir meltinß point8, an6 tne 8oli6itie6 particle8 lidat are 8till pre8ent, can con6en8e on tneir 8urtace8 onlv tne traction8 ot tne variou8 element8 not alrea6^ con6en8e6. Nence, tne tir8t ma^or 6i8po8ition ot eacd ra6ioelement in tne proce88 6e8cride6 adove i8 in tne traction con6en8e6 in8i6e ot once»melte6 particle8 an6 tne traction con6en8e6 on tne out8i6e ot 8oli6 particle8. Ine traction8 are 6etermine6 mainl^ d^: (l) tne meltinß point ot tne 8oil, (2) tne vapor or 8udlimation pre88ure(8) ot tne con6en8inß 8pecie8, an6 (2) tne time vden particle8 ot a ßiven 8i2e enter an6 leave tne reaction volume. Ine com» po8ition ot tde ra6ioactive element8 in tne variou8 particle»8i2e ßroup8 vill 6etermine tne ßamma»ra^ 8pectrum an6 ioni2ation»rate 6eca^ ot tne tallout arrivinß at a ßiven location. Ide traction ot eacn element tu8e6 into 8ilicate 8oil particle8 8noul6 not de vater 8oludle or "dioloßicall^" availadle (except a8 a 6i8crete ßla88^ particle). Ine onlv natural ^8

proce88e8 tnat coul6 conceivadlv make tni8 traction dioloLicallv availadle are 8oli6-8tate 6ittu8ion an6 particle»8urtace ero8ion; dotn proce88e8 8doul6 de extremelv 8lov. Ide traction ot eacn element con6en8e6 on 8ur» tace8 ot tde particle8 mav decome dioloßicallv availadle to plant8 an6 animal8. Ine portion ot tdi8 traction tdat actuallv decome8 availadle vill 6epen6 to a larße 6eßree on tne 8i2e ot tde particle it8elt an6 tne environ» ment in vdicn it tin68 it8elt. ?or example, tne portion ot an element con6en8e6 on tne 8urtace ot 8mall ßla88v particle8 lvinß amonß clav particle8 coul6. in a rain, de va8ne6 trom tne ßla88v particle onto tde clav particle an6 de 8tronzlv a68orde6. On tne otner dan6, it tne8e particle8 tell on veßetation later eaten dv animal8 tne 8ame portion coul6 de 6i88olve6 dv tne >Hiße8tive ^uice8 an6 pa88e6 into tne do6v tlui68. Ine traction ot tne 8ame element in8i6e tde ßla88 particle8 voul6 8tav vitd tne particle in it8 pa88aße tnroußn tne ßut. Ine time 8equence ot event8 in tne tiredall»con6en8ation proce88e8 6urinß tne tiredall ri8e an6 clou6 tormation i8 verv important in 6eter» mininß tne tren6 in tne tallout»particle propertie8 vitd particle 8i2e or 6o»nvin6 6i8tance trom ßroun6 2ero. In 6etonation8 vnere a larße amount ot tallout i» torme6, tde column ot particle8 i8 clearlv 8een to enter tne ri8inß tiredall trom tne dottom. In tni8 proce88, tde particle8 circulate tdroußd tde reaction 2one. Ine larßer particle8 decome 8eßreßate6 tir8t decau8e ot centritußal torce8 in dne circulation an6 decau8e ot larßer Lravitational torce8 on tnem vnen tne circulatinß air current exert8 torce on tnem to rezenter dne tiredall trcm tne dotitcm. Ine re8ult i8 tnat tne larßer particle8 move to tne out8i6e ot dne tiredall, are accelerate6 6ovn» var6 aroun6 tne peripnerv ot tne tiredall, an6 6o not re»enter tne tiredall. One ot line re8ult8 ot tni8 toroi6al»tvpe circulation ot tne tiredall an6 tne 8urroun6inß air i8 an initial "6umpinß" ot larße particle8 vnen tne circulation 8tart8 up (or verv 8oon tdereatter) , prcxlucinß nißn level8 ot tallout ^u8t 6o«nvin6 ot ßroun6 2ero in a ratner narrov dan6. Ine 8econ6 re8ult i8 tnat tne8e lar^e particle8 are tne mo8t 6eplete6 in volatile Element8 an6 nave relativelzs tev or no element8 con6en8e6 on tneir 8urtace8. ^3 tne rate ot ri8e ot tne tiredall (or clou6) 6ecrea8e8 an6 tne circulation tall8 ott, tne particle8 tnrovn out or 6ovn d^ tne circulation an6 pulle6 ava^ trom tne dottom ot tne clou6 d^ ßravitational torce8 decome 8maller an6 8maller. Nence, tne verv 8mall particle8 8noul6 carrv tne larße8t trac» tion ot dioloßicallv availadle element8 an6 tne dioloßicallv availadle element8 are tno8e tnat nave, a8 precur8or8 , element8 tnat are tne mo8t volatile at tne time vnen tne melte6 8oil particle8 8oli6it^. Ini8 i8 con8i8tent vitn tne od8erve6 tact tnat vorl6»vi6e tallout i8 dioloßicall^ availadle an6 verv clo8e»in tallout i8 not. Ine vnole proce88 in tne tormation ot tne lallout particle8, in vnicn eacn 8i2e ßroup na8 a cnaracteri8tic compo8ition ot ra6ioelement8 tu8e6 «itnin tne particle8 an6 on tneir 8urtace8, i8 one in vnicn tne comdination 01 8oil meltinß point (an6 compo8ition), rate ot temperature 6ecrea8e vitn time ot tne liredall, volatilitv ot tne ra6ioelement8, rate ot tiredall (clou6) ri8e, toroi6al circulation in tne tiredall, tall rate8 ot particle8, ^.9

an6 vin6 velocitie8 ac t toßetner or in 8equence to 6etermine tne dioloßical da2ar68 ot I2llout an6 tne dioloßical availadilitv ot an^ one ra6ioelement at a ßiven location in tne tallout area. ^ ßeneral 6i8cu88ion ot tne quantitative 6erivation8 tor tne proce88e8 6e8cride6 adove i8 ßiven el8evnere. Ine 6erive6 e8timatinß metno^8 are illu8trate6 nere d^ a 8ummarv 01 8ome computation8 ot tne propertie8 ot tne tallout trom a l5»UI»^iel6 lan6»8urtace explo8ion. Ine a88ume6 con6ition8 tor tni8 6etonation inclu6e: (l) Ine 8oil torin8 ßla88 particle8 vnicn 8oli6it^ at at>out l^00^d; (2) tne vin6 8pee6 i8 l5 mpn at all altitu6e8; an6 (3) tne irac tion ot ti88ion tor tne veapon i8 0.5. In tne mo6el ot tne tallout proce88, tne particle8 vitn approximatel^ equal 6iameter8 are ßroupe6 accor6inß to tneir tall»velocit^ vector8 (calle6 particle»8i2e 6e8ißNator8, 0/) 6etine6 d^ c?»—--- (l) v, n in vdicn v^ i8 tne vin6 velocitv vector, v. i8 tne particle-tall»velocitv vector trom it8 neißdt ot orißin, d, to tne ßroun6 at tne 6ovnvin6 6i8tance, X, trom tde point ot orißin. Unen d i8 tne neißdt ot tne center ot tde clou6 (at 6 to 8 minute8 atter 6etonation) , it i8 6e8ißnate6 a8 d« an6 tne particle»8i2e 6e8ißnator i8 »«. Ine particle ßroup8 6e8ißnate6 d^ »s, are a88ume6 to repre8ent tne me6ian particle»6iameter ot tno8e lan6inß at tne 6ovnvin6 6i8tance, X. L8timate8 ot tne particle»8i2e 6e8ißnator8, me6ian particle»6iameter8 (6^), an6 minimum an6 maximum 6iameter8 (6min an6 6max, re8pectivel^) ot tne particle8 lan6inß at 6ovnvin6 6i8tance8 trom l2 to 590 mile8 trom tne a88ume6 l5»M?»^iel6 6etonation8 are ßiven in Iadle XII. Ine particle»8i2e compo8ition8 at location8 ava^ trom tne tallout»pattern center»line, 8a^ at a point X, ^, vnere ^ i8 tne cro88»vin6 6i8tance trom tne center line, voul6 nave tde 8ame me6ian particle»6iameter (6 ) tor a ßiven value ot X, dut tde value8 ot 6,nin an6 6max voul6 converße tovar68 6 a8 ^ increa8e6. It>e e8timate6 value8 01 tde particle 6iameter8 vere calculate6 trom 6vnamic tall»rate8 tdroußn a "8tan6ar6" atmo8pnere, an6 6o not inclu6e intluence 01 up-6ratt8 in tne air»tlov or tne po88idle ettect ot precipitation in tne lover altitu6e8. ^ 3ee tootnote >pp.^, p.^7. 50

Iadle XII 3unm>ar^ ot L8timate6 Value8 ot Ke6ian rarticle»3i2e 0e8ißnator, Ae6ian ?article-1>iameter8, an6 Hini>mun an6 tlaximum viameter8 ot ?article8 at 3everal v0vnvin6 vi8tance8 trnm a l5-M>^iel6 3urtace vetonation ^lonß tne Center-1.ine ot tne ?allout ?attern 2° X "t ^ 6min "maX (mile8) (tt/8ec) 28.2 (micron8) 7l0 (micron8) 240 (micron8) 0.780 l2 ll00 l.236 l9 l7.8 450 206 l000 2.406 37 9.l4 23? l60 800 2.992 46 7.38 l98 l44 460 3.837 59 5.74 l63 l29 268 4.48? 69 4.90 l45 l20 2ll 6.l8 95 3.56 ll6 l0l l45 9.l0 l40 2.42 9« 78 l08 l3.0l 200 l.69 74 64 99 2l.4? 330 l.02 57 49 68 29.92 460 0.735 48 42 56 38.36 590 0.574 43 38 48 Note: v^ - l5 mpn »22.0 tt/8ec; l^, - 8l,200 tt » l5.4 mile8 Hext to de con8i6ere6 are tne 8tan6ar6 inten8itie8 (in r/nr at l nr) trom tne particle8 alonß tne pattern center»line an6 tne numder ot poten» tiall)' 8oludle atom8 ot variou8 ra6ionucli6e8 in tne tallout. H>e 6itierent parameter8 involve6 in tne relation8nip detveen tne8e tvo czuantitie8 are ßiven in tne equation < (^) (^) "« (" I(l) (atom8/8q tt) (2) l^ (l) in vnicn H» (^) i8 tne numder «1 atcm>8, correcte6 to 2erc> time, ot tne en6- memder 01 ma88»cn2in ^ tnat are con6en8e6 on tne out8i6e ot tne particle8 6e8ißnate6 d^ »; ^. i8 tne ti88ion viel6 ot ma88 ^ in at«n8/ti88ion; 5l

5 r (^) i8 tde ßro88 traction ot tne eleiaent (or ma88»cdain)con6en8e6 vitdin an6 on tne exterior ot particle8 up to tne 8tate6 8i2« 6e8ißnation; -> (^) i8 tde traction ot tde element (or ma88»cnain) con6en8e6 vitn- in tne zla88^ matrix ot particle8; I(l) i8 tde 8tan6ar6 inten8it^, in r/dr at l dr, vnere tne particle8 lan6; an6 X (l) - 3.90xll7-^^ 5 r (l) -<- 0.02 1 (r/dr at l dr ) (3) " ^ ^ (ci88ion8/8cz tt) in vdicn tde con8tant, 3.90xl0"»^ i8 a conver8ion tactor trom ti88ion8/8q tt to r/dr at l dr at 3 tt adove a 8mootd plane (con8i6erinß all tde ßanm>a»ra^ adun6ance8 an6 enerßie8) tor untractionate6 ti88ion pro6uct8 trom 8-Kev neutron ti88ion ot U»238 an6 vdicn inclu6e8 re6uction tactor8 ot 0.75 tor terrain attenuation an6 0.75 tor in8trumenti re8pon8«; r„ (l) i8 tde e8timate6 l-dr ßro88 tractionation numder tor tde ti88ion»pro6uct mixture carrie6 d^ tne particle8 6e8ißnate6 d^ »; an6 tde value 0.02 account8 tor tde contridution ot a nominal amount ot in6uce6 activitie8. Ine e8timate8 ot tne value8 ot tde variou8 parameter8 ot Lquation8 2 an6 3 tor 8everal 6ovnvin6 6i8tance8 trom tde a88uMe6 l5»Kt»^iel6 explo8ion are ßiven in Ia0le XIII. ^t 6i8tance8 le88 tdan ll mile8, tde e8tinmte8 ßive tl«(^) value8 equal to 2ero. In otner vor68 , tde larßer particle8 tallinß vitdin ll mile8 ot ßroun6 2ero carr^ onlv ra6ioelement8 tu8«6 in8i6e tde ßla88^ matrix ot tde particle. In tde mo6el, tde8e larßer particle8 are calculate6 to de e^ecte6 trom tde circulatinß tiredall vdile tdev are 8till in tne molten 8tate. 3imilar calculation8 can de ma6e tor otder nucli6e8 8ucd a8 8trontium(^ttrium)-9l, rutnenium(rdo6ium)»l03, rutdenium(rdo6ium)-l06, Ce8ium(darium)-l3?, barium(lantdanum)-l^0, cerium-l^l, an6 tellurium(io6ine)»l32, »l33, »l35. Ine 6ata in Iadle XIII 8dov a ma^or 9eak in tde Hg(^) value8 detveen 50 an6 l50 mile8 6ovnvin6 trom tde point ot 6etonation. It »a^ de note6 tdat tde ratio ot ^(^) to I(l) varie8 vitd tde particle 6iameter or 6ovn- vin6 6i8tance. ^l8o tde ratio8 ot tde ^(^) value8 var^ vitd tde 6ovn»in6 6i8tance. 52

Ol -^ >> c: m c: i) cu 6 ^, >-< « -n ^, c^ n, A in 5 ^ m n !^ ») ^ <^ c: c: 2 c!< Q >^> H c: ^, »! »> ^2 <^ 2 « Q l!« « ül <^ ÜK ll -n cl l c: i^ i» n o< cu u I« c: c, !N e I, <2 -^ ^ n ^ c> ^ „ ,, u Iü .« >^ I! 2 « IN U ^ n U « »! 2 ^> lK .« IT" 1^, «°8 ü, X X X X x x >5 >^ X X X X X X **°! .« ^. 57» I?> m *^8 <^ l« xxxxxxxxxxxx ^,H^,H^HH?>^H *^ Q c^ *," *^ X X X X X X X XXX X '6. > cüQc2Qc?c?c?c?Qc2c?^!^ c? O! c?Qc?c?c?c?c2c?c?c2c?c?c2 c> c? ci c2 «? c? c? Q c? ci c? c? c? ^-c cx c^l >5 ,n Qc?c?Qc?c?«2c?c?c?c?,^c? !1 ^ ^. !^ M ^ cl ft. ^ c: 2 ^l c,. « 2 5 >« ^, ^ > 8 ^ -n ü! cu »! I« ^. U. M IN IX 1^, .^, .n 1^, !^, ll i^> I> I > > ^ Q n? > > r! 9 m „ m X X 1^, Q .N > IX V« Q c? I> -V, c^ c^, > »! » > -^ !" ^ c: »> c? I»1 Q « 5> c>. f l> « ^ ») ^ X ^, ^l 2 53

Hex<7, con8i6er tde retention ot tde tallout particle8 on toliaße tdat mav de eaten bv animal8 an6 in vnicd tde amount8 ot tde H«(^) inße8te6 are 6i88olve6 in tde 8tomacn aci68 an6 are 8ud8equentlv 6epo8itecl in variou8 dcxlv orßan8. (It mav de note6 tdat tde amount8 ot tde nucli6e8 compute6 troni tde time, ^r^. (^)I(l)/ll^(l) , ot Lquation 2 voul6 not de 6i88olve6 anä voul6 contridute onlv to tde 6o8e to tde ßut) . Ine toliaße»contamination relation8nip8 are 6etine6 d^ «^ (ä) - ^ (») v^ «5 (^) atow8/tt^ (^) in vnicn H, (^) i8 tne numder ot atom8 ot tde element ot ma88»cdain ^ retaine6 on tde toliaße per 8cl tt ot 8oil area; a, (») i8 tde contamination tactor in numder ot ti88ion8 on tde toliaße per ßram ot 6rv toliaße 6ivi6e6 bv tde numder ot ti88ion8 per 8q tt ot 8oil area (in tne particle8 tallinß at tde location); an6 In Lquation 4, tde pro6uct, a. (o/) v. , i8 tde traction ot tde tallout retaine6 bv tde toliaße. Ine quantitv, v. , i8 an in6epen6ent variadle ßivinß tde 8urtace 6en8itv ot tne toliaße tor a ßiven toraße crop. Ine quantit^, a. (») , repre8ent8 tde retention potential ot a ßiven tvpe ot toliaße tor retaininß particle8 vitn tde 6iameter 6e8ißnate6 bv o/. vata on tde tallout retention dv toraße crop8 8ucn a8 altalta, clover, vdeat, an6 mixe6 ßra88, vdicn vere odtaine6 trom mea8urement8 near tde Heva6a Ie8t 3ite, vere u8e6 to 6etermine tde 6epen6ence ot a. (») on ». Ide relation» 8nip toun6 va8 a^ (») - 9.5xll7-2 ^ - u.3^). ^ 0.24. (5) Lquation 5, a6^u8te6 to o/« value8 tor a l5»mpn vin6 8pee6, repre8ent8 tde od8erve6 6ata on tde tour tvpe8 ot toliaße to detter tdan l0 per cent. Ine od8erve6 value8 ot v. trom vnicn tne 6ata vere 6eriveci varie6 trom 5 to ^0 ß ot 6rv toliaße per 8q tt. Ide od8erve6 value8 ot a, (») vere odtaine6 tor »« value8 up to adout ^0 (equivalent to particle 8i2e8 ot adout ^0 micron8 a8 8novn in Iadle XII) . Value8 ot a, (o/) , a, (»)v. , an6 H. (^) are ßiven in Iadle XIV tor v. - 2l) ß 6rv toliaße/8q tt. Ine e8timate6 traction ot tde tallout particle8 retaine6 dv tde toliaße varie8 trow adout 0.08 per cent at l2 mile8 to adout ? per cent at 590 mile8. Novever, tde peak in tne ad8olute amount8 ot tallout retaine6 i8 at a 6ovnvin6 6i8tance ot adout ?0 mile8 on tde tallout»pattern center»line. 5^

Iadle XIV ?o1iaße pei Sq tt at 3evera1 vcivl!vin6 Ni8t«lu:e8 trom a 15»M>^iel6 3urcace v«tonatic>n (U1l»1 3p«e6 » 15 mpk1 X ^. («) a^(«1 v^ «?(891 N?(901 N?(1311 (mile81 (atom8/8q tt) (atc>m8/8q tt1 (atc»»S/8cz tt1 (tI88ic,nl:/t^) 4.19x10»^ 12 8.38x1»-' 8.8x10« 6.3x10« 1.4x10« 19 8.52x10-^ 1. 70x10-2 2.0x10« 7.3x10« 5. 1x10« 3? 1.96x10-^ 3.92x10-2 6.7x10« 1.9x10" 1.6x10" ^.K 2.52x10— 5.04x10-2 1.2x10" 2.6x10" 2.6x10" 59 3.32x10-^ 6.64x10-2 2.1x10" 3.5x10" 3.6x10" 69 3.94x10-^ 7.88x10-2 2.7x10^^ 4.0x10^^ 4.3x10" 95 5.55x10-^ 1.11x10-^ 2.4x10^^ 3.6x10^^ 3.6x10" 1^.0 8.22x10-' 1.64x10-^ 1.6x10" 2.3x10" 2.3x10" 200 1.20x10-2 2.40x10-^ 9.1x10^^ 1.2xl0^^ 1.2x10" 330 2.01x10-2 4.02x10-^ 1.5x10^^ 2.0x10^^ 2.0x10" 460 2.81x10-2 5.62x10-^ 2.2x10" 2.8x10^° 2.8x10" 590 3.61x10-2 7.21x10-^ 2.9x10^ 3.5x10« 3.6x10« «ote: 20 L 6r^ co1iaLe per 8cz tt 0c Soi1 area lcc>lumn 3). 55