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Damage to Livestock From Radioactive Fallout in Event of Nuclear War: A Report (1963)

Chapter: EFFECTS FROM INGESTION OF FISSION PRODUCTS

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Suggested Citation:"EFFECTS FROM INGESTION OF FISSION PRODUCTS." National Research Council. 1963. Damage to Livestock From Radioactive Fallout in Event of Nuclear War: A Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18486.
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Suggested Citation:"EFFECTS FROM INGESTION OF FISSION PRODUCTS." National Research Council. 1963. Damage to Livestock From Radioactive Fallout in Event of Nuclear War: A Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18486.
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Page 20
Suggested Citation:"EFFECTS FROM INGESTION OF FISSION PRODUCTS." National Research Council. 1963. Damage to Livestock From Radioactive Fallout in Event of Nuclear War: A Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18486.
×
Page 21
Suggested Citation:"EFFECTS FROM INGESTION OF FISSION PRODUCTS." National Research Council. 1963. Damage to Livestock From Radioactive Fallout in Event of Nuclear War: A Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18486.
×
Page 22
Suggested Citation:"EFFECTS FROM INGESTION OF FISSION PRODUCTS." National Research Council. 1963. Damage to Livestock From Radioactive Fallout in Event of Nuclear War: A Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18486.
×
Page 23
Suggested Citation:"EFFECTS FROM INGESTION OF FISSION PRODUCTS." National Research Council. 1963. Damage to Livestock From Radioactive Fallout in Event of Nuclear War: A Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18486.
×
Page 24

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3. 2??Lci3 ?kl»l UttN3iio« or?I33IM rkcN0c^8 3.l Liolo«ical Lttect8 on ?oo6-?rcxiucin« ^nimal8 Ine ettect8 ot tne inße8tion ot ti88ion prcxluct8 on tocxl»pro6ucinß animal8 are varie6 an6 are in larße part 6etermine6 d^ tne 6eßree ot tneir ad8orption an6 6i8tridution, an6/or locali-ation vitdin !ine do6^. Unen tne amount ot con8ume6 ti88ion pro6ucli8 i8 ßreat enoußd an6 tne retention lonß enoußd, nucli6e8 vnicn are vi6elv 6i8tridute6 tnroußdout tne do6^ can pro» 6uce an in^urv or 8^n6rome re8emdlinß tNat vnicn tollov8 total»do6^ irracÜa- tion. Ka6ioce8ium i8 a nucli6e tnat i8 tairl^ unitormlv 6i8tridute6. Ka6io» 8trontium, on tne otner dan6, i8 an i8otope tdat i8 locaÜ2e6 an6 i8 con» centrate6 cnietlv in tne done crv8tal. It in^uriou8 level8 ot ra6io- 8trontium are inße8te6, tne 6amaße vill de re8tricte6 cnietlv to tne done8 at tne epipn^8eal plate, deneatd tne perio8teum, an6 in tne done marrov. Ine ettect upon tne nematopoietic center8 appear8 in a relativelv 8nort time dut tdat at tne epipn^8eal plate an6 deneatd tne perio8teum i8 u8uall^ 6ela^e6 tor man^ ^ear8 an6 vill de manite8te6, it ever, almo8t entirel^ a8 lonß»6ela^e6 o8teoßenic 8arcoma, tnromdoc^topenia,an6 apla8tic anemia. Ine8e ettect8, dovever, are not li«elv to de encountere6 in animal8 in» ten6e6 tor meat purpo8e8, dut ma^ occa8ionall^ de 8een in animal8 nmin» taine6 tor dree6inß 8tock tor a 8ud8tantial perio6 ot time or in 6airv cov8 maintaine6 to ol6 aße. Ka6 ioicxl ine, too, i8 locaÜ2e6 an6 i8 concentrate6 principall^ in tne tdvroi6 ßlan6. In tni8 cn2pter tne tdree importanti ti88ion pro6ucti8, icxline»l3l, 8trontium-90, an6 ce8ium-l37, vill de 6i8cu88e6 an6 8ome e8timate ma6e ot tne letdal an6 8eriou8lv 6amaßinß 6o8e8 ot eacn. 3.2 Ka6ioactive Icxiine, 8trontium, an6 0e8ium In 6i8cu88inß tne ettect8 ot tne8e tnree important i8otope8, tne 8ituation8 to de evaluate6 are: a) dne amount 01 ra6ioactive io6ine, 8trontium, an6 ce8ium tdat vill prc>6uce 6eatd or 8eriou8 in^urv in animal8, an6 d) tne amount 01 tne8e ra6ionucli6e8 Hdat vill reacn man linroußn con» 8umption ot meat an6 milk trom contaminate6 animal8. Ine da2ar6-evaluation ctata are in man^ ca8e8 de8t e8tima-e8. VN>ere value8 are availadle tor tne a6ult8 ot one 8pecie8, tne^ are in 8ome in8tance8 applie6 to a6ult8 ot anotner 8pecie8 on tne da8i8 ot do6^ veißdt or quantitv ot tee6 con8ume6. It i8 unlikelv tn2t 8eriou8 error vill re8ult irom tni8 extrapolatiion. Ine external ra6iation 6o8e vill de tne principal con8i6eration in earl^ tallout, vilin an in8ißniticant contridution cominß trom inße8te6 l9

or indale6 ra6ionucli6e8. ?rodad1v le88 tdan tive per cent a66e6 vdole» do6v 6o8e vill de contridute6 dv metadoli2e6 ti88ion pro6uct8. (3ee ^ppen6ix 0.) Ketadoli2e6 ti88ion»pro6uce6 ra6ionucli,6e8 vill prodadlv decome tne cniet du8dan6rv concern it aninml8 receive protracte6 expo8ure8 trom con» taminate6 pa8ture or vater. ^n in6irect da2ar6 to man mav re8ult trom tde u8e ot meat an6 milk trom animal8 ßra2inß on contaminate6 pa8ture. ^nimal» vill 8erve, dovever, a8 a N22ar6»re6ucinß 8tep in tne too6 cnain ot man, 8ince an animal'8 tilterinß or entrappinß capacitv vill prevent mucn ot tde contamination irom reacninß it8 e6idle ti88ue8 or too6 pro6uct8. 3.3 Ketadolic an6 Ioxicity Intormation on Io6ine»l2l Invroi6 upta«e ot ra6ioicxiine iollovinß a 8inßle oral a6mini8tration in 8neep, 8vine, an6 cattle i8 6epen6ent on aße an6 8 tadle io6ine intake. In tde a6ult on an a6equate 6ietarv io6ine inta«e, a 20-40 per cent uptake dv tne tdvroi6 i8 otten 8een vitd a peak concentration at one to tvo 6av8. ^ounß lamd8 (tdvroi6 veißdt one to tnree ßram8) mav 8dov an averaße uptake ot ten per cent ot tne a6mini8 tere6 6o8e per ßram ot tdvroi6. ?reliminarv vor« on 8neep in6icate8 tdat le88 tdan ten per cent ot an indale6 6o8e ot io6ine»l3l a8 a vapor or particulate appear8 in tne tdvroi6 an6 20-6O per cent ot tne do6v»dur6en i8 in tne tdvroi6. ^ tdvroi6 6o8e ot 8everal tdou8an6 ra68 8eeM8 nece88arv detore anv tdvroi6 6amaße can de od8erve6. ^ 6o8e ot 50,000 to l00,000 ra68 to tne tnyroi6 i8 require6 tor adlation. ^ 8inßle oral 6o8e ot 2 mc ot io6ine»l2l (^20,000 to 40,000 ra68 to tne tdyroi6) mav not completelv 6e8trov tne tdvroi6 ot vounß a6ult 8neep, an6 tnev mav continue to repro6uce normal1v tor 8everal vear8. ^ 8inßle oral 6o8e 01 ßreater tnan 200 mc ot io6ine»l2l i8 prodadlv require6 to cau8e 8ud»acute 6eatn8 in ^ounß a6ult 8neep. 3neep Nave 8urvive6 8everal nun6re6 6a^8 vnen te6 l.8 mc per 6a^ (td^roi6 6o8e > l50,000 ra68 6urinß tne tir8t montd) . ^nimal8 te6 2^0 ^c/6aV ot icxline»121 tor 450 6a^8 (tdvroi6 6o8e 50,000 ra68 or more 6urinß tir8t tour montn8) conceive6 an6 dore ott8prinß tdoußn tneir oti8prinß 6i6 not 8urvive lon8er tnan tive 6av8. ^ounß animal8 vno8e tnvroi68 N2ve deen 6e8trove6 dv io6ine»i2l mav 8urvive dut vill 12il to ßrov. ^6ult 8neep mav appear Üair1v normal un6er tne 8ame circum8tance8. Lventuall^, dovever,letdarßv, con8tipation, tlatulence, an6 6rv 8kin an6 vool 6evelop. 3ucn animal8 are 8uitat>le tor too6 it con6ition8 6ictate 8ucn a u8e. It an animal i8 ßiven a 8inßle 6o8e ot io6ine»l2l 8o tdat tde re8ult» inß maximum concentration in it8 tdvroi6 i8 luc per ßram ot ti88ue, tnen tne total 6o8e to tdi8 orßan i8 adout l00 ra68. ^tter a 8inßle contamina» tion event, ßra2inß 8neep maintaine6 on tne contaminate6 pa8ture vill 8nov a peak concentration in 8-l2 6av8. It tne initial concentration i8 l uc c>t io6ine»l2l per ßram ot 6rv veßetation eaten (or 0.2 ^c per ßram on 20

8ucculent pa8ture), tne intinitv tdvroi6 6o8e vill excee6 l00,000 ra68. ^nimal8 ßra2inß pa8turaße vitd tni8 contamination level tor 30 6a^8 vill 8nov 8ome evi6ence ot tne total»do6^ irra6iation 8vn6rome, an6 prodadle vill nave adlate6 tdvroi68. (3ee ^ppen6ice8 C an6 v tor turtner 6ata.) In appl^inß tne 6ata 6erive6 trom 8neep to 8vine an6 cattle, tne re8ult8 vill de qualitativel^ 8imilar it con8i6eration i8 ßiven to 6itter» ence8 in do6^ veißdt an6 too6 intake. Ine 8nort dalt-lite ot mo8t ra6io» io6ine8 pro6uce6 in nißd ^iel68 in ti88ion ßuarantee8 tdat tne^ vill e88entiall^ N2ve 6i8appeare6 atter a tev montd8. Io6ine»l29 i8 con8i6ere6 comparativel^ in8ißniticant a8 a dioloßical N22ar6 decau8e ot it8 ver^ lonß dalt-lite. Ide concentration ot io6ine»l3l in tne tetal tdvroi6 in a6vance6 ße8tation ma^ de one to tvo time8 tdat ot tne a6ult tdvroi6 in 8ov8, tvo to tnree time8 in eve8 , an6 up to 8ix time8 in cov8. It a tdvroi6-adlative 6o8e i8 receive6 d^ tne tetu8 in tne latter N2li 01 ße8tation, tne animal vill not 8urvive devon6 tne tir8t veek ot Ute unle88 tnerap)s i8 initiate6. Ine relative concentration ot io6ine»l3l at equilidrium in tne variou8 dc>6^ ti88ue8 ot ruminant8 can de 8tate6 in relation to tne concentration ot io6ine»l3l in tne dloo6. Inu8, it tne dloo6 na8 a concentration ot l u^c/ß, otner ti88ue8 vill dave tne tollovinß:^ Ku8cle, 8pleen td^mu8, pancrea8 l ^^c/ß Xi6nev, liver, ovar^ 2-3 " 3alivar^ ßlan68, urine 3»5 " ?ece8, milk 5-l5 Invroi6 l0.000 ^ cov ma^ 8ecrete in it8 milk eacn 6a^ adout one per cent ot tne 6ail^ io6ine»l3l 6o8e per liter ot milk. ^8 note6 adove, tne io6ine»l3l con» centration in tne tece8 i8 al8o quite nißd. tionoßa8tric animal8 , unlike ruminant8 , excrete mucn more io6ine»l2l d^ va^ ot tne urine tdan d^ va^ ot tne tece8. Ine contridution ot tne 8nort-live6 i8otope8 ot io6ine (I^^^, I^^^, ^124, I^^L , I^^6) lio ^.^ 6o8e receive6 d^ per8on8 u8inß tne meat an6 milk ot expo8e6 ßra2inß animal8 in tne 8nort»term emerßenc^ 8ituation i8 con» 8i6ere6 relativel^ 8mall, e8peciallv 8ince a 6ela^ ot a 6a^ or more detveen milkinß an6 con8umption ot milk i8 u8ual. Io6ine»l32 an6 io6ine»l33 ma^ de exception8, dut tne N22ar6 trom tne8e i8otope8 i8 un6etine6. 3ee ^ppen6ix v tor calculation8 ot po88idle ic«iine»l3l 6o8e8 to tne td^roi68 ot tdo8e 6rinkinß milk trom cov8 ßra2inß contaminate6 pa8ture. Ine8e value8 are da8e6 on 8neep; tdvroi6 an6 milk concentration8 vill de 8omevdat lover in tne cov. 2l

Ine vdole»do6v ra6iation 6o8e tor all animal8 trom ra6ioic>6ine in 8ott ti88ue8 otner tdan tdvroi6 i8 adout 20-30 mra6/6a^/^c/kß ot do6v veißdt. 3.^ Ketadolic an6 Ioxicity Intormation on 3trontium-90 Ine contridution ot 8trontium»89 can de con8i6ere6 a8 8implv a66itivS to tdat ot 8trontium»90 an6 vill de ot ßreate8t concern in tne tir8t tev montd8. ^dout 5-l5 per cent ot tne amount ot 8trontium-90 a6mini8tere6 in a 8inßle, oral 6o8e i8 ad8ordeu an6 6epo8ite6 in tne 8keleton ot a6ult animal8, vnile up to 30 per cent mav de 6epo8ite6 in tne 8keleton ot a vounß animal. ^dout one to tvo per cent vill de 8ecrete6 in tne milk. UitK prolonße6 a6mini8tration ot 8trontium-90, 8ott»ti88ue concentration8 ot 8trontium-90 are le88 tdan 0.l per cent ot tdo8e in done. ?or a driet expo8ure, a letdal 6o8e ot 8trontium-90, a6mini8tere6 intravenou8l^, i8 prodadlv in tne ranße ot 0.2 to l mc/kß ot dc>6^ veißdt tor mo8t animal8. It i8 reporte6 to de l.3 mc/kß in ßoat8 an6 tor 8vine it i8 0.2-0.3 mc/kß. Ine vdole»do6v 6o8e trom circulatinß an6 6epo8ite6 8trontium-90, an6 it8 6außdter, vttrium-90, in 8ott ti88ue8 i8 adout 60 mra68/6av/uc/kß ot 8ott ti88ue. ^t tne level ot l uc/ß ot ßra2e6 6rv veßetation (approximatelv tv?c> kß/6av) maintaine6 tor 30 6av8, 6etinite evi6ence ot tne irra6iation 8vn» 6rome vill appear. In 8vine a 6ailv intake ot 50 ^c/kß ot do6y veißdt toi° adout tvo montd8 vill re8ult in a manite8tation ot tne total-do6v irra6ia^ tion 8vn6rome. It 8trontium-90 i8 ßiven to a preßnant animal in 6o8e8 larße enoußd to 8eriou8lv in^ure or to kill tne tetu8e8, tne 6am vill al8o de 8eriou8lv in^ure6 or kille6. Kanite8tation8 ot acute ra6iation toxicitv mav inclu6e tever, letdarßv, veißdt lo88, vi6e8prea6 nemorrnaße8, oral an6 cutaneou8 ulcer8, an6 anemia. Ine re8pon8e to nißd 6o8e8 ot 8trontium-90 i8 8omevdat 8i.milar to tdat od8erve6 tollovinß external total»do6v gamma»ray expo8ure. 3.5 Ketadolic an6 Ioxicity Intormation on 0e8ium»l37 Up to lO0 per cent ot inße8te6 ce8ium mav de ad8orde6 trom tne ßa8trc>- inte8tinal tract ot ruminant8. ^dout 50 per cent ot tdat ad8orde6 vill d« excrete6 vitnin tne tir8t veek. ^ cov excrete8 adout 75 per cent ot an a6mini8tere6 amount ot ce8ium in 30 6av8. Ine portion ot a 8inßle ad8orde6 amount remaininß atter tour 6av8 N28 an approximate dioloßical dalt-lite c>t 20 6av8. ?ollovinß tne 8inßle, oral a6mini8tration ot ce8ium, a total ot adout nine per cent i8 8ecrete6 in tne milk tne tir8t veek an6 adout l2 per cent 6urinß tne tir8t montd. Uitd prolonße6 continuou8 a6mini8tration, adout tvo per cent ot tne 6ailv inße8tion appear8 in eacn liter ot milk. Ine mu8cle ma88 vill contain adout 25-30 per cent ot a 8inßle inße8tion atter one veek an6 adout lO per cent atter one montd. Uitd prolonße6 22

a6mini8tration, at>out tive per cent ot tne 6ail^ inße8te6 6o8e vlll de con» taine6 in eacn kiloßram ot a ruminant'8 mu8cle ti88ue. ?or 8vine, tne percentaße vill de 20-30. On tne da8i8 ot ra6iation 6o8e mea8urement8, tne ßona68 an6 tne vnole dcxi^ are equallv important a8 tne "critical orßan" in animal8 receivinß ce8ium-l37 6ail^. It i8 e8timate6 tnat 8neep carrvinß a do6^»dur6en ot 70 mc ot ce8ium-l37, or cattle carrvinß a dcxl^»dur6en ot over 500 mc, over a perio6 ot a mon!in vill 6evelop manite8tation8 ot tne total»do6^ ra6iation 8vn6rome. Ine maniie8tation8 ot in^urv tollovinß ce8ium a6mini8tration vill re8emdle tne vnole»do6v ra6iation 8vn6rome tollovinß expo8ure to an external ßamma 8ource. Ine vnole»do6v ra6iation 6o8e trom con8ume6 ra6io» ce8ium i8 adout 25-40 mra68/6av/^c/kß ot do6v veißnt in a larße anlmal. ^n animal con8uminß l ^c/ß ot veßetation tor 20 6av8 vill eventuallv Lno« evi6ence ot in^urv to tne nematopoietic LV8tem. 3.6 0omdine6 Lttect8 Ine comdine6 acute ettect8 ot ra6ioactive io6ine, ce8ium an6 8trontium nave deen a88ume6 to de a66itive in e8timatinß vnole»do6v cio8e. Unole»do6v 6o8e i8 da8e6 upon tne concentration in tne dloo6 tor ra6ioio6ine, in tne t,loo6 or done marrov tor ra6io8trontium, an6 in tne mu8cle tor ra6ioce8ium. Ine vnole»do6v 6o8e8 tor in6ivi6ual ra6ionucli6e8 tor tne tir8t veek atter a 8inßle i.nße8tion dv Lneep are ßiven in Iadle VI. Iadle VI Udole»Lo6v vo8e to ^6ult 3neep vurinß ?ir8t Ueek ^tter a 3inßle Inße8tion ot I^^^ , 3r^ , an6 c8^^? Ila6ionucli6e vo8e (ra68/mc in«e8te6/k« do6y vt) I^^^ 40 3r^° l0 (400 tor done; 200 tor done marrov at 8urtace) c8^^? l00 Ine letnal oral 6o8e an6 tne oral 6o8e re8ultinß in 8eriou8 iniurv are 8novn in Iadle VII. It da8 deen a88ume6 tnat tne ettect8 ot tne8e ra6io» nucli6e8 vill de a66itive. 23

ladle VII Oral vc.8e ro ä6ult 8neep ot I^^^ , 8^°, ^ C8^^^ 0au8inß 3eriou8 In^ury or veatn Oral No8e (mc/k« dcxiy «d) KH6ic,nuc:1i6e 1.etinal (1,v5o/^o) 0au8inß 3eriou8 InHury ^^^^ 3r^° l5 0.2 l0 l 5 0.5 Ine oral 6o8e uo tne 6am vnicn voul6 cauSe 8eriou8 in^urv to tne teru8 i8 8novn in Iadle VIII. Iu I8 a88ume6 unat tne ettecli8 ot dne8e ra6io» nucli6e8 vi ll de a66itive. ladle VIII Oral vo8e to ^6ult 3neep ot I^^^ , 5r^° , an6 08^? Ke8ultinß in ?etal In^ury or veadn ^^^so/detore ße8tation) 0ral Do8e (mc/k« do6y vt) Ka6ionucli6e vaily ^6mini8tration 3in^le ^6mini8 tratiion 3r^° 0.002 0.l^ 0.0l5 l.0 0.020 0.2 « It a6mini8tere6 in latter 8taße8 ot preZnancy. 2^.

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