Damage to Livestock From Radioactive Fallout in Event of Nuclear War: A Report (1963)

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v8uallv onlv mu8cle ot animal8 voul6 de con8ume6 a8 meat. Nence level8 oi ra6ionucli6e8 in done, ßut, an6 tdvroi6 nee6 not de con8i6ere6 in a88e88inß animal8 a8 meat 8ource8, onlv tdo8e in mu8cle. 6.l Utili2ation ot ^nimal8 l!xpo8e6 to lotal»Lo6y Ka6iation La8e6 upon 8tu6ie8 01 iocxl animal8 expo8e6 to total»do6v irra6iation, tnere i8 no evi6ence tdat tne tle8d ot letdallv irra6iate6 animal8 i8 darm» tul, even it it i8 odtaine6 trom animal8 near 6eatd trom total»do6v irra6i- ation. ?oo6 animal8 expo8e6 to verv larße total» or partial»do6v irra6ia» tion or6inarilv can de 8alvaße6 tor too6 it tnev are 8laußdtere6 vitnin tvo to eißdt 6av8 atter expo8ure or dave completelv recovere6 trom tne en8uinß illne88. In tne ad8ence ot complete intormation reßar6inß expo8ure, it vill de 8ate to con8i6er tdat animal8 are 8uitadle tor too6 it tnev 8dov no evi6ence ot illne88 an6 tneir temperature8 are not elevate6. Lecau8e ot lovere6 re8i8tance, intection8 mav 6evelop 8-l^ 6av8 atter expo8ure an6 de accompanie6 dv 8evere ßenerali2e6 illne88. ^n e8timate ot tne 8alvaße» adle mammalian too6 animal8 va8 ßiven in Iadle IV. 6.2 0tili2ation ot Internally Lxpo8e6 ^nimal8 In an emerßencv tne tcxxi prcxluct8 ot 8urvivinß animal8 tdat dave con» 8ume6 ti88ion pro6uct8 can de u8e6 to 8u8tain lite or maintain a capacitv tor vork. ^ppen6ix v ßive8 computation8 ot 6o8e8 to duman tdvroi68 trcun 6rinkinß milk trcm cov8 tdali dave con8ume6 io6ine»l3l. Inev 8nov tdat at tne upper limit ot ra6ioactive contamination in availadle milk 8upplie8 tne tdvroi6 6o8e to a6ult8 trom 6rinkinß one liter per 6av ot milk vill de acceptadle tor tne imne6iate emerßenc^. Intant8, dovever, snoul6 not 6rink niilk vitd tdat level ot contamination decau8e ot tne mucn ßreater 6o8e tdeir 8maller tdvroi68 voul6 receive. 6.3 ^88e88ink tne Ha2ar6 01 Il8in« ?ocxl trcm Lxpo8e6 ^nimal8 Io 6etermine tne ri8k tdat man voul6 take dv eatinß meat or 6rinkinß milk trom animal8 tdat dave con8ume6 ti88ion pro6uct8 require8 knovle6ße ot (l) tne level ot contamination in tne animal'8 intake, (2) tne re6uction in tne contamination concentration tdat take8 place vnen tne animal convert8 tdi8 intake into too6 pro6uct8, an6 (3) tne ettect8 ot ra6iation expo8ure on man. Kultiplier8 or ratio8 , lI., tor (2) adove dave deen 6erive6 tor 6itterent tvpe8 an6 lenßtd8 ot expo8ure to tne animal. ^notner ßroup, expert on tne ettect8 ot ra6iation on man, can u8e tne8e multiplier8 to complete tne da2ar6 a88e88ment. 33

vnere ^ i8 tne concentration ot ra6ionucli6e8 in tne animal'8 intake (air, too6, vater) , an6 K i8 tne re8ultinß concentration ot ra6ionucli6e8 in tocxi pro6uct8 trom tdat animal. 3ince K i8 tne concentration ot contaminant8 in tne too6 con8ume6 dv man, it i8 al8o a mea8ure ot tne ra6iation expo8ure ne receive8, an6 a maximum acceptadle concentration value mißdt de a88ißne6 an6 u8e6 6urinß emerßencv con6ition8 dv an autdoritv vdo i8 intorme6 on tne national 8itua» tion an6 nee68. Ine value ot K vill de 6epen6ent upon tne 8pecitic animal too6 prcxiuct to de con8ume6 an6 upon con6ition8 un6er vnicn tne animal va8 expo8e6. In or6er to odtain tne level ot contamination (^) in tne animal'8 total intak« (air, tocxi, vater) , K 8noul6 de multiplie6 dv tne concentration (K) tdat vill de allove6 tor man in a 8pecitic emerßencv 8ituation. Ine K, or multiplvinß tactor, value8 are tixe6 an6 are li8te6 in Iadle X. Inev are da8e6 on prolonße6 expo8ure8 to man. ^ltdoußd value8 ot lI dave deen calculate6 tor milk, meat, liver, an6 ki6ne^, an6 tor a numder ot important too6»prcxlucinß 8pecie8, empna8i8 vill de place6 on tne limitinß value8 tor cattle. Ine value8 tor 6airv cattle are u8uallv limitinß an6 are tne onlv one8 in6icate6 in Iadle X. 3ee ^ppen6ix L tor 6etail8 ot do« Iadle X va8 6evelope6. It i8 expecte6 tdat tdi8 metdcxl ot evaluation vill not de u8etul until 8ome 6av8 atter tne nuclear 6etonation. 0on8i6eradle 6etaile6 intormatinn vill de nee6e6 tor tne evaluation8 require6. ^8 an example ot tne u8e ot Iadle X, con8i6er tne ca8e ot a cov 8ud» ^ecte6 to prolonße6 expo8ure to 8trontium-90 tnroußd eatinß contaminate6 veßetation. Ine multiplvinß tactor (K) tor tni8 8ituation i8 6, an6 tnere» tore, 8ince K »- ^/K, ^ ^ 6 «. Ini8 mean8 tdat tne cov mav con8ume veßeta» tion containinß a 8trontium-90 concentration (^) tdat i8 8ix time8 K, tne concentration ot ra6ionucli6e8 in vater tdat mißdt de e8tadli8ne6 tor man (dv tne autdoritv reterre6 to earlier) , detore ner mil« contain8 a con» centration equal to Il. ^8 a re8ult ot ra6ioactive 6ecav an6 elimination ot tne ra6ionucli6e trom tne animal, tne value8 tor tne multiplvinß tactor8 (K) vill increa8e vitd time tollovinß 8inßle expo8ure. ?or example, in or6er tor milk to contain a concentration ot 8trontium-90 equal to tne concentration (K) in vater acceptadle tor man, tne vater or tee6 con8ume6, or air dreatne6 dv tde cov tne 6av previou8 to 8ecretinß tne milk coul6 dave deen, re8pectivel^, l» an6 60 time8 tne concentration tor man (K). In tne event tdat tde averaße concentration8 ot 8trontium-90 in tne cov'8 vater or air va8 500 or 300O time8 tne re8pective permi88idle concentration8 tor man in vater anci tor man in air, milk pro6uce6 atter tne 20td 6av voul6 de delov tne permi88idle concentration in vater tor man. 34

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In tne ca8e ot io6ine»l2l, it tne animal8 remain on tne pa8ture tollov» inß a 8inßle contamination event, eacn liter ot milk prcxluce6 voul6 contain adout one tentd tne concentration per kß in tne 6rv veßetation con8ume6. (?or reterence purpo8e8, tde vav 5 value8 trom ladle X voul6 applv.) It tne 6etern>ination8 are da8e6 on 8ucculent pa8ture, tne value8 voul6 dave to de 8cale6 6ovn appropriatelv (8ee ladle XV). 6.^ Utili2ation ot ?oultry Ine eßß8 an6 tle8d ot poultrv vill repre8ent an important re8ource ot tre8d tocxl ot animal orißin vnicn mav de availadle tollovinß a nuclear attack. Ini8 deliet i8 8trenßtnene6 dv tne tact tdat all poultrv are ea8ilv 8laußdtere6 at tne place at vnicn tdev are rai8e6 or one to vnicn tnev can de tran8porte6 dv dan6. It i8 an accepte6 proce6ure in tarm dome8 to pre» pare an6 cook poultrv imme6iatelv atter 8laußdter; tneretore retrißeration nee6 not de a limitinß tactor. ?oultr^, e8peciallv cnicken8, are otten reare6 un6er 8nelter or are provi6e6 vitd optional 8nelter tor protection trom normal environmental cnanße8. Ini8 8doul6 provi6e an a66e6 marßin ot 8atetv tor poultrv expo8e6 to ra6ioactive tallout. In a66ition, over a larße part ot tne vear poultrv are otten te6 prepare6 tee68 (8uitadle onlv tor poultrv) vnicn are in 8toraße. Ini8 can ßive 8ome in6irect protection to tne con8umer ot poultrv aßain8t internal expo8ure to ra6ionucliue8 trom tallout. ?rom tne experience in tne «ar8dall I8lan6 animal8 it i8 evi6ent tdat lavinß nen8 vill rapi6lv eliminate 8trontium-90 dv vav ot tne eßß 8nell8 tnroußd rapi6 an6 trequent modili2ation ot ladile done 8alt8. Lßß8 are tdu8 an important too6 in time ot emerßenc^. 6.5 ?oo6 Value ot ^nimal8 Lxpo8e6 to Lla8t an6 Neat Lla8t an6 neat dave little imme6iate ettect upon tde too6 value ot an animal it voun68 an6 durn8 are not exten8ive. 3ucd animal8 can de 8laußntere6 promptlv tor con8umption it tne reo^uirement exi8t8. ?re8ent meat»in8pection practice8 8noul6 a6equatelv cover continßencie8 re8ultinß trom 8econ6arv ettect8 ot dla8t, i.e., tlvinß 6edri8 or tallinß 8tructure8. 36