National Academies Press: OpenBook

Sweeteners: Issues and Uncertainties (1975)

Chapter: Front Matter

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academy of Sciences. 1975. Sweeteners: Issues and Uncertainties. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18498.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academy of Sciences. 1975. Sweeteners: Issues and Uncertainties. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18498.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academy of Sciences. 1975. Sweeteners: Issues and Uncertainties. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18498.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academy of Sciences. 1975. Sweeteners: Issues and Uncertainties. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18498.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academy of Sciences. 1975. Sweeteners: Issues and Uncertainties. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18498.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academy of Sciences. 1975. Sweeteners: Issues and Uncertainties. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18498.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academy of Sciences. 1975. Sweeteners: Issues and Uncertainties. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18498.
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6"- SWEETENERS Issues and Uncertainties ACADEMY FORUM Fourth of a Series NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES H WASH1NGTON, D.C. 1975 NAS-NAE OCT231975 LIBRARY

The work upon which this publication is based was performed pursuant to Contract FDA 70-22, Task Order No. 23, sponsored by the Public Health Service, Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. International Standard Book Number: 0-309-02407-2 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 75-29990 Available from: Printing and Publishing Office National Academy of Sciences 2l0l Constitution Avenue Washington, D.C. 204l8 Printed in the United States of America

FOREWORD The fourth public Forum of the National Academy of Sciences was held on March 25-26, l975. Like its predecessors, it was convened to appraise the complexities inherent in responding to the following question: How can science, industry, the public, the law, and the government merge their interests and needs to the benefit both of the individual and of the society that they constitute and serve? The subject under discussion was "Sweeteners: Issues and Uncertain- ties." More than fifty individuals representing public interest groups, private industry, government regulatory agencies, and the scientific community appeared before the Forum with a wide array of opinions and facts. Their data were drawn from research in process, past and present literature, practical experience in the public sector, from the search for new sweeteners at widely spaced points on the globe, and statistics revealing shifts in patterns of sweetener consumption that chronicled and translated into new perspective some of the pervasive changes that are occurring in the American way of life. In addition, the principal participants met for one full day prior to the plenary sessions to work in small groups toward defining the issues and information that would be most useful to the considerations of the Forum. It is hoped that each of them drew some measure of sat- isfaction from the ultimate success of this Forum, a direct result of their investment of time and energy. Both their preparations for and participation in the Forum sessions were enthusiastically guided by their co-chairmen, Michael Kasha and Carl Pfaffmann. Although this publication of the Forum's proceedings does not pretend to be a definitive text on sweeteners, multiple aspects of the taste for sweetness and its consequences are discussed on every page. 111

The reader who looks beyond the data to the broad issues, to the identities and interactions of the participants, also will find a certain amount of light. Robert R. White Director iv

CONTENTS DAY I Welcome Philip Handler 3 Introduction Michael Kasha 7 PERSPECTIVES ON SWEETENERS The Biological and Cultural Role of Sweeteners Lloyd M. Beidler ll Discussion l7 Patterns of Use Sidney M. Cantor l9 Discussion 29 Medical and Toxicological Issues James V. Warren 36 Discussion 40 Regulatory Issues Richard J. Ronk 45 Discussion 48 SUGAR The Questions of Benefits and Risks Herman F. Kraybill 59 Discussion 64 Nutrition: Summary of Evidence Paul M. Newberne 76 Health: Summary of Evidence D. Mark Hegsted 86 Discussion 90 Commentary and Discussion Joan D. Gussow 93 Richard A. Ahrens 96

Aaron M. Altschul Frederick J. Stare Ralph A. Nelson Robert L. Glass Richard L. Veech Joan D. Gussow l00 l03 ll0 lll ll3 ll5 DAY II Welcome Introduction Donald S. Fredrickson ll9 Carl Pfaffmann l2l SACCHARIN The Questions of Benefits and Risks Discussion Toxicology: The Report of the National Academy of Sciences Discussion Commentary and Discussion Health: Considerations of the Institute of Medicine Committee on Saccharin Sweeteners and Dental Health Nonnutritive Sweeteners and Obesity Discussion Reginald F. Crampton Julius M. Coon Harold C. Grice Philippe Shubik Ernst L. Wynder Bryan Williams Kenneth L. Melmon Juan M. Navia W. Henry Sebrell l27 l32 l33 l40 l43 l49 l52 l63 l64 l67 l70 l7l OTHER SWEETENERS Cyclamate Discussion Aspartame Another View of Aspartame Discussion Monellin Discussion The Search for New Sweeteners Discussion Ronald G. Wiegand Alfred E. Harper John W. Olney Morley R. Kare George E. Inglett l77 l80 l82 l89 l93 l96 203 207 209 VI

FUTURE OPTIONS: Natural and Artificial Sweeteners Commentary and Discussion Closing Summaries by the Co-chairmen Appendixes Appendix A Appendix B References Participants Program Committee General Advisory Committee Forum Staff Anita Johnson Samuel E. Stumpf Richard L. Veech Milton R. Wessel Alexander Leaf Virgil O. Wodicka Philip Handler Michael Kasha Carl Pfaffmann Robert B. Choate Milton R. Wessel 2l5 2l9 222 223 225 227 23l 233 234 24l 244 25l 255 258 259 260 VII

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