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THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM A Program for Exploration Report of a Study by the Space Science Board June 1969 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Washington, B.C. 1969
Available from SPACE SCIENCE BOARD 2l0l CONSTITUTION AVENUE WASHINGTON, D.C. 204l8
SPACE SCIENCE BOARD H. H. Hess., Chairman Luis W. Alvarez Allan H. Brown Loren D. Carlson John W. Findlay Herbert Friedman John S. Hall Francis S. Johnson William M. Kaula Donald B. Lindsley Gordon J. F. MacDonald Nicholas U. Mayall Courtland D. Perkins Richard W. Porter William W. Rubey Leonard I. Schiff James A. Van Allen Wolf Vishniac G. A. Derbyshire, Executive Secretary PHYSICS OF THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM STUDY Participants James A. Van Allen, University of Iowa, Chairman Gordon J. F. MacDonald, University of California, Santa Barbara, Chairman W. 1. Axford University of California, San Diego Robert Danielson Princeton University Leverett Davis California Institute of Technology Wendell DeMarcus University of Kentucky Von R. Eshlcman Stanford University Thomas Gold Cornell University Richard Goody Harvard University H. H. Hess Princeton University Raymond Hide Meterological Office, London John S. Lewis Massachusetts Institute of Technology Michael B. McElroy Kitt Peak National Observatory Guido Munch Mt. Wilson & Palomar Observatories John Neff University of Iowa Norman Ness Goddard Space Flight Center Tobias Owen IIT Research Institute, ASC Leonard I. Schiff Stanford University R. Smoluchowski Princeton University James Warwick University of Colorado Robert Wildey U. S. Geological Survey Rupert Wildt Yale University Bruce N. Gregory, Study Director National Aeronautics and Space Administration Contributors James R. Edberg Donald P. Hearth Robert S. Kraemer Urner Liddel Robert J. Mackin Donald G. Rea
PREFACE This is the report of a study convened by the Space Science Board in cooperation with the Lunar and Planetary Missions Board of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to consider the exploration of the outer solar system in the period from l972 to l980. The report complements the Space Science Board's l968 study, Planetary Exploration: l968-l975. The study was conducted during the week of June 8, l969, under the cochairmanship of James A. Van Allen and Gordon J. F. MacDonald and involved twenty-three scientists, representing a broad range of scientific interests in outer solar system studies. The recommendations of the group were presented to NASA management on the afternoon of June l4 and endorsed by the Space Science Board at its meeting on June 2l and 22, l969. The Space Science Board is grateful to those who participated in this study, to Bruce N. Gregory of the Space Science Board staff, who ably served as Staff Director of the study, and to Mrs. Jacqueline Boraks, also of the staff, for her contributions to the report's publication. The Board acknowledges with appreciation the support of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, which helped to make this study possible. H. H. Hess, Chairman Space Science Board
CONTENTS SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL RECOMMENDATIONS 1 SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL FINDINGS 3 Chapter l INTRODUCTION 5 Chapter 2 MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS 7 Chapter 3 PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES 25 Chapter 4 PARTICLES, FIELDS, AND RADIO PHYSICS 46 Chapter 5 PLANETARY INTERIORS 67 Chapter 6 GRAVITATIONAL AND CELESTIAL DYNAMICS 75 Chapter 7 PLUTO, SATELLITES, ASTEROIDS, AND COMETS 80