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Cooperation and Competition on the Path to Fusion Energy A Report Prepared by the Committee on International Cooperation in Magnetic Fusion Energy Engineering Board Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1984 NAS-NAE r»iny ;> 1Q LIBRARY I
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in l9l6 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of l863, which established the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in l964 and l970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences. This is a report of work supported by Grant No. DE-FG05-83ER54025 from the U. S. Department of Energy to the National Academy of Sciences. Copies available from: Energy Engineering Board Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems National Research Council 2l0l Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 204l8 Printed in the United States of America
COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN MAGNETIC FUSION JOSEPH G. GAVIN, JR. (Chairman), President and Chief Operating Officer, Grumman Corporation, Bethpage, New York ROBERT R. BORCHERS, Associate Director, Computations, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California MELVIN B. GOTTLIEB, Director Emeritus, Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey JOSEPH M. HENDRIE, Senior Scientist, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York DONALD M. KERR, JR., Director, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico ARTHUR C. MORRISSEY, Director of Future Systems, Martin Marrietta Aerospace, Denver, Colorado L. MANNING MUNTZING, Doub and Muntzing, Washington, D.C. DANIEL E. SIMPSON, Vice President, Westinghouse Hanford Company, Richland, Washington WESTON M. STACEY, JR., Callaway Professor of Nuclear Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia ROBERT E. UHRIG, Vice President, Florida Power & Light Company, Juno Beach, Florida Staff: DENNIS F. MILLER, Executive Director, Energy Engineering Board JOHN M. RICHARDSON, Principal Staff Officer, Committee on International Cooperation in Magnetic Fusion HELEN D. JOHNSON, Administrative Associate CHERYL A. WOODWARD, Administrative Assistant iii
ENERGY ENGINEERING BOARD HERBERT H. WOODSON (Chairman), Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Professor of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas ALLEN J. BARD, Norman Hackerman Professor of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas ROBERT J. BUDNITZ, President, Future Resources Associates, Incorporated, Berkeley, California THELMA ESTRIN, Assistant Dean, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California NICHOLAS J. GRANT, Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts BRUCE H. HANNON, Department of Geography, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois GARY H. HEICHEL, Plant Physiologist and Professor of Agronomy, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota EDWARD A. MASON, Vice President, Research, Standard Oil Company (Indiana), Amoco Research Center, Naperville, Illinois ALAN D. PASTERNAK, Energy Consultant, Sacramento, California DAVID J. ROSE, Professor of Nuclear Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts ADEL F. SAROFIM, Professor of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts MELVIN K. SIMMONS, Corporate Research & Development, General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York WESTON M. STACEY, JR., Callaway Professor of Nuclear Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia THOMAS E. STELSON, Vice President for Research, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia LEON STOCK, Professor of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chigago, Illinois GRANT P. THOMPSON, Senior Associate, The Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C.
GEORGE S. TOLLEY, Department of Economics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois RICHARD WILSON, Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics and Chairman of the Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts Technical Advisory Panel HAROLD M. AGNEW, President, GA Technologies, Incorporated, San Diego, California FLOYD L. CULLER, JR., President, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California MICHEL T. HALBOUTY, Consulting Geologist and Petroleum Engineer, Houston, Texas GEORGE F. MECHLIN, Vice President, Research and Development, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania CHAUNCEY STARR, Vice Chairman, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California Staff: DENNIS F. MILLER, Executive Director HELEN D. JOHNSON, Administrative Associate vi
PREFACE Because the magnetic fusion process holds unique promise as a long- term energy source or as a source of neutrons, efforts have persisted for many years to solve its challenging scientific and engineering problems. Major programs have been undertaken in the United States, Europe, Japan, and the Soviet Union. As the size and complexity of the experimental devices have grown, international cooperation has occurred in order to produce earlier results, to share risk, to minimize investment, or to acquire skills. Faced with even more demanding future program requirements, officials of the U.S. Department of Energy are considering whether greater levels of international cooperation offer benefits. The Committee on International Cooperation in Magnetic Fusion was appointed by the Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems of the National Research Council to address this question for the Department of Energy. The committee functioned under the guidance of the Energy Engineering Board of the Commission. The purpose of the study is to recommend a worthwhile course of action in international cooperation, as measured by the criteria of acceptable policy, technical merit, and practical workability. New and substantial undertakings in international cooperation will depend in a complex and interrelated way on the perceptions of persons at the technical, political, and industrial levels. Accordingly, the committee obtained the viewpoints of such persons by conducting two workshops in the United States and by meeting with officials in the European Community and in Japan. During these meetings, instances of international cooperation in both fusion and other technologies were examined for the lessons they might contain. Various incentives and constraints to cooperation exist, which, taken together, will determine the policies of each of the three main free-world programs. There are also many technical needs and opportunities, ranging from minor participation in supporting experiments to joint investment in costly facilities for generic technology development and the sequencing, or indeed the collaborative construction and operation, of a series of major experimental fusion devices. There are also many vii
types of agreement and details of implementation that may be devised or adapted to carry out cooperation toward joint objectives. All these considerations are discussed here. No attempt has been made to pass judgment on the various technical approaches being undertaken. However, we have tried diligently to reflect accurately the attitudes and concerns expressed during our meeting and visits. In looking back over our work, I believe that we have established the need for the United States to articulate its goals, programs, schedules, and commitment more clearly as a prerequisite for the negotiation of cooperative activities. I believe also that we have set forth a number of conditions that should be satisfied in cooperation. And I believe that we have recommended useful initiatives for the Department of Energy to consider as it pursues the topic. John F. Clarke and Michael Roberts, of the Office of Fusion Energy, have lent their encouragement and substantive support throughout our study. The many individuals listed in the Appendixes, who participated in our domestic workshops and in our meetings abroad, thoughtfully and graciously supplied the substance of our work. My fellow members of the committee gave of their enthusiasm, their time, and their insights. Finally, we were ably supported by the staff of the Energy Engineering Board, led by Dennis F. Miller, its Executive Director, who was largely responsible for initiating the study. John M. Richardson, Study Director, provided day-to-day guidance and support. The cheerful and ready efforts of Cheryl A. Woodward in the full range of administrative matters was valued by all who worked with her. All these contributions I acknowledge with sincere thanks. Joseph G. Gavin, Jr., Chairman Committee on International Cooperation in Magnetic Fusion viii
CONTENTS SUMMARY l l INTRODUCTION l3 Fusion Energy and the Question of Greater Cooperation l3 The Work of the Committee l6 2 INCENTIVES AND CONSTRAINTS l9 Incentives and Constraints at the Policy Level l9 Perceptions of Incentives and Constraints 23 by Various U.S. Groups European and Japanese Perceptions of Incentives 28 and Constraints Questions about International Cooperation 30 Recapitulation 32 3 TECHNICAL NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES 34 Status of the Programs 35 Prior Cooperation 37 Current Activity 38 Future Cooperation 4l Recapitulation 43 4 AGREEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION 44 Timing 44 Compatibility of Goals 45 Stability in the Partnership 46 Technology Transfer 47 Flow of Funds Between Programs 50 Equitable Sharing of Benefits 50 Institutional Framework 5l Workability of Management Arrangements 57 Prior Experience 58 Recapitulation 6l ix
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 63 Specific Conclusions 64 Recommendations 68 REFERENCES 7l APPENDIX A: SCOPE OF WORK 73 APPENDIX B: SUMMARY OF DOMESTIC WORKSHOPS 75 APPENDIX C: SUMMARY OF TRIP TO JAPAN 99 APPENDIX D: SUMMARY OF TRIP TO EUROPE ll3 APPENDIX E: PRINCIPAL PARTICIPANTS IN DOMESTIC l25 WORKSHOPS AND FOREIGN MEETINGS GLOSSARY l28
