A
Adams, Geoffrey K., 115-133
Aesthetic appreciation
adaptive issues, 299
amygdala and, 240, 268, 269, 276
architectural contour, 263-264, 267, 268, 269-271, 272-277, 278, 280
brain connectivity related to default mode network, 284-285
cognitive processes, 155, 227-233, 241, 264, 276, 283, 285-287, 292, 293, 294, 296, 299, 300-301, 302
default mode network and, 283, 284-285, 286, 292, 296-298, 299, 300-302
delayed network, 283, 286, 293, 295-296, 298, 302
executive tasks and, 285, 300-301
fMRI imaging studies, 263, 267-268, 269, 272, 280-281, 286, 300, 302-303
habitat theory, 266, 278
initial network, 286, 293-294
magnetoencephalography, 286-291
neural dynamics, 268-269, 272-274, 276-277, 287-298
pathologic alterations of cognition, 301-302
perception, 155, 241, 264, 285-286, 300-301, 302
prefrontal cortex and, 237, 239, 299
processes related to, 285-286
resting-state issue, 292-293
reward value and processing, 236-237, 241, 264, 268, 272, 275, 278, 284, 294, 296
sensu lato, 286, 293, 295, 298, 301, 302
sensu stricto, 286, 293, 294, 296, 298, 301, 302
subjectivity of, 302-303
two-fold model, 293
Alkire, Michael T., 37-56
Allegiance bias, 170, 178, 188
Allen Timothy A., 95-114
Altruism (see also Empathy; Pathological altruism)
conceptual framework, 170, 184-185
and cooperative behavior, 173, 174-175
defined, 170
egoism and, 185
enculturation, 177
parochial, 177
prospect theory and, 185
Altruism bias
in academic disciplines and the scientific enterprise, 182-183, 187-188
allegiance bias, 170, 178, 188
broad-scale studies, 186-188
mechanistic bases, 153
moral judgment and, 185
quantitative models, 153
in social sciences, 182-183
Alzheimer’s disease, 99, 301, 302
Amazonian Yąnomamö, 174-175
Amygdala
and aesthetic appreciation, 240, 268, 269, 276
and approach-avoidance behavior, 268, 269, 275, 294
and consciousness, 30
damage effects, 40, 65-66
and emotional arousal, 240, 268
empathy response, 22
and fear conditioning, 275
hydrocortisone effects, 165
interaction with other brain systems, 123, 162-163, 164-165, 240, 294
and memory, 62, 65-66, 67, 153, 157, 160-163, 164-165, 167
propranolol effects, 165
and social information processing, 122, 123
yohimbine effects, 165
Anterior cingulate cortex, 48, 49, 123, 240, 264, 268, 272, 273, 284-285
Anterior cingulate gyrus, 119, 122, 125, 126
Anterior cingulate sulcus, 119, 122, 125, 126
Anxiety, 8, 26
Apes (see also Nonhuman primates; individual species)
brain size and development, 136, 148
consciousness, 52, 53, 54
empathy, 22, 34
future planning, 111
justice- and fairness-related behavior, 202, 203, 207, 210
memory, 81, 89, 90, 111
ontogenetic neural development, 58
problem solving and insight, 90
social environment and cognition, 148
Approach-avoidance decisions, 121, 130-131, 155, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268-270, 272, 274, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281
Architectural contour
aesthetic appreciation, 155, 263-264, 267, 268, 269-271, 272-277, 278, 280
and approach-avoidance decisions, 155, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268-270, 272, 274, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281
habitat theory, 266, 278
and neural processes, 268-269, 272-274, 276-277
study methods, 279-282
Aristotelian biology, 13, 14
Arousal (brain activation), 38, 39-40, 43, 44-45, 47, 48, 49, 51, 56, 131, 299
Arthur M. Sackler Colloquia, viii, xiii, xv
Arthur M. Sackler Gallery of Asian Art, viii
Artificial intelligence, 3, 4, 5
Ascending reticular activating system, 43
Auditory cortex, 154, 163, 225, 228, 230, 231-232, 238, 240-241
Autism spectrum disorder, 22, 130, 166
Avian (see Birds)
Avise, John C., xiii-xiv
Awareness, xvi, 3, 7, 17, 21, 38, 39, 41, 44-45, 47, 51, 72, 73, 96, 279, 301 (see also Self-awareness)
Ayala, Francisco J., xiii-xiv
B
Baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus)
affiliative behavior in wild females, 1, 20-21, 23, 24-33, 34, 35-36
death of a close relative, 19, 28-30, 32, 33
gaze, 30-31
grooming behavior, 19, 24, 25, 28-30, 32, 33, 34
grunting, 26, 30-31
infanticide by males, 27-28, 29, 32, 35
longevity, 25, 129
male immigration challenges, 19, 27-28, 29, 32, 33
memory, 78
personality style, 26-33
playback experiments, 19, 30-33
social bonds and reproductive success, 21, 24-27, 129
social challenges, 27-33
study population, 35
Bajo, Ricardo, 283-303
Basal ganglia, 44, 63, 232, 239, 258, 268, 282
Bats, 101, 103
Bauernfeind, Amy L., 135-152
Baze, Wallace B., 135-152
Behavior (see also Social behavior)
approach-avoidance decisions, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268-270, 272, 274, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281
Behaviorism, 3, 4, 6, 11, 43
Bianchi, Serena, 135-152
Binocular rivalry, 10
Biodiversity, defined, xiii
Birds (see also individual species)
brain development, 53
cognitive ability, 33, 50
consciousness, 40, 50-51, 53, 54, 56
dorsal ventricular ridge, 102, 104, 109, 112
episodic memory, 50, 58, 81, 87, 95, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103-104, 105, 106, 109, 110-112, 113
fitness, 33
future planning, 110-111
homologies with mammals, 50-51, 58, 81, 87, 101, 102, 103-104, 105, 109, 112
nidopallium caudolaterale, 102, 104, 105, 109, 112
pallium (hippocampus), 49, 50, 51, 53, 101, 102
parahippocampalis, 101-102
pathological altruism, 173-174
social behavior, 51, 123, 173-174
social information processing, 123
theory of mind, 50
working memory, 81, 87
Black-capped chickadees, 98
Bonobos, 52, 148, 200, 202, 203
Brain (see also specific structures and regions)
damage/lesions, 18, 40, 62-64, 65-66, 67, 70, 71, 103, 104, 107-108, 126, 167, 230, 275, 301
evolutionary theories, 41-42
homologies across species, 68
neural connectivity, 54-55
size/volume, 55, 116
triune brain, 42
Brainstem, 22, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 56, 160-161
Brent, Lauren J. N., 115-133
Brorson Fich, Lars, 263-282
Brosnan, Sarah F., 191-210
Buzsáki, György, 46
C
Calcarine sulcus, 61, 274
Callithrichids, 205
Capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella), 23, 199, 201, 202, 205, 206, 207, 209
Carruthers, Peter, 75-94
Caudate nucleus, 71, 124, 162, 239, 258
Cela-Conde, Camilo J., 283-303
Cerebellum, 40, 61, 117
Chalmers, David, 39
Chang, Steve W. C., 115-133
Chatterjee, Anjan, 263-282
Cheney, Dorothy L., 19-35
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
affiliative behavior, 20, 23, 24-25, 33-34, 127
call convergence, 23
cooperative interactions, 33-34
cortical development vs human development, 58, 135-152
grooming, 24, 34, 127
justice/fairness-related behavior, 196, 197, 199, 200, 202, 203, 204-205, 207-208, 209, 210
long-term planning by, 88-89
memory, 77, 78, 88-89, 91-92
mind-wandering, 91-92
mirror self-recognition test, 52
oxytocin levels, 24, 34, 127
pyramidal neuron dendritic morphology, 142-145, 147-149, 151-152
synaptogenesis, 138-141, 146-147, 150-151
understanding of others’ psychological states, 20
Chukoskie, Leanne, 243-261
Clark, Robert E., 59-73
Cleaner fish, 208
Cognitive abilities and processes (see also Perception)
aesthetic appreciation, 155, 227-233, 241, 264, 276, 283, 285-287, 292, 293, 294, 296, 299, 300-301, 302
and altruism bias, 188
assessment, 99
consciousness and, 18, 39, 43, 48, 49, 52, 53-54
computational theories, 18
emotional arousal and, 163, 299
and fitness, 33
intelligence, 63, 76, 83, 84, 85-86, 93, 179, 187, 213
interwindows analyses, 292
intuitive fast and rational slow processes, 178, 185
and justice- and fairness-related
behaviors in nonhuman primates, 194-195, 202, 208-209
memory and, 63, 76, 96, 99, 158, 163, 301-302
motivation, 21, 27, 33-35, 63, 110, 170, 225, 269, 278
musical cognition, 225, 226, 227-233, 236-237, 238, 239
neocortical maturation and, 137, 146
neural biology and processes, 40, 227-233, 276, 283, 285-287, 292, 293, 294, 296, 299, 300-301
ontogeny, 148
and pathological altruism, 170, 173, 180, 182
pathologic alterations, 301-302
personality, 26-27, 28-29, 33, 63, 129, 130, 172, 177, 184, 186
pleasure and reward processing, 225, 238, 239
social behavior and influences, 25, 34-35, 132-133, 236-237
species differences, 45, 48-49, 53, 148
and theory of mind, 20
Cognitive bias, 170, 173, 180, 182, 225
Cognitive science, 18
Collins, Zachary, 135-152
Coma, 16, 43
Computationalism, 3, 4, 11, 18
Confirmation bias, 178-179
Consciousness (see also Theory of mind)
access, 18, 21, 38, 39, 49, 64, 78, 84-85, 87, 232, 294
analysis of, 7-9
anesthesia model, 2, 37, 38, 40, 41, 47-50, 51, 56, 91
anterior-to-posterior connectivity and, 54-55
arousal (brain activation), 38, 39-40, 43-45, 47, 48, 49, 51, 56, 131, 299
awareness and, 3, 7, 17, 21, 38, 39, 41, 44-45, 47, 51, 72, 73, 96, 279, 301
behaviorism, 3, 4, 6, 11
birds, 50, 53
Cambridge Declaration, 37, 45, 46
capacity for, 41-42, 45, 53, 54
computationalism, 3, 4, 11, 18
contents of, 39, 40, 47
Darwinian revolution and, 3, 4, 13-14
definitions relevant to, 39
emergence on evolutionary timeline, 45, 46, 50-52, 56
emotional arousal and, 43-45, 48, 49, 51
epiphenomenalism, 3, 4, 11-12, 16
epistemic objectivity, 1, 3, 6-7, 11
evolutionary function, 16-18
external, 39, 41, 44, 55, 106, 245, 256, 258, 300
false theories, 3, 4-6, 10-13
human uniqueness, 46, 54-55
in hydranencephalic children, 51
integrated information theory of, 40-41, 54-55, 56
intentional causation, 3, 9
intentionality of actions, 3, 8-9
internal, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45, 52, 55, 99, 104, 108, 227, 245, 256, 258, 302
language and, 18, 49
levels of, 39
materialism, 3, 5-6, 12, 13
mind-body problem, 9-10, 46
mirror self-recognition (MSR) test, 52, 53-54, 55
motility/motricity and, 44, 45, 46-47
neocortical view, 40-42, 51
neural core of, 47-50, 54, 56
neurobiological structure and processes, 9, 37, 38, 40
in nonhuman species, 45-47
objective/subjective argument, 1, 3, 5, 6-7, 8, 13, 38
observer relativity, 6-7, 11
ontogeny, 51-52, 55
ontological subjectivity, 1, 3, 6-7, 8, 13, 38
phenomenal, 38, 39, 47, 54, 56
Phi metric, 41, 48
phylogeny of, 37, 38, 47, 48, 50-52, 54
qualitativeness, 3, 5-6, 7-8, 9, 12, 13, 17, 52
readiness potential, 3, 4-5, 12-13
research techniques, 9-10
responsiveness and, 39, 48, 116
self-awareness, 52-54, 56, 96, 111, 153
sleep and, 7, 18, 39, 40, 41, 43, 48, 49, 51-52, 55
sociobiology movement, 3, 14-16, 182
unconscious mental state and, 7, 9, 18
unity of conscious states, 3, 4, 7, 8, 17-18
wakefulness and, 7, 10, 39, 40, 51, 243, 284, 299
Cooperation
with conspecifics, 18, 116
direct reciprocity, 175, 176, 212, 213
evolution of, 175-176, 212
foraging, 116
group selection, 175, 176, 212
guardian systems, 169, 175-176
indirect reciprocity, 154, 175, 176, 178, 211-224
inequity and, 193-194, 205-206, 208
justice- and fairness-related behaviors and, 193-194, 205-206
kin selection and, 175, 212
models, 213-214
network reciprocity, 175
nonkin, 202
Prisoner’s Dilemma framework, 212, 221
public goods game, 154, 211, 214-224
punishment and, 121, 208
reputational concerns and, 130, 154, 176, 203-204, 210-215, 217-218, 219-222
reward and, 121
social norms and, 213-214
species-specific approaches, 205-206
social relationship and, 202, 204
Cornu ammonis (CA), 67, 69, 70, 101, 102, 104, 105, 107, 108
Corpus callosum, 8
Corticocortical network, 41
Corticosterone, 157, 160, 161
Cortisol, 23, 128, 160, 161, 163, 164
Corvidae, 53, 87, 88, 89, 98
Cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), 24, 201, 236
D
Darwin, Charles, xv, xvi, 38, 43-44, 45, 60, 61
del-Pozo, Francisco, 283-303
Dentate gyrus, 62, 67, 69-70, 101, 102, 104
Descartes, René, 5, 46
Diencephalon, 43, 50, 54, 56
Dobzhansky, Theodosius, xiii, xiv
Dogs, 81, 207
Dolphins, 24-25, 53
Dopamine and dopaminergic system, 22, 154, 225, 233, 234-235, 238, 240, 241, 258, 268-269
Douglas, Robert, 64
Dreaming/dream state, 7, 39, 41, 55
Dualism, 3, 12, 13, 17
Duka, Tetyana, 135-152
E
Electroencephalography, 48, 285
Elephants, 53, 149
Emotional arousal
animals, 43
brain areas activated, 22, 24, 43, 48, 49, 240, 241
and adrenal stress hormones, 160, 161, 163-165
and consciousness, 43-45, 48, 49
grooming and, 24, 127
measure of, 234
and memory, 51, 153, 154, 157, 158-159, 160, 161, 163-165, 168
motoric behavior and, 45
music and, 154, 234, 240, 241
oxytocin and, 22, 24, 127-128
primordial/primitive, 43, 44, 48, 49
reward and, 22, 24, 234, 241, 268, 272, 275
trust, 22, 119, 127-128
Empathy (see also Altruism)
affiliative social bonds, 1, 20-21, 23, 24-33, 34, 35-36, 192
allegiance bias, 170, 178, 188
baboons, 1, 20-21, 23, 24-33, 34, 35-36
brain activity, 22, 23
and cooperation, 173
emotional distancing, 179
episodic memory and, 111
gaze direction and, 20
mimicry and, 22, 23, 24, 25, 34
oxytocin and, 24, 177
pathological/misplaced, 170, 172-173, 177-178, 188
reflective, 19, 20, 21-23, 34
reflexive, 1, 19, 20-24, 34, 118, 121
reward value, 23, 24
and reproductive success, 21
understanding of others’ psychological states, 20
Entorhinal cortex, 62, 67, 68-69, 70, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106
Epinephrine, 157, 160, 161, 163, 164
Epiphenomenalism, 3, 4, 11-12, 16
Episodic memory
in animals, 50, 81, 86, 87, 91, 95, 96-100, 109-112
behavioral tests, 97-100, 107-108
Bischof-Köhler hypothesis, 110
brain structures important for, 100-106
capacity across species, 95, 96-100
and declarative memory, 110
emergency in evolution of, 112-114
events-in-context approach, 97-100, 107-108, 112
functions across species, 109-112
future planning function, 110-111
hippocampus and, 101-103
homologous structures, 95, 96, 101-102, 104, 105, 106, 109, 112
integrating event and context, 107-108
neural organization and processes, 81, 101-109, 104-105
parahippocampal region and, 103-105
and predictions to support adaptive behavior, 109-110
prefrontal cortex and, 100-101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 108-109, 112
processing events and context, 106-107
recall and response selection, 108
receiver operating characteristics approach, 97, 100
and social relationship and network building, 111
spatial context, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 107, 109, 112-113
species-specific uses, 111-112
subjective measures of recall, 96-97
what-when (temporal context), 99-100, 107-108, 112
what-where, 99, 107, 112
what-where-when, 98-99, 112
working memory and, 76-77, 78, 81, 86, 87, 91
Epistemic objectivity, 1, 3, 6-7, 11
F
Face identification/recognition, 22, 77, 86, 117, 123, 130-131, 213
Fairness-related behaviors (see Inequity; Justice- and fairness-related behaviors)
Feynman, Richard, 169
Flexas, Albert, 283-303
Foraging behavior
Charnov’s Marginal Value Theorem, 119
cooperative, 117
economic models, 244
Herrnstein’s matching law, 257
and human search performance, 154, 244, 246-247, 248, 255-256
information foraging, 119-121, 243, 244
Lévy flights, 255-256
matching behavior, 257
memory and, 247
modeling, 247
neural correlates, 119, 257-258
nonsocial functions, 118, 119
social functions, 118
theory, 117, 119
Forebrain, 42, 43, 116, 122
Frontal lobes, 48, 54, 55, 76, 81, 126, 148, 225, 228, 229, 231, 232, 235, 238, 239, 240, 284, 286, 291, 293-294, 295-296, 297
Frontoparietal network, 41
Frontopolar cortex, 272-273
Fortin, Norbert J., 95-114
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 10
aesthetic appreciation, 263, 267-268, 269, 272, 280-281, 286, 300, 302-303
emotional arousal, 49, 164-165, 235, 237-238
music reward value, 235, 237-238
G
Galago, 55
García-Prieto, Juan, 283-303
Gaze (see also Target location)
aversion, 118, 121
brain areas activated, 21, 122
direction and duration, 31, 118, 121
and empathy, 20, 21-22
following, 118, 123-124, 128
neural circuits, 118, 123-124
perception and response, 20, 21-22, 118, 123-124
social status and, 121
threat response, 118
Globus pallidus, 272, 273
Glucocorticoid (GC) levels, 27-28, 29-30, 32, 161
Gordon, Kate, 265-266
Gorillas, 52-53, 148, 200, 203, 208
Guth, Werner, 195
H
Habit learning, 63
Haeckel’s theory of recapitulation, 38
Haidt, Jonathan, 172
Haig, David, 213
Hildebrand, Grant, 266
Hippocampus
and aesthetic appreciation, 284-285
anatomy, 67-69, 70, 101-103
associative structures, 103-105, 112, 113, 162
and behavior, 64
and consciousness, 40
damage effects, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 103, 107-108
and declarative memory, 62-64, 66, 67, 71, 87, 110, 165
and emotional arousal, 164, 165, 240
and episodic memory, 100, 101-103, 104, 106-109, 110, 112-113
homologies across species, 101-103
neural circuitry, 101
place cells, 92, 101
and prospection capacity, 87
sensory processing, 69, 70
and spatial memory, 70, 101, 103, 112-113, 162
species comparisons, 59-73, 92, 101-109, 112-113
and visual discrimination, 164
and working memory, 87, 92
Hippocampus minor, 57, 59, 60-62
Hof, Patrick R., 135-152
Hoffman, Moshe, 211-224
Homo erectus, 116
Homo habilis, 116
Hopkins, William D., 135-152
Horses, 24-25, 82
Humans (Homo sapiens)
comparative neuroanatomy, 60-62, 68, 135-152
cooperative interactions, 33-34
cortical development vs chimpanzee development, 58, 135-152
nondeclarative learning, 70, 71, 72-73
empathy, 21, 22, 23, 33-34
gaze following, 21, 22
gene pool, 14
imitation, 22, 23
infant memory, 81, 87, 121
learning by memorization, 63
mirror self-recognition by children, 53
ontogeny of consciousness, 51-52
Owen’s reclassification, 57, 60-61, 62
pyramidal neuron dendritic morphology, 142-145, 147-149, 151-152
social bonds and reproductive success, 24-25
synaptogenesis, 138-141, 146-147, 150-151
visual recognition test for infants, 66-67
Hummingbirds, 111-112
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 61-62
Hydranencephaly, 51
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, 119, 128
Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, 110, 128-129
Hypothalamus, 48, 51, 240
I
Imagination, 17, 22, 77, 79, 81, 86-88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 110-111, 232-233, 241, 300
Imitation/mimicry, 22, 23, 24, 25, 34, 116
Incest taboo, 3, 14-16
Inequity
and contrast effects, 208-209
and cooperation, 193-194, 205-206, 208
evolutionary function of, 193
in experimenter interactions, 206-207
interaction with other behaviors, 208-209
procedural, 209-210
and punishment, 208
recognition of, 209
research needs, 209-210
in social interactions, 207-208
Inferior parietal lobule, 21, 284-285
Insular cortex, 123, 132
Intelligence, 63, 76, 83, 84, 85-86, 93, 179, 187, 213
Intentional behavior, 21
Intentional causation, 3, 9
Intentionality of actions, 3, 8-9
Interoceptive systems, 44, 125, 268, 296
Ioannidis, John, 187
J
Jacobs, Bob, 135-152
James, William, 159, 165
Janssen, William G. M., 135-152
Jays, 53, 98, 110, 111
Justice- and fairness-related behaviors (see also Inequity)
and cooperation, 193-194, 205-206
evolution of, 192, 193, 210
and fitness, 192
game theory applied to, 194-208
Impunity Game, 197-204
in nonhuman primates, 191-210
prosocial games, 204-205
reputation and, 192, 203-204, 210
species-specific approaches in cooperation context, 195, 205-206
Ultimatum Game, 195-197
K
Klein, Jeffrey T., 115-133
Krauzlis, Richard J., 243-261
Kuhn, Thomas, 172
Kuzawa, Christopher W., 135-152
L
Lamprey, 44
Language, 7, 18, 49, 58, 111, 123, 135, 136, 192, 213
Larsen, Michael D., 135-152
Lateral intraparietal (LIP) area, 118, 122, 124, 257, 258
Learned negative associations, 23
Learning
concurrent discrimination, 71, 72
emotional arousal and, 158, 164-165
epigenetic changes and, 133
episodic memory and, 94, 107, 166-167
habit learning, 63
memory and, 63, 66, 71, 158, 159, 161, 163, 164-165, 167
mnemonic tricks, 167
and motor effort, 247
one-trial, 94
reward and, 118, 119, 120, 124
reinforcement-learning model, 154, 243-244, 247, 249-255, 294
statistical, 231, 238
social, 58, 117, 118, 119, 120, 124, 135, 146-147, 149, 237
spatial, 101, 162, 244, 245, 252
synapse and neuronal maturation time and, 135, 146-147
target location, 154, 243-244, 247, 248-266
trial-and-error, 72-73
working memory and, 75, 83, 85, 90
Leder, Helmut, 263-282
Limbic system, 44, 125, 240
Lingual gyrus, 274
Lipovich, Leonard, 135-152
Llinás, Rudolfo, 46
Locus coeruleus, 48, 160-161
Long-tailed macaques, 205
Lyell, Charles, 61-62
M
Maestú, Fernando, 283-303
Magpies, 53, 98
Marmoset, 201, 230, 236
Mashour, George A., 37-56
Materialism, 3, 5-6, 12, 13
McArthur, Mark J., 135-152
McGaugh, James L., 157-168
Meadow voles, 98, 111
Medial entorhinal cortex, 70, 103, 104, 105, 106
Medial temporal lobes, 40, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 161
Medial temporal polar cortex, 62
Memory (see also Episodic memory; Working memory)
adrenal stress hormones and, 157, 160, 161, 163-165
amygdala and, 62, 65-66, 67, 153, 157, 160-163, 164-165, 167
animal models of amnesia, 59, 60, 64, 65-67, 70-73, 158
in animals, 64, 65-67, 70-73, 158
baboon, 30-31
and cognitive functions, 63
consciousness and, 17-18
consolidation, 92, 157, 159-162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 258, 292
cross-species comparison, 62, 63-64, 70-73
delayed matching to sample task, 65
delayed nonmatching to sample task, 65-67
dual-trace hypothesis of formation, 159
emotional arousal and, 51, 153, 154, 157, 158-159, 160, 161, 163-165, 168
exceptional human memory, 157, 165-167
highly superior autobiographical, 153, 157, 166-168
hippocampus and, 62-67, 71
impairment, 59, 62-64, 65-66, 67, 70, 71, 73, 103, 159, 161, 162, 167, 301-302
long-term declarative, 17-18, 51, 59, 62, 63, 64, 67-70, 71, 76-77, 87-88, 110, 157, 159, 163, 165
modern research, 62-64
monkeys, 63, 64-66, 78, 81
multiple systems and network structure, 63, 64-67, 73, 110
neural organization, 62-70, 157, 162-163
nondeclarative, 64-65, 70, 71, 72-73, 110
novel object recognition task, 67
playback experiments, 30-31
for rewards, 160
rodents, 63, 64, 66-67, 78
serial position, 78
short-term, 63, 78
spatial, 70, 78, 84-86, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 107, 109, 112-113
unusual, 168-169
visual discrimination tasks, 63, 65, 66-67
visual recognition, 65, 66-67
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 46
Mice, 67, 84, 85-86, 98, 159
Midbrain, 22, 40, 42, 43, 44, 51, 238, 268-269
Middle frontal gyrus, 272, 273, 276
Middle occipital gyrus, 272, 273, 276
Milner, Brenda, 62
Mind-body problem, 9-10, 46
Mind wandering, 91-92, 299, 300
Mirasso, Claudio R., 283-303
Mirror self-recognition (MSR) test, 52, 53-54, 55
Modroño, Cristián, 263-282
Monkeys (see Nonhuman primates; individual species)
Moral
disgust, 123, 185
heuristics, 178, 186
intuition, 185, 294
judgment, 185, 285, 298
reasoning, 185, 298
righteousness, 185
Morality
and aesthetic appreciation, 285, 294, 298
and altruism bias, 186-187
incest taboo and, 3, 15-16
and pathological altruism, 172, 178, 182, 185, 186
sociobiology and, 14
Mormyrid fish, 117
Mossy fiber connections, 70, 101
Motivation, 21, 27, 33-35, 63, 110, 170, 225, 269, 278
Motor cortex/regions, 4-5, 12, 22, 90, 105, 108, 136, 137, 138, 140, 143, 149, 232, 269, 278
Mozer, Michael C., 243-261
Munar, Enric, 283-303
Munchausen by Internet, 185-186
Music
emotional arousal, 154, 234, 240, 241
neurobiology of cognitive representations, 154, 227-233
origins, 226-227
and pleasure, 234-240
reward value and neurobiology and, 225, 227, 233, 235, 236, 237-238, 239, 240
N
Nadal, Marcos, 263-282
Navarrete, Gorka, 263-282
Neocortex
associative, 51, 102, 103
avian pallium compared, 49, 50, 51, 102
and consciousness, 40-42, 49, 51
evolution of, 42
Hebbian cell assembly requirements, 50
mammalian structure, 50, 51
and memory, 102, 104, 106, 108-109
synaptogenesis and neuronal arborization, 135-152
Neural plasticity, 58, 136, 147, 148, 149, 162, 163
NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery, 100
Nonhuman primates (see also Baboons;
Chimpanzees; Rhesus macaques; other individual species)
comparative neuroanatomy, 60-62, 101, 105
empathy, 23, 24
evolutionary perspective on social behavior, 116-120
grooming, 19, 24, 25, 28-30, 32, 33, 34, 116, 123, 127, 129, 131, 132, 146
hippocampus form and function, 59-73, 101
memory, 59-73, 80, 81-82, 98, 100, 101, 105, 107
neuroethology of social behavior, 115-133
self-awareness, 52-53
social bonds, 1
justice- and fairness-related behaviors, 154, 191-210
tool use, 88-89, 111, 137, 146-147, 148
Norepinephrine, 157, 161, 162, 165
Nowak Martin A., 211-224
Nucleus accumbens, 124, 154, 225, 238, 268-269
O
Oakley, Barbara A., 169-189
Observer relativity, 6-7, 11
Ontogeny
cognitive abilities, 148
consciousness, 48, 51-52, 55
neural, 51, 58, 137, 138, 146, 149
sensory development in utero, 51
social, 201
theory of REM sleep, 51-52
Ontological subjectivity, 1, 3, 6-7, 8, 13
Orangutans, 52, 148, 200, 202, 203
Orbitofrontal cortex, 118, 122, 124-126, 155, 268, 275, 278, 288, 293, 294, 296, 302
Owen, Richard, 57, 60-61, 62
Owl monkey, 201
Oxytocin, 22, 24, 34, 117, 119, 126, 127-128, 177
P
Parahippocampal cortex
and aesthetic appreciation, 272, 273, 276
damage effects, 70
and declarative memory, 67, 68-69
and episodic memory, 100, 102, 103-105, 106-109, 112
spatial memory, 70
species homologies, 58, 69, 81, 102, 104, 105, 112
Paramecium, 46, 47
Parietal cortex, 41, 48, 55, 70, 92, 148, 228, 229, 284-285, 288, 289, 291, 292, 295, 296, 297
Pathological altruism
codependency and, 171, 177, 179, 186
confirmation bias, 178-179, 180
defined, 170-171
empathy and, 178
evolutionary considerations, 172-176
federal budgetary policies, 181-182, 183
foreign aid, 181
home ownership programs, 180-181
implications, 171-172, 176-180
motivation and, 172
narcissism and, 171, 181, 184, 186
personal-scale studies, 173, 185-186
policy aspects, 173, 180-183
teen pregnancy prevention, 180
unscientific approaches to helping, 182-183
Pearson, John M., 115-133
Perception
aesthetic, 155, 241, 264, 285-286, 300-301, 302
and altruism bias, 186
brain regions, 105, 122, 124
and consciousness, 8, 9, 10, 17, 18, 44, 54-55
of gaze, 118, 122, 124
of inequity/inequality, 154
memory and, 63, 91 n.2
mind-wandering, 300
musical, 154, 225-241
neural substrates, 105, 122, 124, 230, 231, 232, 238, 241, 264, 284
nonconscious feedback mechanisms, 18
phenomenological experience of, 232
and pleasure/reward, 225-241, 268
visual, 16, 91 n.2, 155, 264, 300-301
Perforant pathway, 68, 70
Perirhinal cortex, 62-63, 67, 68-69, 70, 102, 103, 104, 106
Personality, 26-27, 28-29, 33, 63, 129, 130, 172, 177, 184, 186
Pigs, 98, 101
Platt, Michael L., 115-133
Positron emission tomography, 47, 49, 51, 165, 234, 235, 284
Posterior parietal cortex, 55
Posterior superior sulcus, 118, 122, 123-124
Postrhinal cortex, 67, 68, 69, 102, 103, 104, 106
Posttraumatic stress disorder, 165, 182
Precuneus, 272, 273, 276, 284, 299
Prefrontal cortex
and aesthetic appreciation, 237, 239, 299
avian nidopallium caudolaterale, 53, 102, 105
and cognitive abilities, 53, 56, 149
cross-species comparisons, 55, 56, 105, 137
empathy response, 22
executive functions, 239
humans, 55, 56, 102, 135, 137, 138, 146, 147
maturation, 137, 138-139, 141, 142, 146, 147-149
memory-related activity, 80, 91, 92, 100-101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 108-109, 112, 239
neuronal arborization, 135, 137, 142, 146, 147-149
nonhuman primates, 102, 135, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 146, 147-149
rat, 102
synaptogenesis, 138, 139, 141, 146, 147
Premotor cortex, 90, 231-232
Prestriate visual cortex, 136, 138, 140, 141, 143
Primates (see Humans; Nonhuman primates; individual species)
Propranolol, 160, 161, 164, 165
Prospection capacity, 57, 75, 86, 87, 91, 93
Pyramidal neuron dendritic morphology, 142-145, 147-149, 151-152
Q
Qualitativeness, 3, 5-6, 7-8, 9, 12, 13, 17, 52
R
Ramasco, José J., 283-303
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 187
Rand, David G., 211-224
Rats
brain size and anatomy, 55, 67, 68, 69, 102
consolidation of memory, 159, 160, 161
declarative memory/amnesia model, 63-64, 66, 67, 69, 73, 92, 102, 159
empathy in, 24
episodic memory, 98, 99, 103, 107-106
maternal behavior, 127
reward neurobiology, 233
spatial memory/learning, 101, 162
working memory, 84, 87, 92
Readiness potential, 3, 4-5, 12-13
Reproductive success
episodic memory and, 109
problem-solving ability in birds and, 33
personality and, 26-27
social bonds and, 1, 19, 21, 24-25, 26, 27, 28, 34, 115, 116, 119, 129, 132, 133, 192, 212
Reptiles, 50, 51, 101, 106, 113, 114
Reward
aesthetic appreciation, 236-237, 241, 264, 268, 272, 275, 278, 284, 294, 296
cooperation and, 121
emotional arousal and, 22, 24, 234, 241, 268, 272, 275
and empathy, 23, 24
imitation and, 23
learned negative associations, 23
and learning, 118, 119, 120, 124
memory for, 160
music value, 225, 227, 233, 235, 236, 237-238, 239, 240
neural substrates, 22, 23, 24, 118, 119, 123, 124-126, 225, 227, 236, 238, 239, 240, 268, 275, 284, 294, 296
perception and, 225-241, 268
pleasure and, 227, 238, 240, 284
prediction, 238, 239, 240, 241
sensory processing, 268, 275
and social behavior, 118, 119, 123, 124-126, 131, 233
and target location, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 251-252, 253, 254, 256, 258, 259
Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
brain structures and functions, 20, 55, 58, 122, 124, 257-258
empathy in, 20, 21, 23, 24, 33
gaze direction/perception, 20, 21, 121, 122, 124, 130-131
genetic regulation of social behavior, 129, 130-131, 132
justice/fairness-related behavior, 201, 202, 203, 207-208
memory, 81-82
mimicry, 21
mirror self-recognition, 53
neuroethology of behaviors, 121, 122, 124, 127, 129, 130-131, 132, 133
neuronal arborization, 58, 135-136, 137, 138, 147, 148
oxytocin effects, 127
prefrontal cortex, 58, 147
social behaviors, 33, 121, 127, 129, 130-131, 132, 133
synaptogenesis, 135, 136, 146
testosterone effects, 129
visual search behavior and foraging, 257-259
Rodents (see also Mice; Rats; other species)
consciousness, 55-56
hippocampal form and function, 60, 62
memory, 62, 67, 78, 87, 91, 92, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 111
social bonds and fitness, 24-25
social processing, 121, 123
Rostrup, Nicolai, 263-282
S
Sackler, Arthur M., vii-viii. See also Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium
Sackler, Jillian, vii, viii
Salimpoor, Valorie N., 225-241
Schaffer collateral/commissural pathway, 70, 101
Schapiro, Steven J., 135-152
Scoville, William Beecher, 62, 63
Scrub jays, 98, 110, 111
Sea squirt, 46-47
Searle, John, 3-18
Seizures, 41, 62, 63
Sejnowski, Terrence J., 243-261
Self-awareness, xvi, 52-54, 56, 96, 111, 153
Self-reflection, xvi, 46
Sensory cortices and pathways
aesthetic appreciation, 275, 294
consciousness and, 17, 41, 44, 45, 46-47
dendritic arborization, 137
gaze following, 123-124
information processing and, 41, 44, 106, 123
motor inputs and outputs, 45, 46-47, 126, 137, 138
neural pathways, 69-70, 103, 106, 108-109, 123, 138
ontogeny in humans, 51-52
REM sleep and, 51-52
reward processing, 268, 275
short-term memory, 77, 78, 79-80, 81, 86
and working memory, 76-77, 79, 91 n.2
Serotonin, 120, 130, 132
Seyfarth, Robert M., 19-35
Sherwood, Chet C., 135-152
Skov, Martin, 263-282
Sleep, 7, 18, 39, 40, 41, 43, 48, 49, 55
ontogenetic theory of REM sleep, 51-52
Snider, Joseph, 243-261
Social behavior (see also Cooperation; Justice- and fairness-related behaviors)
affiliative relationships, 1, 20-21, 23, 24-33, 34, 35-36, 117, 119, 127, 132
aggression, selective, 26, 30, 88, 111, 119, 120, 121, 127, 129, 207
and brain volume, 116
challenge hypothesis, 129
chameleon effect, 22-23
Composite Sociality Index, 25, 27
competitive interactions, 116, 132, 208, 212
complex social interactions, 125-126
courtship and mating behavior, 116, 126, 129
distress response, 23-24
dominance status and, 25-26, 30, 116, 121, 126, 130-131, 199, 205
episodic memory and, 111
empathy and, 1, 20-21, 23, 24-33, 34, 35-36
evolutionary perspective, 116-117
face identification/recognition and, 22, 77, 86, 117, 121, 123, 130-131, 213
foraging and, 116, 117, 118, 119-121, 132-133
gaze direction/perception, 20, 21-22, 118, 121, 122-124, 128, 243, 244, 245-246, 248, 259-260
generosity, 119, 127
genetic regulation, 129-132
grooming, 19, 24, 25, 28-30, 32, 33, 34, 116, 123, 127, 129, 131, 132, 146, 233
group size effects, 116, 174-175
homologous neural mechanisms, 116-117
image category, 118
imitation/mimicry and, 22, 23, 24, 25, 34, 116
information seeking/processing, 119-121, 124, 130, 132-133
integration in social networks, 120, 130
intraspecific variation, 115
and longevity, 25, 129
network/group size and, 118, 125-126, 133
neural correlates, 118-120, 122-126
neuroethology of primate behavior, 115-133
neuromodulators, 22, 24, 34, 117, 119, 126-129, 130, 132, 177
nonsocial behaviors paralleled with, 115, 117-121, 123, 133
oxytocin and, 22, 24, 34, 117, 119, 126, 127-128, 177
parental care, 117, 119, 127, 202, 205
Partner Stability Index, 25
postnatal development, 137-138, 146
punishment and, 208
and reproductive success, 1, 19, 21, 24-25, 26, 27, 28, 34, 115, 116, 119, 129, 132, 133, 192, 212
reward and, 118, 119, 123, 124-126, 131
salience and, 119, 240, 244, 245, 264, 268
same-sex, 24-25
social status and, 119, 128, 129
value associated with space, 118
Social learning, 58, 117, 135, 146-147
Sociobiology movement, 3, 14-16, 182
Somatosensory cortex, 136, 138, 140, 143, 149, 228
Soul, 5, 6
Spatial (see also Target location)
attention, 124
foraging task, 257
learning/learned associations, 101, 162, 244, 245, 252
memory, 70, 78, 84-86, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 107, 109, 112-113, 162
navigation, 264
orienting, 118
selection, 212
Squire, Larry R., 59-73
Squirrel monkey, 201, 202, 209
Stimpson, Cheryl D., 135-152
Striatum, 107, 118, 122, 124, 234, 235, 239, 240-241
Subicular complex/subiculum, 62, 69, 70, 102, 104
Superior frontal gyrus, 272, 273, 276
Superior temporal sulcus (STS), 21, 122, 123-124
Synaptogenesis, chimpanzee vs. human, 138-141, 146-147, 150-151
T
Target location by humans (see also Gaze)
bimodal distribution of saccade lengths, 255
ideal-observer theory, 247, 249, 250-251, 253, 256, 257
learning where to look, 248-249
in natural environments, 256-257
neural basis of search, 257-258
prior experience and saccade choice, 154-155, 244-245, 252, 254-255
reinforcement-learning model, 154, 247, 249-255
reward and, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 251-252, 253, 254, 256, 258, 259
Teleost fish, 101, 106, 112
Temporal lobes, 69, 117, 228, 229, 294 (see also Medial temporal lobe)
Temporoammonic pathway, 70
Testosterone, 34, 129
Thalamocortical system, 40-41, 51, 53
Thalamus, 48, 51
Theory of the mind (see also Consciousness)
avian, 50
Darwinian revolution and, 3, 4, 13-14
episodic memory and, 111
evolution of, 19-35
false theories, 3, 4-6, 10-13
reflexive empathy and, 1, 19, 20-24, 34
selective factors, 20-21
U
Unconsciousness, 7
neurobiological processes, 9
nonconscious neurobiological processes distinguished from, 18
vegetative states, 39
V
Vartanian, Oshin, 263-282
Vasopressin, 119, 127
Vegetative state, 39
Vestibular ocular reflex, 16
Visual
aesthetic experiences, 155, 241, 264, 274, 276, 278, 282, 284, 285-286, 294, 300, 302
cortex, 136, 138, 140, 141, 143, 278, 294
discrimination tasks, 63, 164
imagination, 77
memory, 65, 66-67, 70, 229, 245-246
navigation, 277
paired-comparison task, 66-67
perception, 264, 278
processing, 9, 16, 44, 47, 70, 286-287
search, 244, 245, 247, 248-255, 256, 257
rotation paradigm, 89-90
synaptogenesis and neuron dendritic morphology, 136, 138, 140, 141, 143
W
Wakefulness, 7, 10, 39, 40, 51, 243, 284, 299
Washburn, Sherwood, 14
Watson, John B., 6
Watson, Karli K., 115-133
Wildman, Derek E., 135-152
Wilson, E. O., 14-16
Working memory
and aesthetic appreciation, 285
in animals compared to humans, 78, 79-93
attention dependence, 76-78, 79, 81, 86, 87, 88, 91, 93
behavioral and conceptual resources, 92-93
capacity to refresh and sustain, 79, 80-81, 85, 86
comparative psychology, 79-93
components, 76-77
and consciousness, 76
as default network, 80, 91-92
and episodic memory, 76-77, 81, 86, 87, 91, 96, 105
evolution of, 75-94
frequency of use, 80, 90-92
in humans, 76-79, 81, 83
imagination and, 79, 86-88, 89
and inner speech, xvi, 77, 80, 92-93
and intelligence, 76, 83, 84, 85-86, 93
item limit, 76, 79, 81-83
and learning, 57
and long-term declarative memory, 76, 78, 87
long-term WM, 78-79, 80, 84, 85
manipulative component, 79, 80, 89-90
match-to-sample or non–match-to-sample tasks, 80, 81
mental rehearsal of activities, 63, 76, 77, 79-80, 82, 86-87, 88-89, 90, 92, 93
mind wandering, 91-92
and motor processes, 77, 90
musical information in, 225, 229, 239, 240
n-back tasks, 83
neural organization, 76-77, 80-81, 105, 229
object-displacement tests, 81
prospection capacity, 57, 75, 86, 87, 91, 93
radial-arm maze tests, 78, 80, 84-85, 87
resistance to interference, 78, 79, 84-86
and sensory short-term representations, 77, 79, 80, 81
serial recall tests, 81-82
span tasks, 83
Y
Yawning, contagious, 22-23
Yellow-bellied marmots, 128
Yoeli, Erez, 211-224
Z
Zatorre, Robert J., 225-241