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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2014. In the Light of Evolution: Volume VII: The Human Mental Machinery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18573.
×

Index

A

Adams, Geoffrey K., 115-133

Aesthetic appreciation

adaptive issues, 299

amygdala and, 240, 268, 269, 276

architectural contour, 263-264, 267, 268, 269-271, 272-277, 278, 280

brain connectivity related to default mode network, 284-285

cognitive processes, 155, 227-233, 241, 264, 276, 283, 285-287, 292, 293, 294, 296, 299, 300-301, 302

default mode network and, 283, 284-285, 286, 292, 296-298, 299, 300-302

delayed network, 283, 286, 293, 295-296, 298, 302

executive tasks and, 285, 300-301

fMRI imaging studies, 263, 267-268, 269, 272, 280-281, 286, 300, 302-303

habitat theory, 266, 278

initial network, 286, 293-294

magnetoencephalography, 286-291

neural dynamics, 268-269, 272-274, 276-277, 287-298

pathologic alterations of cognition, 301-302

perception, 155, 241, 264, 285-286, 300-301, 302

prefrontal cortex and, 237, 239, 299

processes related to, 285-286

resting-state issue, 292-293

reward value and processing, 236-237, 241, 264, 268, 272, 275, 278, 284, 294, 296

sensu lato, 286, 293, 295, 298, 301, 302

sensu stricto, 286, 293, 294, 296, 298, 301, 302

subjectivity of, 302-303

two-fold model, 293

Alkire, Michael T., 37-56

Allegiance bias, 170, 178, 188

Allen Timothy A., 95-114

Altruism (see also Empathy; Pathological altruism)

conceptual framework, 170, 184-185

and cooperative behavior, 173, 174-175

defined, 170

egoism and, 185

enculturation, 177

parochial, 177

prospect theory and, 185

Altruism bias

in academic disciplines and the scientific enterprise, 182-183, 187-188

allegiance bias, 170, 178, 188

broad-scale studies, 186-188

mechanistic bases, 153

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2014. In the Light of Evolution: Volume VII: The Human Mental Machinery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18573.
×

moral judgment and, 185

quantitative models, 153

in social sciences, 182-183

Alzheimer’s disease, 99, 301, 302

Amazonian Yąnomamö, 174-175

Amygdala

and aesthetic appreciation, 240, 268, 269, 276

and approach-avoidance behavior, 268, 269, 275, 294

and consciousness, 30

damage effects, 40, 65-66

and emotional arousal, 240, 268

empathy response, 22

and fear conditioning, 275

hydrocortisone effects, 165

interaction with other brain systems, 123, 162-163, 164-165, 240, 294

and memory, 62, 65-66, 67, 153, 157, 160-163, 164-165, 167

propranolol effects, 165

and social information processing, 122, 123

yohimbine effects, 165

Anterior cingulate cortex, 48, 49, 123, 240, 264, 268, 272, 273, 284-285

Anterior cingulate gyrus, 119, 122, 125, 126

Anterior cingulate sulcus, 119, 122, 125, 126

Anxiety, 8, 26

Apes (see also Nonhuman primates; individual species)

brain size and development, 136, 148

consciousness, 52, 53, 54

empathy, 22, 34

future planning, 111

justice- and fairness-related behavior, 202, 203, 207, 210

memory, 81, 89, 90, 111

ontogenetic neural development, 58

problem solving and insight, 90

social environment and cognition, 148

Approach-avoidance decisions, 121, 130-131, 155, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268-270, 272, 274, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281

Architectural contour

aesthetic appreciation, 155, 263-264, 267, 268, 269-271, 272-277, 278, 280

and approach-avoidance decisions, 155, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268-270, 272, 274, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281

habitat theory, 266, 278

and neural processes, 268-269, 272-274, 276-277

study methods, 279-282

Aristotelian biology, 13, 14

Arousal (brain activation), 38, 39-40, 43, 44-45, 47, 48, 49, 51, 56, 131, 299

Arthur M. Sackler Colloquia, viii, xiii, xv

Arthur M. Sackler Gallery of Asian Art, viii

Artificial intelligence, 3, 4, 5

Ascending reticular activating system, 43

Auditory cortex, 154, 163, 225, 228, 230, 231-232, 238, 240-241

Autism spectrum disorder, 22, 130, 166

Avian (see Birds)

Avise, John C., xiii-xiv

Awareness, xvi, 3, 7, 17, 21, 38, 39, 41, 44-45, 47, 51, 72, 73, 96, 279, 301 (see also Self-awareness)

Ayala, Francisco J., xiii-xiv

B

Baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus)

affiliative behavior in wild females, 1, 20-21, 23, 24-33, 34, 35-36

death of a close relative, 19, 28-30, 32, 33

gaze, 30-31

grooming behavior, 19, 24, 25, 28-30, 32, 33, 34

grunting, 26, 30-31

infanticide by males, 27-28, 29, 32, 35

longevity, 25, 129

male immigration challenges, 19, 27-28, 29, 32, 33

memory, 78

personality style, 26-33

playback experiments, 19, 30-33

social bonds and reproductive success, 21, 24-27, 129

social challenges, 27-33

study population, 35

Bajo, Ricardo, 283-303

Basal ganglia, 44, 63, 232, 239, 258, 268, 282

Bats, 101, 103

Bauernfeind, Amy L., 135-152

Baze, Wallace B., 135-152

Behavior (see also Social behavior)

approach-avoidance decisions, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268-270, 272, 274, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281

Behaviorism, 3, 4, 6, 11, 43

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2014. In the Light of Evolution: Volume VII: The Human Mental Machinery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18573.
×

Bianchi, Serena, 135-152

Binocular rivalry, 10

Biodiversity, defined, xiii

Birds (see also individual species)

brain development, 53

cognitive ability, 33, 50

consciousness, 40, 50-51, 53, 54, 56

dorsal ventricular ridge, 102, 104, 109, 112

episodic memory, 50, 58, 81, 87, 95, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103-104, 105, 106, 109, 110-112, 113

fitness, 33

future planning, 110-111

homologies with mammals, 50-51, 58, 81, 87, 101, 102, 103-104, 105, 109, 112

nidopallium caudolaterale, 102, 104, 105, 109, 112

pallium (hippocampus), 49, 50, 51, 53, 101, 102

parahippocampalis, 101-102

pathological altruism, 173-174

social behavior, 51, 123, 173-174

social information processing, 123

theory of mind, 50

working memory, 81, 87

Black-capped chickadees, 98

Bonobos, 52, 148, 200, 202, 203

Brain (see also specific structures and regions)

damage/lesions, 18, 40, 62-64, 65-66, 67, 70, 71, 103, 104, 107-108, 126, 167, 230, 275, 301

evolutionary theories, 41-42

homologies across species, 68

neural connectivity, 54-55

size/volume, 55, 116

triune brain, 42

Brainstem, 22, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 56, 160-161

Brent, Lauren J. N., 115-133

Brorson Fich, Lars, 263-282

Brosnan, Sarah F., 191-210

Buzsáki, György, 46

C

Calcarine sulcus, 61, 274

Callithrichids, 205

Capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella), 23, 199, 201, 202, 205, 206, 207, 209

Carruthers, Peter, 75-94

Caudate nucleus, 71, 124, 162, 239, 258

Cela-Conde, Camilo J., 283-303

Cerebellum, 40, 61, 117

Chalmers, David, 39

Chang, Steve W. C., 115-133

Chatterjee, Anjan, 263-282

Cheney, Dorothy L., 19-35

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

affiliative behavior, 20, 23, 24-25, 33-34, 127

call convergence, 23

cooperative interactions, 33-34

cortical development vs human development, 58, 135-152

grooming, 24, 34, 127

justice/fairness-related behavior, 196, 197, 199, 200, 202, 203, 204-205, 207-208, 209, 210

long-term planning by, 88-89

memory, 77, 78, 88-89, 91-92

mind-wandering, 91-92

mirror self-recognition test, 52

oxytocin levels, 24, 34, 127

pyramidal neuron dendritic morphology, 142-145, 147-149, 151-152

synaptogenesis, 138-141, 146-147, 150-151

understanding of others’ psychological states, 20

Chukoskie, Leanne, 243-261

Clark, Robert E., 59-73

Cleaner fish, 208

Cognitive abilities and processes (see also Perception)

aesthetic appreciation, 155, 227-233, 241, 264, 276, 283, 285-287, 292, 293, 294, 296, 299, 300-301, 302

and altruism bias, 188

assessment, 99

consciousness and, 18, 39, 43, 48, 49, 52, 53-54

computational theories, 18

emotional arousal and, 163, 299

and fitness, 33

intelligence, 63, 76, 83, 84, 85-86, 93, 179, 187, 213

interwindows analyses, 292

intuitive fast and rational slow processes, 178, 185

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2014. In the Light of Evolution: Volume VII: The Human Mental Machinery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18573.
×

and justice- and fairness-related

behaviors in nonhuman primates, 194-195, 202, 208-209

memory and, 63, 76, 96, 99, 158, 163, 301-302

motivation, 21, 27, 33-35, 63, 110, 170, 225, 269, 278

musical cognition, 225, 226, 227-233, 236-237, 238, 239

neocortical maturation and, 137, 146

neural biology and processes, 40, 227-233, 276, 283, 285-287, 292, 293, 294, 296, 299, 300-301

ontogeny, 148

and pathological altruism, 170, 173, 180, 182

pathologic alterations, 301-302

personality, 26-27, 28-29, 33, 63, 129, 130, 172, 177, 184, 186

pleasure and reward processing, 225, 238, 239

social behavior and influences, 25, 34-35, 132-133, 236-237

species differences, 45, 48-49, 53, 148

and theory of mind, 20

Cognitive bias, 170, 173, 180, 182, 225

Cognitive science, 18

Collins, Zachary, 135-152

Coma, 16, 43

Computationalism, 3, 4, 11, 18

Confirmation bias, 178-179

Consciousness (see also Theory of mind)

access, 18, 21, 38, 39, 49, 64, 78, 84-85, 87, 232, 294

analysis of, 7-9

anesthesia model, 2, 37, 38, 40, 41, 47-50, 51, 56, 91

anterior-to-posterior connectivity and, 54-55

arousal (brain activation), 38, 39-40, 43-45, 47, 48, 49, 51, 56, 131, 299

awareness and, 3, 7, 17, 21, 38, 39, 41, 44-45, 47, 51, 72, 73, 96, 279, 301

behaviorism, 3, 4, 6, 11

birds, 50, 53

Cambridge Declaration, 37, 45, 46

capacity for, 41-42, 45, 53, 54

computationalism, 3, 4, 11, 18

contents of, 39, 40, 47

Darwinian revolution and, 3, 4, 13-14

definitions relevant to, 39

emergence on evolutionary timeline, 45, 46, 50-52, 56

emotional arousal and, 43-45, 48, 49, 51

epiphenomenalism, 3, 4, 11-12, 16

epistemic objectivity, 1, 3, 6-7, 11

evolutionary function, 16-18

external, 39, 41, 44, 55, 106, 245, 256, 258, 300

false theories, 3, 4-6, 10-13

human uniqueness, 46, 54-55

in hydranencephalic children, 51

integrated information theory of, 40-41, 54-55, 56

intentional causation, 3, 9

intentionality of actions, 3, 8-9

internal, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45, 52, 55, 99, 104, 108, 227, 245, 256, 258, 302

language and, 18, 49

levels of, 39

materialism, 3, 5-6, 12, 13

mind-body problem, 9-10, 46

mirror self-recognition (MSR) test, 52, 53-54, 55

motility/motricity and, 44, 45, 46-47

neocortical view, 40-42, 51

neural core of, 47-50, 54, 56

neurobiological structure and processes, 9, 37, 38, 40

in nonhuman species, 45-47

objective/subjective argument, 1, 3, 5, 6-7, 8, 13, 38

observer relativity, 6-7, 11

ontogeny, 51-52, 55

ontological subjectivity, 1, 3, 6-7, 8, 13, 38

phenomenal, 38, 39, 47, 54, 56

Phi metric, 41, 48

phylogeny of, 37, 38, 47, 48, 50-52, 54

qualitativeness, 3, 5-6, 7-8, 9, 12, 13, 17, 52

readiness potential, 3, 4-5, 12-13

research techniques, 9-10

responsiveness and, 39, 48, 116

self-awareness, 52-54, 56, 96, 111, 153

sleep and, 7, 18, 39, 40, 41, 43, 48, 49, 51-52, 55

sociobiology movement, 3, 14-16, 182

unconscious mental state and, 7, 9, 18

unity of conscious states, 3, 4, 7, 8, 17-18

wakefulness and, 7, 10, 39, 40, 51, 243, 284, 299

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2014. In the Light of Evolution: Volume VII: The Human Mental Machinery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18573.
×

Cooperation

with conspecifics, 18, 116

direct reciprocity, 175, 176, 212, 213

evolution of, 175-176, 212

foraging, 116

group selection, 175, 176, 212

guardian systems, 169, 175-176

indirect reciprocity, 154, 175, 176, 178, 211-224

inequity and, 193-194, 205-206, 208

justice- and fairness-related behaviors and, 193-194, 205-206

kin selection and, 175, 212

models, 213-214

network reciprocity, 175

nonkin, 202

Prisoner’s Dilemma framework, 212, 221

public goods game, 154, 211, 214-224

punishment and, 121, 208

reputational concerns and, 130, 154, 176, 203-204, 210-215, 217-218, 219-222

reward and, 121

social norms and, 213-214

species-specific approaches, 205-206

social relationship and, 202, 204

Cornu ammonis (CA), 67, 69, 70, 101, 102, 104, 105, 107, 108

Corpus callosum, 8

Corticocortical network, 41

Corticosterone, 157, 160, 161

Cortisol, 23, 128, 160, 161, 163, 164

Corvidae, 53, 87, 88, 89, 98

Cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), 24, 201, 236

D

Darwin, Charles, xv, xvi, 38, 43-44, 45, 60, 61

del-Pozo, Francisco, 283-303

Dentate gyrus, 62, 67, 69-70, 101, 102, 104

Descartes, René, 5, 46

Diencephalon, 43, 50, 54, 56

Dobzhansky, Theodosius, xiii, xiv

Dogs, 81, 207

Dolphins, 24-25, 53

Dopamine and dopaminergic system, 22, 154, 225, 233, 234-235, 238, 240, 241, 258, 268-269

Douglas, Robert, 64

Dreaming/dream state, 7, 39, 41, 55

Dualism, 3, 12, 13, 17

Duka, Tetyana, 135-152

E

Electroencephalography, 48, 285

Elephants, 53, 149

Emotional arousal

animals, 43

brain areas activated, 22, 24, 43, 48, 49, 240, 241

and adrenal stress hormones, 160, 161, 163-165

and consciousness, 43-45, 48, 49

grooming and, 24, 127

measure of, 234

and memory, 51, 153, 154, 157, 158-159, 160, 161, 163-165, 168

motoric behavior and, 45

music and, 154, 234, 240, 241

oxytocin and, 22, 24, 127-128

primordial/primitive, 43, 44, 48, 49

reward and, 22, 24, 234, 241, 268, 272, 275

trust, 22, 119, 127-128

Empathy (see also Altruism)

affiliative social bonds, 1, 20-21, 23, 24-33, 34, 35-36, 192

allegiance bias, 170, 178, 188

baboons, 1, 20-21, 23, 24-33, 34, 35-36

brain activity, 22, 23

and cooperation, 173

emotional distancing, 179

episodic memory and, 111

gaze direction and, 20

mimicry and, 22, 23, 24, 25, 34

oxytocin and, 24, 177

pathological/misplaced, 170, 172-173, 177-178, 188

reflective, 19, 20, 21-23, 34

reflexive, 1, 19, 20-24, 34, 118, 121

reward value, 23, 24

and reproductive success, 21

understanding of others’ psychological states, 20

Entorhinal cortex, 62, 67, 68-69, 70, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106

Epinephrine, 157, 160, 161, 163, 164

Epiphenomenalism, 3, 4, 11-12, 16

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2014. In the Light of Evolution: Volume VII: The Human Mental Machinery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18573.
×

Episodic memory

in animals, 50, 81, 86, 87, 91, 95, 96-100, 109-112

behavioral tests, 97-100, 107-108

Bischof-Köhler hypothesis, 110

brain structures important for, 100-106

capacity across species, 95, 96-100

and declarative memory, 110

emergency in evolution of, 112-114

events-in-context approach, 97-100, 107-108, 112

functions across species, 109-112

future planning function, 110-111

hippocampus and, 101-103

homologous structures, 95, 96, 101-102, 104, 105, 106, 109, 112

integrating event and context, 107-108

neural organization and processes, 81, 101-109, 104-105

parahippocampal region and, 103-105

and predictions to support adaptive behavior, 109-110

prefrontal cortex and, 100-101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 108-109, 112

processing events and context, 106-107

recall and response selection, 108

receiver operating characteristics approach, 97, 100

and social relationship and network building, 111

spatial context, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 107, 109, 112-113

species-specific uses, 111-112

subjective measures of recall, 96-97

what-when (temporal context), 99-100, 107-108, 112

what-where, 99, 107, 112

what-where-when, 98-99, 112

working memory and, 76-77, 78, 81, 86, 87, 91

Epistemic objectivity, 1, 3, 6-7, 11

F

Face identification/recognition, 22, 77, 86, 117, 123, 130-131, 213

Fairness-related behaviors (see Inequity; Justice- and fairness-related behaviors)

Feynman, Richard, 169

Flexas, Albert, 283-303

Foraging behavior

Charnov’s Marginal Value Theorem, 119

cooperative, 117

economic models, 244

Herrnstein’s matching law, 257

and human search performance, 154, 244, 246-247, 248, 255-256

information foraging, 119-121, 243, 244

Lévy flights, 255-256

matching behavior, 257

memory and, 247

modeling, 247

neural correlates, 119, 257-258

nonsocial functions, 118, 119

social functions, 118

theory, 117, 119

Forebrain, 42, 43, 116, 122

Frontal lobes, 48, 54, 55, 76, 81, 126, 148, 225, 228, 229, 231, 232, 235, 238, 239, 240, 284, 286, 291, 293-294, 295-296, 297

Frontoparietal network, 41

Frontopolar cortex, 272-273

Fortin, Norbert J., 95-114

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 10

aesthetic appreciation, 263, 267-268, 269, 272, 280-281, 286, 300, 302-303

emotional arousal, 49, 164-165, 235, 237-238

music reward value, 235, 237-238

G

Galago, 55

García-Prieto, Juan, 283-303

Gaze (see also Target location)

aversion, 118, 121

brain areas activated, 21, 122

direction and duration, 31, 118, 121

and empathy, 20, 21-22

following, 118, 123-124, 128

neural circuits, 118, 123-124

perception and response, 20, 21-22, 118, 123-124

social status and, 121

threat response, 118

Globus pallidus, 272, 273

Glucocorticoid (GC) levels, 27-28, 29-30, 32, 161

Gordon, Kate, 265-266

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2014. In the Light of Evolution: Volume VII: The Human Mental Machinery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18573.
×

Gorillas, 52-53, 148, 200, 203, 208

Guth, Werner, 195

H

Habit learning, 63

Haeckel’s theory of recapitulation, 38

Haidt, Jonathan, 172

Haig, David, 213

Hildebrand, Grant, 266

Hippocampus

and aesthetic appreciation, 284-285

anatomy, 67-69, 70, 101-103

associative structures, 103-105, 112, 113, 162

and behavior, 64

and consciousness, 40

damage effects, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 103, 107-108

and declarative memory, 62-64, 66, 67, 71, 87, 110, 165

and emotional arousal, 164, 165, 240

and episodic memory, 100, 101-103, 104, 106-109, 110, 112-113

homologies across species, 101-103

neural circuitry, 101

place cells, 92, 101

and prospection capacity, 87

sensory processing, 69, 70

and spatial memory, 70, 101, 103, 112-113, 162

species comparisons, 59-73, 92, 101-109, 112-113

and visual discrimination, 164

and working memory, 87, 92

Hippocampus minor, 57, 59, 60-62

Hof, Patrick R., 135-152

Hoffman, Moshe, 211-224

Homo erectus, 116

Homo habilis, 116

Hopkins, William D., 135-152

Horses, 24-25, 82

Humans (Homo sapiens)

comparative neuroanatomy, 60-62, 68, 135-152

cooperative interactions, 33-34

cortical development vs chimpanzee development, 58, 135-152

nondeclarative learning, 70, 71, 72-73

empathy, 21, 22, 23, 33-34

gaze following, 21, 22

gene pool, 14

imitation, 22, 23

infant memory, 81, 87, 121

learning by memorization, 63

mirror self-recognition by children, 53

ontogeny of consciousness, 51-52

Owen’s reclassification, 57, 60-61, 62

pyramidal neuron dendritic morphology, 142-145, 147-149, 151-152

social bonds and reproductive success, 24-25

synaptogenesis, 138-141, 146-147, 150-151

visual recognition test for infants, 66-67

Hummingbirds, 111-112

Huxley, Thomas Henry, 61-62

Hydranencephaly, 51

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, 119, 128

Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, 110, 128-129

Hypothalamus, 48, 51, 240

I

Imagination, 17, 22, 77, 79, 81, 86-88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 110-111, 232-233, 241, 300

Imitation/mimicry, 22, 23, 24, 25, 34, 116

Incest taboo, 3, 14-16

Inequity

and contrast effects, 208-209

and cooperation, 193-194, 205-206, 208

evolutionary function of, 193

in experimenter interactions, 206-207

interaction with other behaviors, 208-209

procedural, 209-210

and punishment, 208

recognition of, 209

research needs, 209-210

in social interactions, 207-208

Inferior parietal lobule, 21, 284-285

Insular cortex, 123, 132

Intelligence, 63, 76, 83, 84, 85-86, 93, 179, 187, 213

Intentional behavior, 21

Intentional causation, 3, 9

Intentionality of actions, 3, 8-9

Interoceptive systems, 44, 125, 268, 296

Ioannidis, John, 187

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2014. In the Light of Evolution: Volume VII: The Human Mental Machinery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18573.
×

J

Jacobs, Bob, 135-152

James, William, 159, 165

Janssen, William G. M., 135-152

Jays, 53, 98, 110, 111

Justice- and fairness-related behaviors (see also Inequity)

and cooperation, 193-194, 205-206

evolution of, 192, 193, 210

and fitness, 192

game theory applied to, 194-208

Impunity Game, 197-204

in nonhuman primates, 191-210

prosocial games, 204-205

reputation and, 192, 203-204, 210

species-specific approaches in cooperation context, 195, 205-206

Ultimatum Game, 195-197

K

Klein, Jeffrey T., 115-133

Krauzlis, Richard J., 243-261

Kuhn, Thomas, 172

Kuzawa, Christopher W., 135-152

L

Lamprey, 44

Language, 7, 18, 49, 58, 111, 123, 135, 136, 192, 213

Larsen, Michael D., 135-152

Lateral intraparietal (LIP) area, 118, 122, 124, 257, 258

Learned negative associations, 23

Learning

concurrent discrimination, 71, 72

emotional arousal and, 158, 164-165

epigenetic changes and, 133

episodic memory and, 94, 107, 166-167

habit learning, 63

memory and, 63, 66, 71, 158, 159, 161, 163, 164-165, 167

mnemonic tricks, 167

and motor effort, 247

one-trial, 94

reward and, 118, 119, 120, 124

reinforcement-learning model, 154, 243-244, 247, 249-255, 294

statistical, 231, 238

social, 58, 117, 118, 119, 120, 124, 135, 146-147, 149, 237

spatial, 101, 162, 244, 245, 252

synapse and neuronal maturation time and, 135, 146-147

target location, 154, 243-244, 247, 248-266

trial-and-error, 72-73

working memory and, 75, 83, 85, 90

Leder, Helmut, 263-282

Limbic system, 44, 125, 240

Lingual gyrus, 274

Lipovich, Leonard, 135-152

Llinás, Rudolfo, 46

Locus coeruleus, 48, 160-161

Long-tailed macaques, 205

Lyell, Charles, 61-62

M

Maestú, Fernando, 283-303

Magpies, 53, 98

Marmoset, 201, 230, 236

Mashour, George A., 37-56

Materialism, 3, 5-6, 12, 13

McArthur, Mark J., 135-152

McGaugh, James L., 157-168

Meadow voles, 98, 111

Medial entorhinal cortex, 70, 103, 104, 105, 106

Medial temporal lobes, 40, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 161

Medial temporal polar cortex, 62

Memory (see also Episodic memory; Working memory)

adrenal stress hormones and, 157, 160, 161, 163-165

amygdala and, 62, 65-66, 67, 153, 157, 160-163, 164-165, 167

animal models of amnesia, 59, 60, 64, 65-67, 70-73, 158

in animals, 64, 65-67, 70-73, 158

baboon, 30-31

and cognitive functions, 63

consciousness and, 17-18

consolidation, 92, 157, 159-162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 258, 292

cross-species comparison, 62, 63-64, 70-73

delayed matching to sample task, 65

delayed nonmatching to sample task, 65-67

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2014. In the Light of Evolution: Volume VII: The Human Mental Machinery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18573.
×

dual-trace hypothesis of formation, 159

emotional arousal and, 51, 153, 154, 157, 158-159, 160, 161, 163-165, 168

exceptional human memory, 157, 165-167

highly superior autobiographical, 153, 157, 166-168

hippocampus and, 62-67, 71

impairment, 59, 62-64, 65-66, 67, 70, 71, 73, 103, 159, 161, 162, 167, 301-302

long-term declarative, 17-18, 51, 59, 62, 63, 64, 67-70, 71, 76-77, 87-88, 110, 157, 159, 163, 165

modern research, 62-64

monkeys, 63, 64-66, 78, 81

multiple systems and network structure, 63, 64-67, 73, 110

neural organization, 62-70, 157, 162-163

nondeclarative, 64-65, 70, 71, 72-73, 110

novel object recognition task, 67

playback experiments, 30-31

for rewards, 160

rodents, 63, 64, 66-67, 78

serial position, 78

short-term, 63, 78

spatial, 70, 78, 84-86, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 107, 109, 112-113

unusual, 168-169

visual discrimination tasks, 63, 65, 66-67

visual recognition, 65, 66-67

Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 46

Mice, 67, 84, 85-86, 98, 159

Midbrain, 22, 40, 42, 43, 44, 51, 238, 268-269

Middle frontal gyrus, 272, 273, 276

Middle occipital gyrus, 272, 273, 276

Milner, Brenda, 62

Mind-body problem, 9-10, 46

Mind wandering, 91-92, 299, 300

Mirasso, Claudio R., 283-303

Mirror self-recognition (MSR) test, 52, 53-54, 55

Modroño, Cristián, 263-282

Monkeys (see Nonhuman primates; individual species)

Moral

disgust, 123, 185

heuristics, 178, 186

intuition, 185, 294

judgment, 185, 285, 298

reasoning, 185, 298

righteousness, 185

Morality

and aesthetic appreciation, 285, 294, 298

and altruism bias, 186-187

incest taboo and, 3, 15-16

and pathological altruism, 172, 178, 182, 185, 186

sociobiology and, 14

Mormyrid fish, 117

Mossy fiber connections, 70, 101

Motivation, 21, 27, 33-35, 63, 110, 170, 225, 269, 278

Motor cortex/regions, 4-5, 12, 22, 90, 105, 108, 136, 137, 138, 140, 143, 149, 232, 269, 278

Mozer, Michael C., 243-261

Munar, Enric, 283-303

Munchausen by Internet, 185-186

Music

emotional arousal, 154, 234, 240, 241

neurobiology of cognitive representations, 154, 227-233

origins, 226-227

and pleasure, 234-240

reward value and neurobiology and, 225, 227, 233, 235, 236, 237-238, 239, 240

N

Nadal, Marcos, 263-282

Navarrete, Gorka, 263-282

Neocortex

associative, 51, 102, 103

avian pallium compared, 49, 50, 51, 102

and consciousness, 40-42, 49, 51

evolution of, 42

Hebbian cell assembly requirements, 50

mammalian structure, 50, 51

and memory, 102, 104, 106, 108-109

synaptogenesis and neuronal arborization, 135-152

Neural plasticity, 58, 136, 147, 148, 149, 162, 163

NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery, 100

Nonhuman primates (see also Baboons;

Chimpanzees; Rhesus macaques; other individual species)

comparative neuroanatomy, 60-62, 101, 105

empathy, 23, 24

evolutionary perspective on social behavior, 116-120

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2014. In the Light of Evolution: Volume VII: The Human Mental Machinery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18573.
×

grooming, 19, 24, 25, 28-30, 32, 33, 34, 116, 123, 127, 129, 131, 132, 146

hippocampus form and function, 59-73, 101

memory, 59-73, 80, 81-82, 98, 100, 101, 105, 107

neuroethology of social behavior, 115-133

self-awareness, 52-53

social bonds, 1

justice- and fairness-related behaviors, 154, 191-210

tool use, 88-89, 111, 137, 146-147, 148

Norepinephrine, 157, 161, 162, 165

Nowak Martin A., 211-224

Nucleus accumbens, 124, 154, 225, 238, 268-269

O

Oakley, Barbara A., 169-189

Observer relativity, 6-7, 11

Ontogeny

cognitive abilities, 148

consciousness, 48, 51-52, 55

neural, 51, 58, 137, 138, 146, 149

sensory development in utero, 51

social, 201

theory of REM sleep, 51-52

Ontological subjectivity, 1, 3, 6-7, 8, 13

Orangutans, 52, 148, 200, 202, 203

Orbitofrontal cortex, 118, 122, 124-126, 155, 268, 275, 278, 288, 293, 294, 296, 302

Owen, Richard, 57, 60-61, 62

Owl monkey, 201

Oxytocin, 22, 24, 34, 117, 119, 126, 127-128, 177

P

Parahippocampal cortex

and aesthetic appreciation, 272, 273, 276

damage effects, 70

and declarative memory, 67, 68-69

and episodic memory, 100, 102, 103-105, 106-109, 112

spatial memory, 70

species homologies, 58, 69, 81, 102, 104, 105, 112

Paramecium, 46, 47

Parietal cortex, 41, 48, 55, 70, 92, 148, 228, 229, 284-285, 288, 289, 291, 292, 295, 296, 297

Pathological altruism

codependency and, 171, 177, 179, 186

confirmation bias, 178-179, 180

defined, 170-171

empathy and, 178

evolutionary considerations, 172-176

federal budgetary policies, 181-182, 183

foreign aid, 181

home ownership programs, 180-181

implications, 171-172, 176-180

motivation and, 172

narcissism and, 171, 181, 184, 186

personal-scale studies, 173, 185-186

policy aspects, 173, 180-183

teen pregnancy prevention, 180

unscientific approaches to helping, 182-183

Pearson, John M., 115-133

Perception

aesthetic, 155, 241, 264, 285-286, 300-301, 302

and altruism bias, 186

brain regions, 105, 122, 124

and consciousness, 8, 9, 10, 17, 18, 44, 54-55

of gaze, 118, 122, 124

of inequity/inequality, 154

memory and, 63, 91 n.2

mind-wandering, 300

musical, 154, 225-241

neural substrates, 105, 122, 124, 230, 231, 232, 238, 241, 264, 284

nonconscious feedback mechanisms, 18

phenomenological experience of, 232

and pleasure/reward, 225-241, 268

visual, 16, 91 n.2, 155, 264, 300-301

Perforant pathway, 68, 70

Perirhinal cortex, 62-63, 67, 68-69, 70, 102, 103, 104, 106

Personality, 26-27, 28-29, 33, 63, 129, 130, 172, 177, 184, 186

Pigs, 98, 101

Platt, Michael L., 115-133

Positron emission tomography, 47, 49, 51, 165, 234, 235, 284

Posterior parietal cortex, 55

Posterior superior sulcus, 118, 122, 123-124

Postrhinal cortex, 67, 68, 69, 102, 103, 104, 106

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2014. In the Light of Evolution: Volume VII: The Human Mental Machinery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18573.
×

Posttraumatic stress disorder, 165, 182

Precuneus, 272, 273, 276, 284, 299

Prefrontal cortex

and aesthetic appreciation, 237, 239, 299

avian nidopallium caudolaterale, 53, 102, 105

and cognitive abilities, 53, 56, 149

cross-species comparisons, 55, 56, 105, 137

empathy response, 22

executive functions, 239

humans, 55, 56, 102, 135, 137, 138, 146, 147

maturation, 137, 138-139, 141, 142, 146, 147-149

memory-related activity, 80, 91, 92, 100-101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 108-109, 112, 239

neuronal arborization, 135, 137, 142, 146, 147-149

nonhuman primates, 102, 135, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 146, 147-149

rat, 102

synaptogenesis, 138, 139, 141, 146, 147

Premotor cortex, 90, 231-232

Prestriate visual cortex, 136, 138, 140, 141, 143

Primates (see Humans; Nonhuman primates; individual species)

Propranolol, 160, 161, 164, 165

Prospection capacity, 57, 75, 86, 87, 91, 93

Pyramidal neuron dendritic morphology, 142-145, 147-149, 151-152

Q

Qualitativeness, 3, 5-6, 7-8, 9, 12, 13, 17, 52

R

Ramasco, José J., 283-303

Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 187

Rand, David G., 211-224

Rats

brain size and anatomy, 55, 67, 68, 69, 102

consolidation of memory, 159, 160, 161

declarative memory/amnesia model, 63-64, 66, 67, 69, 73, 92, 102, 159

empathy in, 24

episodic memory, 98, 99, 103, 107-106

maternal behavior, 127

reward neurobiology, 233

spatial memory/learning, 101, 162

working memory, 84, 87, 92

Readiness potential, 3, 4-5, 12-13

Reproductive success

episodic memory and, 109

problem-solving ability in birds and, 33

personality and, 26-27

social bonds and, 1, 19, 21, 24-25, 26, 27, 28, 34, 115, 116, 119, 129, 132, 133, 192, 212

Reptiles, 50, 51, 101, 106, 113, 114

Reward

aesthetic appreciation, 236-237, 241, 264, 268, 272, 275, 278, 284, 294, 296

cooperation and, 121

emotional arousal and, 22, 24, 234, 241, 268, 272, 275

and empathy, 23, 24

imitation and, 23

learned negative associations, 23

and learning, 118, 119, 120, 124

memory for, 160

music value, 225, 227, 233, 235, 236, 237-238, 239, 240

neural substrates, 22, 23, 24, 118, 119, 123, 124-126, 225, 227, 236, 238, 239, 240, 268, 275, 284, 294, 296

perception and, 225-241, 268

pleasure and, 227, 238, 240, 284

prediction, 238, 239, 240, 241

sensory processing, 268, 275

and social behavior, 118, 119, 123, 124-126, 131, 233

and target location, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 251-252, 253, 254, 256, 258, 259

Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

brain structures and functions, 20, 55, 58, 122, 124, 257-258

empathy in, 20, 21, 23, 24, 33

gaze direction/perception, 20, 21, 121, 122, 124, 130-131

genetic regulation of social behavior, 129, 130-131, 132

justice/fairness-related behavior, 201, 202, 203, 207-208

memory, 81-82

mimicry, 21

mirror self-recognition, 53

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2014. In the Light of Evolution: Volume VII: The Human Mental Machinery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18573.
×

neuroethology of behaviors, 121, 122, 124, 127, 129, 130-131, 132, 133

neuronal arborization, 58, 135-136, 137, 138, 147, 148

oxytocin effects, 127

prefrontal cortex, 58, 147

social behaviors, 33, 121, 127, 129, 130-131, 132, 133

synaptogenesis, 135, 136, 146

testosterone effects, 129

visual search behavior and foraging, 257-259

Rodents (see also Mice; Rats; other species)

consciousness, 55-56

hippocampal form and function, 60, 62

memory, 62, 67, 78, 87, 91, 92, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 111

social bonds and fitness, 24-25

social processing, 121, 123

Rostrup, Nicolai, 263-282

S

Sackler, Arthur M., vii-viii. See also Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium

Sackler, Jillian, vii, viii

Salimpoor, Valorie N., 225-241

Schaffer collateral/commissural pathway, 70, 101

Schapiro, Steven J., 135-152

Scoville, William Beecher, 62, 63

Scrub jays, 98, 110, 111

Sea squirt, 46-47

Searle, John, 3-18

Seizures, 41, 62, 63

Sejnowski, Terrence J., 243-261

Self-awareness, xvi, 52-54, 56, 96, 111, 153

Self-reflection, xvi, 46

Sensory cortices and pathways

aesthetic appreciation, 275, 294

consciousness and, 17, 41, 44, 45, 46-47

dendritic arborization, 137

gaze following, 123-124

information processing and, 41, 44, 106, 123

motor inputs and outputs, 45, 46-47, 126, 137, 138

neural pathways, 69-70, 103, 106, 108-109, 123, 138

ontogeny in humans, 51-52

REM sleep and, 51-52

reward processing, 268, 275

short-term memory, 77, 78, 79-80, 81, 86

and working memory, 76-77, 79, 91 n.2

Serotonin, 120, 130, 132

Seyfarth, Robert M., 19-35

Sherwood, Chet C., 135-152

Skov, Martin, 263-282

Sleep, 7, 18, 39, 40, 41, 43, 48, 49, 55

ontogenetic theory of REM sleep, 51-52

Snider, Joseph, 243-261

Social behavior (see also Cooperation; Justice- and fairness-related behaviors)

affiliative relationships, 1, 20-21, 23, 24-33, 34, 35-36, 117, 119, 127, 132

aggression, selective, 26, 30, 88, 111, 119, 120, 121, 127, 129, 207

and brain volume, 116

challenge hypothesis, 129

chameleon effect, 22-23

Composite Sociality Index, 25, 27

competitive interactions, 116, 132, 208, 212

complex social interactions, 125-126

courtship and mating behavior, 116, 126, 129

distress response, 23-24

dominance status and, 25-26, 30, 116, 121, 126, 130-131, 199, 205

episodic memory and, 111

empathy and, 1, 20-21, 23, 24-33, 34, 35-36

evolutionary perspective, 116-117

face identification/recognition and, 22, 77, 86, 117, 121, 123, 130-131, 213

foraging and, 116, 117, 118, 119-121, 132-133

gaze direction/perception, 20, 21-22, 118, 121, 122-124, 128, 243, 244, 245-246, 248, 259-260

generosity, 119, 127

genetic regulation, 129-132

grooming, 19, 24, 25, 28-30, 32, 33, 34, 116, 123, 127, 129, 131, 132, 146, 233

group size effects, 116, 174-175

homologous neural mechanisms, 116-117

image category, 118

imitation/mimicry and, 22, 23, 24, 25, 34, 116

information seeking/processing, 119-121, 124, 130, 132-133

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2014. In the Light of Evolution: Volume VII: The Human Mental Machinery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18573.
×

integration in social networks, 120, 130

intraspecific variation, 115

and longevity, 25, 129

network/group size and, 118, 125-126, 133

neural correlates, 118-120, 122-126

neuroethology of primate behavior, 115-133

neuromodulators, 22, 24, 34, 117, 119, 126-129, 130, 132, 177

nonsocial behaviors paralleled with, 115, 117-121, 123, 133

oxytocin and, 22, 24, 34, 117, 119, 126, 127-128, 177

parental care, 117, 119, 127, 202, 205

Partner Stability Index, 25

postnatal development, 137-138, 146

punishment and, 208

and reproductive success, 1, 19, 21, 24-25, 26, 27, 28, 34, 115, 116, 119, 129, 132, 133, 192, 212

reward and, 118, 119, 123, 124-126, 131

salience and, 119, 240, 244, 245, 264, 268

same-sex, 24-25

social status and, 119, 128, 129

value associated with space, 118

Social learning, 58, 117, 135, 146-147

Sociobiology movement, 3, 14-16, 182

Somatosensory cortex, 136, 138, 140, 143, 149, 228

Soul, 5, 6

Spatial (see also Target location)

attention, 124

foraging task, 257

learning/learned associations, 101, 162, 244, 245, 252

memory, 70, 78, 84-86, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 107, 109, 112-113, 162

navigation, 264

orienting, 118

selection, 212

Squire, Larry R., 59-73

Squirrel monkey, 201, 202, 209

Stimpson, Cheryl D., 135-152

Striatum, 107, 118, 122, 124, 234, 235, 239, 240-241

Subicular complex/subiculum, 62, 69, 70, 102, 104

Superior frontal gyrus, 272, 273, 276

Superior temporal sulcus (STS), 21, 122, 123-124

Synaptogenesis, chimpanzee vs. human, 138-141, 146-147, 150-151

T

Target location by humans (see also Gaze)

bimodal distribution of saccade lengths, 255

ideal-observer theory, 247, 249, 250-251, 253, 256, 257

learning where to look, 248-249

in natural environments, 256-257

neural basis of search, 257-258

prior experience and saccade choice, 154-155, 244-245, 252, 254-255

reinforcement-learning model, 154, 247, 249-255

reward and, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 251-252, 253, 254, 256, 258, 259

Teleost fish, 101, 106, 112

Temporal lobes, 69, 117, 228, 229, 294 (see also Medial temporal lobe)

Temporoammonic pathway, 70

Testosterone, 34, 129

Thalamocortical system, 40-41, 51, 53

Thalamus, 48, 51

Theory of the mind (see also Consciousness)

avian, 50

Darwinian revolution and, 3, 4, 13-14

episodic memory and, 111

evolution of, 19-35

false theories, 3, 4-6, 10-13

reflexive empathy and, 1, 19, 20-24, 34

selective factors, 20-21

U

Unconsciousness, 7

neurobiological processes, 9

nonconscious neurobiological processes distinguished from, 18

vegetative states, 39

V

Vartanian, Oshin, 263-282

Vasopressin, 119, 127

Vegetative state, 39

Vestibular ocular reflex, 16

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2014. In the Light of Evolution: Volume VII: The Human Mental Machinery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18573.
×

Visual

aesthetic experiences, 155, 241, 264, 274, 276, 278, 282, 284, 285-286, 294, 300, 302

cortex, 136, 138, 140, 141, 143, 278, 294

discrimination tasks, 63, 164

imagination, 77

memory, 65, 66-67, 70, 229, 245-246

navigation, 277

paired-comparison task, 66-67

perception, 264, 278

processing, 9, 16, 44, 47, 70, 286-287

search, 244, 245, 247, 248-255, 256, 257

rotation paradigm, 89-90

synaptogenesis and neuron dendritic morphology, 136, 138, 140, 141, 143

W

Wakefulness, 7, 10, 39, 40, 51, 243, 284, 299

Washburn, Sherwood, 14

Watson, John B., 6

Watson, Karli K., 115-133

Wildman, Derek E., 135-152

Wilson, E. O., 14-16

Working memory

and aesthetic appreciation, 285

in animals compared to humans, 78, 79-93

attention dependence, 76-78, 79, 81, 86, 87, 88, 91, 93

behavioral and conceptual resources, 92-93

capacity to refresh and sustain, 79, 80-81, 85, 86

comparative psychology, 79-93

components, 76-77

and consciousness, 76

as default network, 80, 91-92

and episodic memory, 76-77, 81, 86, 87, 91, 96, 105

evolution of, 75-94

frequency of use, 80, 90-92

in humans, 76-79, 81, 83

imagination and, 79, 86-88, 89

and inner speech, xvi, 77, 80, 92-93

and intelligence, 76, 83, 84, 85-86, 93

item limit, 76, 79, 81-83

and learning, 57

and long-term declarative memory, 76, 78, 87

long-term WM, 78-79, 80, 84, 85

manipulative component, 79, 80, 89-90

match-to-sample or non–match-to-sample tasks, 80, 81

mental rehearsal of activities, 63, 76, 77, 79-80, 82, 86-87, 88-89, 90, 92, 93

mind wandering, 91-92

and motor processes, 77, 90

musical information in, 225, 229, 239, 240

n-back tasks, 83

neural organization, 76-77, 80-81, 105, 229

object-displacement tests, 81

prospection capacity, 57, 75, 86, 87, 91, 93

radial-arm maze tests, 78, 80, 84-85, 87

resistance to interference, 78, 79, 84-86

and sensory short-term representations, 77, 79, 80, 81

serial recall tests, 81-82

span tasks, 83

Y

Yawning, contagious, 22-23

Yellow-bellied marmots, 128

Yoeli, Erez, 211-224

Z

Zatorre, Robert J., 225-241

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2014. In the Light of Evolution: Volume VII: The Human Mental Machinery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18573.
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Humans possess certain unique mental traits. Self-reflection, as well as ethic and aesthetic values, is among them, constituting an essential part of what we call the human condition. The human mental machinery led our species to have a self-awareness but, at the same time, a sense of justice, willing to punish unfair actions even if the consequences of such outrages harm our own interests. Also, we appreciate searching for novelties, listening to music, viewing beautiful pictures, or living in well-designed houses. But why is this so? What is the meaning of our tendency, among other particularities, to defend and share values, to evaluate the rectitude of our actions and the beauty of our surroundings? What brain mechanisms correlate with the human capacity to maintain inner speech, or to carry out judgments of value? To what extent are they different from other primates' equivalent behaviors?

In the Light of Evolution Volume VII aims to survey what has been learned about the human "mental machinery." This book is a collection of colloquium papers from the Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium "The Human Mental Machinery," which was sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences on January 11-12, 2013. The colloquium brought together leading scientists who have worked on brain and mental traits. Their 16 contributions focus the objective of better understanding human brain processes, their evolution, and their eventual shared mechanisms with other animals. The articles are grouped into three primary sections: current study of the mind-brain relationships; the primate evolutionary continuity; and the human difference: from ethics to aesthetics. This book offers fresh perspectives coming from interdisciplinary approaches that open new research fields and constitute the state of the art in some important aspects of the mind-brain relationships.

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