Index
A
N-Acetyl aspartate acid, 145
Acromion, 137
Adams, Paul, 201, 204, 205, 209, 216
Adenoviruses, transcription in, 105-106
Ahlfors, Lars, 61
Air pollution, 178
chemistry of, 184-187
compliance with air quality standards, 178
computer modeling of, 178-179, 190-191, 192-193
control, 178, 180-181, 196-197
detection limits, 187-188
diurnal cycling, 190
hydroxyl radicals, 185-186, 187
from leaded gas, 181
long-distance transport, 190
measurement of, 187-188
nighttime, 188-191
nitrogen oxides, 180, 182, 185, 188-190, 194, 195, 197
reactive organic gases, 181-182, 194-195, 197
smog, 180, 181, 182, 187, 190, 193
"tall stacks solution," 181
Allender, David, 243
Aluminosilicates, 38
Amphibians, DNA, 99
Anderson, Philip W., 244
Aneurysms, 140
Angiogenesis, 115-116
Angiography, 122, 139-140, 142, 147
Approximations, 64
Argonne National Laboratory, 35
Arizona State University, 3
Arnold, Vladimir, 48
Arteriovenous malformations, 140
Arthrography, 122
Asteroids, 49
Astrophysics, 66
Big Bang theory, 67-70, 74-79, 82, 90, 93
computer applications, 71-72, 77, 86-88, 90, 92, 149
gravitational lensing, 84-91
gravity's role, 68-71, 79, 87-91
measurements (basic) in space, 72-73, 76-77
redshift data, 70, 71, 77-82, 91, 92, 93
star formation, 91-93
universe texture, 69-74
AT&T Bell Laboratories, 67, 75, 153, 244, 245
Atmospheric science
chemistry of atmosphere, 182, 183-191
computational experimentation, 191
computer simulations, 178-179, 191-194
definition of problems, 180-181
historical perspective, 187
measurement of pollutants, 187-188
nighttime chemistry, 188-191
ozone pollution, 184-187
pollution control laws, 194-197
public interests of, 197-198
regulatory issues, 179, 181-183
role of, 179
see also Air pollution
Atomic theory of matter, 26
B
Bacteria, photosynthesis in, 32
Balance scale, 26
Bancel, Peter, 247
Bardeen, John, 155, 156, 235, 243
Baryons, 76
Bechtold, Jill, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 91
Bednorz, J. Georg, 233
Berger, Robert, 248
Bertschinger, Edmund, 70, 90-91
formation of heavier elements, 82
galaxy formation, 90
microwave background radiation and, 75
missing-mass problem, 67-68
and Omega, 69
relativity and, 76
series of events, 75-76
Binary systems, 153-154
Biology
central dogma of, 101-103
data compressibility in, 58-60
dynamical systems in, 57-60, 94, 100, 113, 216
neural networks, 201
Bipolarons, 244
Birkhoff, Garrett, 150
Bloembergen, Nicholaas, 129
Blood-brain barrier, 143
Blood flow and vessels, imaging of, 139-140
Blueshifted light, 79
Body waves, 10
Bohr, Niels, 123
Bones, magnetic resonance imaging of, 134-137
Boole, George, 153
Boolean logic, 154
Born, Max, 123
Boson, 244
Boston University, 47
Boyle's gas law, 211
Bradley, William G., Jr., 119, 122-125, 127-129, 132, 136, 138-141
Brahe, Tycho, 68
Brain
algorithms for vision enhancement, 223-228
chemistry, 207-208
computer modeled on, 175-176, 213-214
electrical source and circuitry, 206-208
evolution of, 206, 216, 221, 224
feedback information, 226-227
information processing, 153, 203, 224
magnetic resonance imaging, 119, 138-139, 143, 145
memory, 216
mind and, 215-216
models of, 209-211
motion detectors, 218-228
neural networks, 203-209
perception, 216, 223-224, 228-230
signal transmission, 206-207
structure, 201
see also Nervous system
Bray, James, 243
C
California
Altamont Pass, 40
ozone levels, 185
South Coast Air Quality Management District, 170, 194
Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, 187
California Institute of Technology, 2, 26, 32, 35, 41, 68, 70, 120 , 175, 192, 201
Cambridge University (Great Britain), 70
Cancer
and gene regulation, 114-117, 144
magnetic resonance imaging of tumors, 128, 138
Carbon dioxide
emission reduction, 27-28
sunlight and, 30
Carnegie Institution of Washington, 3, 11, 68
Carnegie Mellon University, 178, 180
Catastrophe theory, 163
Cells
electrical behavior, 201
He-La, 111
signal processing by, 101, 103
transduction pathways, 116
Cellular automata, 171-173
Center for Complex Systems, 170
Central nervous system, 143, 204
Cerro Tololo Observatory, 85
biological implications, 57-60
cellular automata applied to, 171-172
computer applications, 49, 60-65, 163, 171
determinism and, 55-57
Feigenbaum-Cvitanovic cascade, 53-54
instabilities and real-world systems, 54-57
onset of, 53-54
public visibility of, 62-63
sensitivity to initial conditions, 49-54
shadowing lemma theorem, 56
Charge-coupled devices (CCD), 86, 88, 90
Chemistry
of air pollution, 183-187
atmospheric, 182, 183, 188-191
birth of, 26
of brain electricity, 207-208
of oxidant production, 182
of ozone production, 185-187
Chlorofluorocarbons, 179, 183-184
Choline, 145
Chromosomes, 95
Chu, Paul, 238
Churchland, Patricia, 211, 213, 214, 216, 217, 225
Cohen, Marvin, 240
Colds, 105
Complex numbers, 50-52
Compressional waves, 10
Computational science
cellular automata, 171-173
importance of, 149-152
nervous system studies, 202-203
neural networks, 199-230
see also Mathematics;
Neuroscience, computational
Computerized tomography, 10, 120, 121, 123, 125, 130, 138, 142, 147
Computers/computer applications
algorithms, 162-164, 170, 174, 187, 214, 219, 221
architecture, 154, 158, 160, 175-176, 211-212
artificial intelligence, 160, 201, 212-215
in atmospheric science, 190-194
as a blueprint for brain function, 213-214
brain as a model for, 175-176
central processing unit, 213-214
chess programs, 154
dark-matter simulation, 71-72, 87-88, 90
defined, 202
density field simulation in early universe, 92
digital electronics, 153-155, 214
digital optical processor, 157-158
in dynamical systems, 49, 50, 57-65
faint object classification and analysis system (FOCAS), 86-88
historical background, 151-152, 155-156
importance to science, 151, 173-174, 215
innovations in hardware, 156-162
learning networks with interneurons, 228
logic gates, 154, 158, 160, 161, 225
machinery, 153-156
Mandelbrot sets, 57-59
Mathematica software, 170-171
mathematics, 47, 50, 62, 162-164, 168-170
measurements in space, 77
in medical diagnostic imaging, 121, 124, 126;
see also Computerized tomography;
Magnetic resonance imaging
Multiple-Instruction Multiple-Data operating mode, 175
neural systems modeling on, 214-215, 223-228
optical lens construction, 160-161
programming languages, 170-171
quasicrystal simulations, 248, 251-252
scientific visualizations, 153-154
seismic tomography, 10-11
serial, 154-155, 159, 175, 214, 225
signal processing, 165
Single-Instruction Multiple-Data operating mode, 175
software for scientists, 162, 163, 170-171
speech recognition, 165
speed/power of, 151, 162, 175-176, 225
universal machine, 172
universe formation simulation, 71-72
video presentations, 191, 193-194
von Neumann machine, 213-214
wavelet transforms, 163, 164-168
see also Supercomputers
Conservation of energy, 26, 35, 36
Continental drift, 2, 7, 9, 21
Cooley, J.W., 163
Cooper, Leon N., 235
Copernicus, 74
Cosmology, history of, 74
Cray, Seymour, 175
Creatine, 145
Crick, Francis, 95, 96, 101, 102, 117, 213, 217
Crystals
equilibrium and growth shapes of, 168
growth, 251
properties, 246-247
symmetry, 234
see also Quasicrystals
Cybernetics, 211
Cysteine, 107
D
Dalton, John, 26
Dark matter
clusters, 91
computer simulations, 71-72, 87-88, 90-91
defined, 67
evidence of, 70
in galaxies, 88-89
gravitational effect of, 68-69, 84-91
and omega, 80
shape and composition, 88
types of, 72
universe of, 90
Darwin Rise, 16-17
Data compressibility, 58
Daubechies, Ingrid, 164
Davis, Marc, 71
de Gennes, P.-G., 243
Deoxyhemoglobin, 139
Developmental embryology, transcription in, 111, 113-114
Diagnostic contrast media, 142-144
Diamond-anvil cell experiments, 2, 3, 9, 11-12, 19-20
Dimethyl sulfide, 189-190
Dinitrogen pentoxide, 187
DiVincenzo, David P., 251
Djorgovski, S. George, 70, 72, 83, 86, 91, 92, 93
DNA
affinity columns, 107
binding proteins, 106-107, 109-110, 112
central dogma of biology, 101-103
location, 95
mapping, 100
neuronal networks and, 206
probes, 105
promoter region, 106
radioactive labeling, 107, 108, 109
role of, 99-103
structure, 95-97
synthesis, 106-107
units of information in, 59
Doppler effect, 78
Douglas, Jesse, 168
Dynamical systems
angle doubling, 56
biological, 57-60, 94, 100, 113, 216
complexity of, 45-49
computer applications, 49, 150, 153, 174, 226
education aids, 62
historical insights, 47-49
hyperbolic, 56
KAM theorem, 48-49
Mandelbrot set, 57-60
mathematics of, 46-54, 150, 171, 193
sensitivity to initial conditions, 49-54
simplest, 49-50
three-body problem, 47-48
uncertainties, 56
see also Chaotic behavior
E
Earth
age, 7
atomic process, 4
continental drift, 2, 7, 9, 21
core-mantle boundary, 3, 5-6, 19-21
core thermodynamics and agnetohydrodynamics, 1-23
Darwin Rise, 16-17
D-double prime region, 6
formation of, 3-4
fossil record, 21-22
geological models, 1-23
geomagnetic field, 19-20
gravity, 13
hot spots, 15-17
inner core, 4-5
internal temperature and pressure, 4-5, 6, 9, 12
mantle, 3, 6, 11, 12, 13-14, 21-22
Marianas Trench, 9
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 7-8
most common mineral, 11
North Pole, 20-21
plate tectonics, 2, 7-8, 13-18, 21-22
sea level changes, 21-22
South Pacific Superswell, 16-17
Earthquakes, 9-10
Eddington, Arthur, 84
Einstein, Albert, 28, 123, 158
space-time fabric, 76
theory of general relativity, 69, 76, 79, 81, 84, 85
Einstein ring, 84
Electroencephalogram, 138
Electromagnetic radiation, 72, 150
Electron holes, 32, 38, 39, 41, 42
Electron transfer
in chlorophyll, 32
multistep mechanism, 37, 38-39
rate, 35
Energy
artificial photosynthesis and, 26-27
quantum of, 29
reorganization, 36
solar, 40
theory of quantization of, 29
Estermann, I., 123
Eukaryotes, transcription and translation in, 102, 104
Euler, Leonhard, 150
Evolution, 60, 100-101, 116, 117, 206, 216, 221, 225
F
Fast Fourier transform, 125, 163, 165
Feigenbaum, Mitchell, 63
Feigenbaum-Cvitanovic cascade of period doublings, 53-54
Fermions, 244
Ferrocene, 42
Fiber-optics telecommunications network, 156
Fischer, Karen M., 16
Fisher, Daniel, 233
Fisher, Matthew, 245-246
Fluid motion, magnetic resonance imaging of, 139-142
Food and Drug Administration, 142
Formic acid, 187
Fossil fuels, 26
Fourier, J.B.J., 163
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 187
Fractal geometry, 57, 58, 61, 63, 64, 163
Free induction decay, 127-128
Free will, 55-56
French Polynesia, 16
Fresnel zone plate, 161
Frontiers of Computational Science Award, 192
Fuzzy sets, 163
G
Gadolinium-diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid, 142
Galaxies
clusters, 68, 70, 71, 72, 77, 78, 79, 82, 88, 90
collapse of protogalaxies, 72, 82, 84
collisions and mergers, 72
Coma cluster, 68
cosmological color conundrum, 80
cosmological count conundrum, 80
dark matter in, 88-89
discovery of, 71
distances of, 70
formation and evolution of, 82, 88, 90
as gravitational lenses, 84-85
Local Group, 71
Local Supercluster, 71
magnitude of images, 85-86
spectrographic signatures, 77-78, 79, 81, 83
spherical shells of, 71
superclusters, 70, 71, 73, 82, 90
velocities, 68
Galileo, 86-87
Gallium arsenide, 161
Gauge theory, 65
Gene regulation
cancer and, 114-117
DNA role, 99-103
see also Transcription factors and mechanisms
Genes function, 116
human, 95
protein coding domain, 115
regulatory information domain, 115
replacement studies, 109
therapy, 116
Genetic
code, 97
studies of transcription, 107-110
Genome
adenovirus, 105
human, 105
Genotypes, 100-101
Geochemists, 2
Geology
fossil record, 21-22
historical background, 6-7
methods and tools, 9-13
modeling Earth's internal dynamics, 1-23
planetary (non-Earth), 22-23
and plate tectonics, 2
see also Earth
Ginzburg, Vitaly, 243
Glasses, 246
Glimm, James, 150
Glutamine, 110
Gondwanaland, 7
Gravitational lensing
accuracy, 89-90
blue ''curtain'' discovery, 85-87
role of, 87-91
Gravity/gravitational effects
anchors for galaxies, 71
and dark matter, 68-69, 70, 84-91
galaxy formation, 90
resonance and, 48
and space-time fabric of universe, 76
Gunn, James, 85
H
Haldane, Duncan, 242, 244, 245
Hammersmith Hospital (London), 120
Hanahan, Douglas, 95, 97, 99, 114, 115
Hardy, G.H., 65
Hartley transform, 163
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 67, 71
Harvard University, 3, 20, 85, 99, 120, 233, 248, 251
Heart, magnetic resonance imaging, 133
Hebb, Donald, 212
Heisenberg-Schrödinger pictures of the universe, 57
He-La cells, 111
Helix-turn-helix, 107
Hematoma, magnetic resonance imaging of, 130-131
Hemley, Russell, 3, 11, 12-13, 19-20
Hemorrhage, 139
Hemosiderin, 142
Hillis, W. Daniel, 175
Hinton, Geoffrey, 228
Hippocrates, 122
Histidine, 107
Histones, 104
Homeodomain, 107
Hooker telescope, 79
Hopfield, John, 217
Hounsfield, Godfrey, 121
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 94, 200, 201
Hoyle, Fred, 67
Huang, Alan, 153, 155, 156-161
Hubbard, John, 45, 46, 47, 50, 54-57, 61-62, 63
Hubble constant, 79-80
Hubble Space Telescope, 165
Huchra, John, 71
Hydrocarbon emissions, 180, 181-182
Hydrocephalus, 138
Hydroelectric power, 40
Hydrogen
component of universe, 76
as an energy source, 28
Lyman alpha absorption line, 82-83
metallic phase, 12-13
as MRI target, 124
star formation, 91
Sun composition, 77
Hydrogen peroxide, 186
Hydroperoxyl radicals, 186
Hydroxyl radicals, 185-186, 187, 188, 190
Hyperion, 49
I
Imaging
animations, 152
brightness magnitude of galaxies and, 85-86
charge-coupled devices (CCD), 86, 88, 90
color, 152-153
diffusion-weighted, 145-146
faint object classification and analysis system (FOCAS), 86-88
ultradeep, 86-87
wavelet transforms applied to, 165
see also Magnetic resonance imaging
Inositol aspartate, 145
Institute for Atmospheric Studies (Paris), 55
Integrated circuits, 155-156, 158
Internet system, 152
Isoprene, 189
Iterative processes, 49-52, 54, 63
J
Jarvis, John, 86
Jeanloz, Raymond, 3, 13, 19-20
Joints, biomechanical, 135-137, 147
Josephson, Brian, 237
Julia sets
as chaotic behavior, 48
disconnected, 58
and Feigenbaum-Cvitanovic cascade of period doublings, 53
purpose, 58
sensitivity to change in initial conditions, 54
K
KAM theorem, 48-49
Kamerlingh Onnes, H., 234, 237
Kant, Immanuel, 64
Kelvin, William, 7
Kepler, Johannes, 68
Kieffer, Sue, 3
Kitt Peak, 85
Kline, Morris, 64
Koch, Christof, 199-204, 206, 210, 213-219, 221-224, 229
Kolmogorov, Andrei, 48
Krantz, Steven, 47, 61, 62-64, 171
L
Lagrange, Joseph, 150
Larmor
equation, 124-125
Lauterbur, Paul, 124
Lead, air pollution from, 181
Leptons, 76
Lick Observatory, 70
Light, quantum mechanics, 84
Lily, DNA, 99
Linear systems, 45-46
Lisberger, Stephen, 225-226
Little, William, 243
Liver, magnetic resonance imaging, 120, 144
Lloyd, Alan C., 180, 192, 194, 197
Long Beach Memorial Medical Center, 119
Lorenz, Edward, 49
Love waves, 10
Lyell, Charles, 6
M
Macromolecules, 132
Magellan mission, 22
Magnesium silicate perovskite, 11
Magnetic field
core dynamics and, 18-21
Meissner effect, 235
satellite measurements, 20
of superconductors, 235, 237, 245
Magnetic resonance imaging
applications in medicine, 122, 124, 134-146
of biomechanical joints, 135-136
of blood flow and vessels, 139-140
of bones, 134-136
of cartilage tears, 136-137
of cerebrospinal fluid, 138
clinical efficacy, 147
contrast agents, 120, 122, 136, 139, 142-144, 147
costs, 122
diagnostic lens, 129-132
enhancement of signal intensity, 141-142
fast-scanning techniques, 146, 167
of fluid motion, 139-142
growth of, 119
guided/assisted interventional diagnosis and therapy, 147
of heart, 133
of a hematoma, 131
of hemorrhages, 139
of kidney, 143
multiplanar display capabilities, 130-131
of musculoskeletal system, 120
portable receivers (surface coil), 136
problems and limitations, 120, 122, 141
process of information generation, 121, 124-126
prospects, 146-147
relaxation behavior and, 126-134, 142, 143
of rotator cuff tears, 137
spin-echo technique, 128-129, 132, 140-141
see also Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Magnons, 143
Mallouk, Thomas, 26, 36, 37, 38, 39
Mandelbrot, Benoit, 57, 61, 63, 64
Mandelbrot set, 57-60
Manganese-DPTP, 144
Mantle
convection, 3, 12, 13-14, 17-18, 21-22
hot spot plumes from, 15-17
Marianas Trench, 9
Marine science, 189-190
Mars, 22
Massachusetts General Hospital, 120
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 3, 25, 69, 70, 94, 154, 200 , 212
Materials science, 168
Mathematicians, 150, 164, 168, 169
Mathematics
cellular automata, 171-173
complex numbers, 50-52
Daub sets, 164
deterministic differential equations, 56-57
differential equations, 47, 62, 150, 172, 173
doubling times, 55-56
of dynamical systems, 46-54
Fourier transform, 125, 150, 163, 164, 165
iteration of polynomials, 49-52, 54
Maxwell's equations in electrodynamics, 215
Navier-Stokes equations, 193
shadowing lemma theorem, 56
three-body problem, 47-48
wavelet transforms, 163, 164-168
Max Planck Institut, 114
McCulloch, Warren, 212
McLendon, George, 26, 33, 35, 36, 39
McMullen, Curt, 47, 49, 50, 53, 58, 61
McNutt, Marcia, 3, 7, 13, 16-17
McRae, Gregory J., 178-181, 183-185, 188, 190-193, 194-195, 197-198
Medical diagnosis
technology development in, 120-123
see also Magnetic resonance imaging
Meissner effect, 235
Mercury (planet), 22
Meteorites, 4
Methemoglobin, 139
Microwave background radiation, 75
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 7-8
Miller, John, 35
Minsky, Marvin, 212
Mittag-Leffler, Magnus, 61
Mobilism, 7
Models/modeling
Big Bang, 71-72
cell electrical behavior, 201
cellular automata in, 171-172
complexity accounted for, 215-216
dark-matter simulation, 71-72, 87-88, 90
geological, 1-23
Los Angeles weather and pollutant
minimal surfaces, 168
neural networks, 199-200, 209-211, 214-216
probabilistic, 57
purpose, 210
quasicrystals, 248
seismic tomography, 10-11
simplification in, 210
stereoscopic depth perception, 212
vision, 218-228
Molecular beam epitaxy, 160-162
Monoterpenes, 189
Moon, 22
Moser, Jürgen, 48
Mosley, Michael, 145
Mott-Hubbard insulator, 243-244
Mott, Nevill, 243-244
Mount Wilson Observatory, 79
Mueller, Karl Alex, 233
Multiple Mirror Telescope, 83
Multiple sclerosis, 138, 145-146
Mutation analysis, 108-109, 111, 113
N
National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 152, 175, 192, 193
National Institutes of Health, 119, 120, 132
National Science Foundation, 152
Nebulae, cloudlike, 79
Neer, Charles, 137
Nervous system
analytical and organizational levels, 213
computation applied to studies of, 202-203
connectionism, 203-204
evolution of, 206
information processing, 200
mapping of, 145
neuromodulators, 209
synapses, 204-205
see also Brain
Neural networks
brain, 203-209
defined, 199
Hopfield network, 217
and learning and memory, 212
learning networks with interneurons, 228
mind and, 214
models, 199-200, 209-211, 228-230
NETtalk system, 228
perceptrons, 212
vision models, 218-228
Neurology, magnetic resonance imaging in, 138-139
Neurons, 200-201, 203-209, 214, 225
Neuroscience, computational
computationalism, 212
connectionism, 203-204, 211-212, 219, 228
dependence on computers, 215
experimental approach, 218
history of, 203
optical flow algorithms, 219, 221, 224-225
Neutron stars, 84
Neutrons, 76
Newsome, William A.K., 201, 228-229
Newton, Isaac
law of gravitation, 68
laws of motion, 47
Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica, 150
Nitric acid, 187, 188-189, 190
Nitric oxide, 185
Nitrogen, 28
Nitrogen oxides, 180, 182, 195, 197
see also Dynamical systems
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 124, 144-145, 147, 242
O
Onoda, George Y., 250-251
Optics technology
bandwidth and connectivity advantages, 159-160
in computers, 156-162
molecular beam epitaxy technique and, 160, 161
quadrature filter mirrors, 165
Oxford University, 248
Oxidation-reduction reaction, 31, 34, 39, 41-42, 43
Ozone
molecule, 183
National Ambient Air Quality Standard, 195
stratospheric layer, 179, 183-184
tropospheric pollution, 182, 183, 184-187, 190, 197
P
Pagels, Heinz, 169-171, 173-174, 202, 211, 215
Pangaea, 7
Papert, Seymour, 212
Parallax-second (parsec), 72
Paramagnetism/paramagnetic substances, 139, 142-143
Particle accelerator, 41, 49, 76, 237
Peacock, Simon, 3
Peebles, P. James E., 70
Penzias, Arno, 74
Perner, Uli, 187
Peroxyacetyl nitrate, 190, 196, 197
Petrologists, 2
Phenotypes, 100-101
Pheophytin, 33
Phonons, soft, 244
Photodiodes, 36-40
Photolysis
and ozone production, 183-186, 190
and smog production, 190
Photons
critical limit for communications, 156
harvesting and using, 29-32
and photosynthesis, 28-29
relativity applied to, 84
Photosynthesis, artificial
back electron transfer in, 33
as an energy source, 26-27
excited-state electron transfer in, 34-36
first steps, 33-40
photoconversion systems, 30
photodiode construction and, 36-40
photovoltaic cells, 40-43
reaction centers, 38
and semiconductors, 37
Photosynthesis, natural
in bacteria, 32
crystallographic studies, 33
electron transfer, 32
genetic engineering and, 33
photon harvesting and use, 29-32
photosystems, 30-31
quantum physics and, 28-29
reaction center, 31-33
Z-scheme, 31
Photovoltaic cells
construction of, 41
energy efficiency, 27
gallium arsenide-gallium antimonide stacked junction cell, 27
liquid semiconductor junctions, 41-43
point-contact crystalline silicon cells, 27
strontium-titanate cell, 42-43
Physics
condensed-matter, 13, 233-254;
see also Quasicrystals;
Superconducting/superconductors
contributions to geology, 7, 11, 13
of light energy, 28-29
mathematics in, 65
of magnetic resonance imaging, 120, 121, 123-134
quantum, 26, 29, 34, 36, 42, 78, 121
and photosynthesis, 29
solid state, 11
of water at critical temperatures, 172, 173
of x-ray systems, 121
Pick's disease, 145
Pitts, James N., Jr., 187, 188
Pitts, Walter H., 212
Planetesimals, 4
Planets, window of stability, 49;
see also individual planets
Plants
anaerobic, 27
reaction center, 31
see also Photosynthesis, natural
Plate tectonics, 2
basalt formation and, 18
colliding plates, 14-15
deformation of plate boundaries, 14-15
direction of plate movement, 8-9
distribution of major surface plates, 8
genesis of, 7
and mantle convection, 13-18, 21-22
process, 8-9
rate of movement, 8
on Venus, 22
and volcanism, 15-18
Poggio, Tomaso, 212
Poincaré, Jules Henri, 48, 150
Poisson's equation, 90
Polyribosomes, 98
Pool, Robert, 192
Porphyrin, 39
Positron emission tomography, 120, 121, 123, 138
Pound, R.V., 129
Press, William, 85, 153, 162-165, 167, 170, 174
Princeton University, 47, 70, 85, 242, 244
Principia Mathematica, 68
Probabilistic models, 57
Prokaryotes, transcription and translation in, 102
Proline, 110
Protons, 76
MRI interactions with, 120
P680 molecule, 32
Q
Quadratic bifurcation locus, see Mandelbrot set
Quantum
electrodynamics, 123
numbers, 29
physics, 26, 29, 34, 36, 42, 78, 121, 126
theory, 237
wells, 161
Quarks, 76
double image, 85
and galaxy formation, 82-84
identification of, 80-81
number per volume of space,
optical spectrum, 83
Bragg peaks, 250
computer simulations, 248, 251-252
discovery, 247-250
growth of, 251-252
Penrose rules, 248-252
properties, 247
twinning, 249
Quinone, 33
R
Rabi, I.I., 123
Radioactive dating methods, 8
Radioactive labeling, 107, 108, 109, 138
Radiology/radiologists, 122, 146
Ramón y Cajal, 203
Random behavior, 46
Rayleigh waves, 10
Reactive organic gases, 181-182, 194-195, 197
Real numbers, 52
Recombinant DNA technology, 94, 113, 117;
see also Genetic engineering
Redshift data, 70, 71, 77-82, 91, 92, 93
Reductionism, 170
Regulation, air quality, 180-183, 194-197
Relativity, 62, 69, 76, 79, 81, 84
Relaxation
behavior, 126
BPP theory of, 129
complexities of, 132-134
contrast agents and, 143
pathway in biological tissues, 134
in solids and monomolecular solvents, 129
spin-lattice, 127
spin-spin, 128-129
T1 and T2 times as data, 126-129
T1 and T2 times as diagnostic lens, 129-132, 136-137, 139
Renal systems, 143
Resonance
and gravitational forces, 48
quantum physics of, 126
see also Magnetic resonance imaging
Reverse biochemistry studies, 109
Riemann, Georg, 150
RNA
bicoid, 114
messenger (mRNA), 97-99, 101, 103, 104
transfer (tRNA), 98
translation, 102
Roentgen, Wilhelm, 121, 122, 134-135, 142
Rosenblatt, Frank, 212
Rotator cuff tears, 137
Rubin, Vera, 68
Rumelhart, David, 217
Russell, Armistead G., 184, 185, 192
Ryle, Gilbert, 210
S
Salk Institute, 200
Santa Barbara Cottage Community Hospital, 120, 132
Schmidt, Maarten, 81
Schrieffer, Robert, 235
Schwarzschild radius, 81
Seismic tomography, 9-10
Seismic waves
collection centers, 9
information gained from, 2, 4-5, 9, 10
formation process, 9-10
propagation, 11
Seismologists/seismology, 2, 13
Seitzer, Pat, 87
Sejnowski, Terrence, 200, 201, 211, 213, 214, 217, 225, 227-229
Semiconductors
and computer development, 158
electrical conductivity, 155
interfacial reactions, 42
liquid, junction, 41-42
molecular beam epitaxy and, 160-162
and molecule-based electronic devices, 37
photoelectrochemical cells, 40, 43
Shane, Donald, 70
Shannon, Claude, 154
Shear waves, 10
Shechtman, Dany, 247-248
Sherrington, Charles, 200, 210
Signal processing, 165
Silicates
chemical reactions between iron and, 19
structural transformations, 11-12
Silicon
dioxide, 28
oxidizers, 42
Simulated annealing, 163
Smale, Stephen, 49
Smarr, Larry L., 149-152, 174, 175, 176, 192, 193
Smithsonian Institution, 83
Smog, 180, 181, 182, 187, 190, 193
Socolar, E.S., 251
Sodium chloride, 28
Soft tissues, magnetic resonance imaging of, 134-137
Solar technology, 40;
see also Photovoltaic cells
Sound waves, see Seismic waves
South Pacific Superswell, 16-17
Space
measurements in, 76-77
telescope, 79
Spectrographs, 77
Spectrometers/spectrometry, 77
Stark, David, 119-120, 142, 143
Starlight, 78
Stars
blue, 80
Cepheid variable, 79
formation of, 91-93
neutron, 84
State University of New York, Stony Brook, 201
Steinhardt, Paul, 248-252
Stern, Otto, 123
Stevenson, David, 2, 4-5, 9, 11-14, 17-20, 22-23
Stokes, George, 150
Stonehenge, 66
String theory, 65
Suess, Eduard, 7
Sun, 72
composition, 77
gravitational field, 84
magnitude, 86
Supercomputers centers, 152
Connection Machine, 175-176
costs, 176
defined, 151
Internet system, 152
smog simulation, 178, 192-193, 196
spread of, 152
Superconducting Supercollider, 237
Superconducting/superconductors, 36
applications, 245-246
challenges posed by, 238-242
copper oxide, 245
dimensionality issue, 241
energy gap in materials, 241-242
high-temperature, 233-234, 238-246
history, 234-238
Josephson junction, 240
and magnetic fields, 235, 237, 245
tunneling by Cooper-pair electrons, 237, 238, 242
vortex glass theory, 246
yttrium-based, 246
Surfaces
quantum physics at, 42
T
Telecommunications, 156-157, 160
Telescopes, 76-77, 79, 85-86, 165
Thermal electric generation, 40
Thermodynamics, laws of, 26
Thinking Machines Corporation, 175
Tjian, Robert, 94, 99, 103, 105, 106, 110, 111, 116-117
Topology, of transcription factors, 110-111
Transcription factors and mechanisms
activation role, 110-111, 112, 114
in adenoviruses, 105-106
binding domains, 106-107
creation of proteins, 103-104
in Drosophila fruit fly, 113
experimental quantities, 106-107
genetic studies of, 107-110
histone clearance, 104
hybrid proteins, 110
messenger RNA role, 97-99, 101, 104
model, 104
as oncogenes, 116-117
process, 104
promoter region, 106
RNA polymerase II role, 104
sequence of steps, 101-103
topology, 110-111
transduction pathways in cells, 116-117
in yeast, 107-108
zinc finger proteins, 107
Transform fault, 9
Transgenic mice, 114
Tukey, J.W., 163
see also Cancer
Turner, Edwin, 85
Tyson, J. Anthony, 67, 73, 79, 84-91
U
Ullman, Shimon, 200, 201, 210, 221, 223-225
Ultrasound imaging, 121, 122, 147
Ultraviolet radiation, 183
Uncertainties, doubling time, 56
Uniformitarianism, 6-7
Universe
age of, 80
computer simulation of formation of, 71-72
critical density (omega), 69
dark-matter problem, 68-69
density field simulation, 92
see also Big Bang theory
filaments, 72
map, 70
observable, 72-73
space-time fabric, 76
steady-state theory of, 67
texture of, 69-74
see also Galaxies
University of Alabama, 238
University of California
Berkeley, 3, 47, 49, 74, 94, 233
Los Angeles, 99, 120, 134, 180
Riverside, 187
University of Chicago, 79
University of Houston, 238
University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, 149, 152, 170, 192, 243
University of Maryland, 46
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 3
University of Paris-XI, 54
University of Rochester, 26, 35
University of Texas, Austin, 26, 36
Uracil, 104
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 181-182
V
Vacuum tubes, 155-156
Valdes, Frank, 86
Venus, 22
Very large-scale integrated circuits, 155, 199, 200
Viologen, 39
Viruses, 100
Visible light
Vision models
algorithms, 223-228
illusions in, 222-223, 224-225
motion detectors in the brain, 218-223
smooth pursuit of targets, 226-228
vestibulo-ocular reflex system, 225-227
Volcanism
anomalous plate margin, 15
hot spot, 15-17
intraplate, 15
and mantle convection, 17-18
and plate tectonics, 15-18
Volcanologists, 2
Voyager spacecraft, 22
W
Walsh functions, 163
Washington University (St. Louis), 47
Water
anisotropically weighted, 145
interaction on macromolecular surfaces, 132-133
and magnetic resonance imaging, 121-122, 129
physics of, at critical temperatures, 172
relaxation times in, 129, 132-133
silicon oxidation, 42
SrTiO3-semiconductor-based cell for photoelectrolysis, 43
sunlight and, 30
Watson, James, 95, 96, 101, 117
Wave packets, 237
Weather
doubling times for equations involving, 55
Wiener, Norbert, 211
Wilson, J. Tuzo, 15
Wilson, Robert, 74-75
Wind turbines, 40
Winer, Arthur, 180, 187, 188, 189-190, 197
Wirtanen, Carl, 70
Wolfram, Stephen, 153, 168-173, 174
Wolfram Research, Inc., 153, 170
Wrighton, Mark S., 25-28, 30-35, 39, 40, 41-42, 43
Wu, Maw-Kuen, 238
X
X-ray systems, 134-135
angiography, 139-140
disadvantages, 120, 121, 139-140
physics of, 121
Y
Yeast
protein GCN4, 117
transcription process in, 107-108
Yorke, James, 46
Z
Zettl, Alex, 233, 240-242, 245, 246
Zeugmatography, 124
Zinc finger proteins, 107