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348 Appendix C Annotated Bibliography on Economic and Socio-Political Issues Books Bean, M. 197l. The Evolution of National Wildlife Law. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Comprehensive analysis of the development of federal, as opposed to state, wildlife laws and management,programs. Especially useful regarding historic definition of wild animals and the development of the state ownership doctrine. In addition, it discusses the history of the Act and of wildlife management on federal lands. Brrokshier, Frank. 1974. The Burro. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 370 p. Eloquent and appealing account of the burro's past and present, emphasizing value to man because of faithful and useful service. Qualitative. Calef, W. 1960. Private Grazing and Public Lands: Local Manage- ment of the Taylor Grazing Act. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Case study approach to management of the public lands under the Taylor Act with focus on the impact of grazing advisory boards. Ching, C. T. K. (compiled by). 1978. Forum on the Economics of Public Land Use in the West. Sponsored by the rarm Foundation and the Division of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Nevada, Reno. March 1977 gathering of researchers and others interested in the problems of public land use in the Western states. Contains an excellent bibliography of work conducted by the participants of the forum. Clawson, Marion. 1971. The Bureau of Land Management. Praeger Library of U.S. Government Departments and Agencies. New York: Praeger Publishers. Clawson reviews the history of BLM, describes policies, deals with conflicts taking place, and discusses BLM's future. Of main interest are the sections on grazing, environmental management, and outdoor recreation. 348 ,
349 Dana, S. T. and Fairfax, S. K. 1980. Forest and Range Policy (2d Edition). McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New York. Comprehensive history of the development and evolution of forest and range management policy from colonial times to the present. Special attention is given to analyzing continuing policy trends and the influence of various interest groups. Dobie, J. Frank. 1952. The Mustangs. Little, Brown, Boston: 376 p. Highly anecdotal and sympathetic history of the wild horses. Emphasizes values of freedom and wildness. Early.classic work . Foss, A. 1960. Politics and Grass. University of Washington Press, Seattle. This book analyzes the implementation of the Taylor Grazing Act, the role of the various interest groups, and their impact on BLM decision-making. Gates, P.W. 1968. History of Public Land Law Development. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Comprehensive history prepared for the Public Land Law Review Commission. Useful in order to understand the development of land ownership patterns and the forces impacting the enactment and implementation of the major federal land management laws. Henry, Marguerite. 1966. Mustang: Wild Spirit of the West. Rand McNally, Chicago: 224 p. Young adult book on the early history of the horse and Velma Johnston's fight to save it. Displays humane, preservationist attitude. Henry, Marguerite. 1953. Brighty of the Grand Canyon. Rand, New York. Classic children's account of a Grand Canyon burro. The antics and love of life of Brighty personify the humane, "right-to-life" attitude. Nathan, Harriet, editor. 1972. America's Public Lands: Politics, Economics and Administration, Conference on the Public Land Law Review Commission Report, December 1970. Institute of Governmental Studies, Berkeley: University of California. The conference analyzes the PLLRC'S report of 1970. The Economics and the Public Lands section was handled well by Marion Clawson. Policies for the future were also discussed.
350 Peffer, E. Louise. 195l. The Closing of the Public Domain. Stanford University Press, Stanford. Comprehensive discussion and analysis of the fight to close the public lands to disposition under the homestead acts, including a thorough critique of those laws, the legislative history of the Taylor Grazing Act and its implementation. Ryden, Hope. 1979. America's Last Wild Horses. Dutton, New York: 311 p. ' ~ â " Comprehensive survey of history, habits, and struggles for protection of wild horses. Some qualitative description of attitudes of various groups. Pro-horse; emphasizes symbolic, freedom and wildness values. Ryden, Hope. 1972. Mustangs, Return to the Wild. Viking Press, New York: 111 p. " Primarily natural history, profusely illustrated with the author's photographs. Expresses protectionist position. Stanford Environmental Law Society. 1971. Public Land Management -- A Time for Change? Stanford Law School, Stanford: Stanford University. The papers presented are an attempt by the Stanford Environmental Law School, to objectively present the major issues involved in the controversy over public land use and to analyze the various reform proposals. The paper of most interest is entitled "Public Land Grazing Management" and covers the statutory guidelines for grazing management; the controversy over grazing fees; the condition of the public lands and how it might be improved; the economic effect of public land grazing; and conflicts between grazing and other uses of the public land. University of Nevada, Reno, Cooperative Extension Service. 1977. Proc. National Wild Horse Forum, April 4-7. Presents view of various organizations and groups involved in horse and burro issue. Two articles are of particular interest. Reavley, William L. Views of wildlife agencies and organiza- tions. Explains views of wildlife agencies towards horses and burros. Shanks, Bernard. Wild horses and conservation organizations. Discussed involvement of conservation organizations (or lack thereof) in the wild horse and burro problem. Animal protection and wildlife organizations are excluded from the discussion.
351 Wyman, Walker. 1945. The Wild Horse of the West. Caxton Printers, Caldwell, Idaho: 348 p. Early classic history of the horse, primarily since 1690. Details influence of horses on Indians and stockmen up to the present, with some qualitative descriptions of their attitudes. Scientific Journal Articles Applegate. 1978. The multiple use planning process: Descent into the maelstrom? Environmental Law 8:427. Analysis of current multiple use planning process from the perspective of citizen action groups. Overview of the planning process followed by discussion of problems such as uneven economic analysis, the lack of effective opportunity for citizen involvement and administrative discretion. Arizona Law Review. 1979. Symposium: The Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976. Ariz. Law Rev. 21(2): 267. Bean, M. 1977. Developing law of wildlife conservation on the national forest and national resource lands. Contemporary Law 58. The author analyzes the conflict between the states and the federal government over the authority to manage wild- life on federal lands and the impact of this conflict on the development of national policy toward wildlife conservation on these lands. The article discusses the Act in detail, as well as the Sikes Act and other laws affecting wildlife management on federal lands. Behan, R. 1967. Succotash syndrome or multiple use: A heartfelt approach to forest land management. Nat. Res. Journ. 7:473. After discussing the development of the multiple use concept, the author thoroughly criticizes three underlying assumptions (fixed productivity, high demand, and inadequacy of single use management to meet demand). The author then analyzes how deficiencies in theory spawn difficulties in practice. Burt, Oscar R. 197l. A Dynamic Model of Pasture and Range Investments. Amer. Agr. Econ. 53 (2): 197-205. The traditional economic replacement problem is extended to accommodate a situation where quasi-rents of future replacements are influenced by replacement age of the currently held asset. This generalized replacement model is applied to optimal timing of the clearing of brush and scrub timber from pasture and range. Dynamic programming is applied to the problem and the structure of the decision rule analyzed. An
352 approximately optimal decision rule is deduced by an analysis of the limiting behavior of the optimal policy. An illustrative example is given for pinyon-juniper control in southwestern United States. Carothers, S. W.: Stitt, M.E.; Johnson, R.R. 1977. Feral asses on public lands; an analysis of biotic impact, legal considerations, and management alternatives. Trans. North American Wildlife Nat. Res. Conf. 41: 396-406. Largely biological study showing habitat destruction by feral burros. Gives public sentiment of burro lovers as reason for passage of PL92-195. Believes protection of burros incompatible with sound management of Grand Canyon ecosystem (the study area). Clauson, M. 1978. Concept of multiple use forestry. Environmental Law 8:28l. Recent analysis of the multiple use concept with emphasis on forest production functions and trade-offs between outputs, the author then discusses problems in valuing both inputs and outputs and the potential application of time discount methods. Concludes that while multiple use can be a vague directive, it can guide a land manager to decisions which provide users with the most of what they want with minimum sacrifice to others. Comment. 1976. The conservationists and the public lands: Administrative and judicial remedies relating to the use and disposition of the public lands administered by the Department of the Interior. Michigan Law Review 68:1200. The author examines the structure and function of the Department of the Interior with respect to the use and disposition of the public lands and discusses methods of achieving administrative and judicial review of Departmental decisions. The authors criticizes the amount of discretion available to officials and suggests removing obstacles to judicial review and third party intervention. Comment. 1973. Managing Federal Lands: Replacing the multiple use system. Yale Law Journ. 82: 767. The author discusses the multiple use management systems of BLM and the Forest Service contrasting multiple use and limited use directives. After criticizing the multiple use decision-making process, the author suggests establishing more limited use agencies and Congressional allocation of lands among such agencies.
353 Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. 1974. Livestock Grazing on Federal Lands in the 11 Western States. Journal of Range Management May 1974: 174-18l. Report covers the economic and environmental impacts of grazing on federal lands. Was prepared by a task force consisting of 15 range specialists, none of whom are employed by either BLM or FS. Federal land supplies approximately 12% of all grazing resources in the West. Loss of the products that this grazing supplies would mean more scarcity of feed, meat and wool. Elimination of grazing on public lands would mean a shift of animals to other lands or their loss from production. Authors feel that this would be.wasteful of natural resources. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. 1975. Multiple Use of Public Lands in the Seveteen Western States. Headquarters Office, Ames, Iowa: Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University. Multiple use of public lands means a harmonious use of land under which food, fiber, wood and mineral products can be produced for market while recreational opportunities, water, aesthetics and wild life, though non-market commodities, can contribute to the enjoyment of living and to the economies of local communities. The report describes multiple use, analyzes six sources of conflicts, and defines several problems in the application of multiple use. Culhane, P. and Friesma, P. 1979. Land use planning for the public lands. Nat. Res. Jour. 19:43. Discussion of the Federal Land policy and Management Act and the National Forest Management Acr and their long range planning provisions. Special attention to the impact of these laws on agency planning and the planning process as a formalized policy/decision-making process. Fulcher, Glen D. 1977. Economic Issues and Future Resource Planning on Public Lands. Paper presented at the Forum on the Economics of Public Land Use in the West, Reno, Nevada, March 10, 1977. States reasons why the BLM has been hamstrung in its past efforts to administer the'public lands, but that with passage of the "Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976" a new era in public lands management is beginning. Delineates the new tools that BLM will have at its disposal and stresses the role of the economist in future land policy decisions.
354 Gordon, Stanley, 1974. One ranch family's adaptation to changing resource demands and social values. J. Range. Mgt. 27(6): 485. Personal account by author of changes in his own family's attitudes from negative to positive with regard to necessity of planning, management, and regulation for preservation and wise multiple use of the public rangelands. Hall, G. 1963. The myth and reality of multiple use forestry, Nat. Res. J. 3:276. The author describes the multiple use doctrine and considers its application on one national forest. The process is then evaluated to determine whether the doctrine promotes the socially best administrative decisions. The author concludes that it is a myth that multiple use forestry is capable of resolving all conflicting demands. The reality is that multiple use decisions are primarily judgments about the costs and benefits of various goods and services. Houghton, Ruth M. 1978. Sociocultural research for planning and management of a Nevada Bureau of Land Management grazing district. Proc. First International Rangeland Congress: 87-89. Anthropological research conducted in 1976. Describes socio- cultural groups and values of the district residents with regard to fellow residents and to a limited extent toward land and other natural resources, as well as towards BLM grazing policy. Sample size is not indicated. Johnson, V. 1972. Fight to save a memory. Texas Law Rev. 50:1055. This article by "Wild Horse Annie" describes the legislative battle for passage of the Act and the remaining unfinished business as of the date of the article. and M. J. Pontrelli. 1969. Public pressure and a new dimension of quality - horses and burros. Trans. No. Am. Wildl. Nat. Res. Conf. 34: 240-252. Detailed history of Johnston's effort and steps in her fight to save wild horses. Key events and their dates. Qualitative account of importance of public reaction in building the protection/management movement. Emphasis on controversy about the establishment of the Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Refuge. Knott, J. and Willowsley, A. 1979. If Dissemination is the solution, what is the problem? Unpublished Draft M.S.
355 Koehler, James W. 1960. The California undomesticated burro. Bull. Calif. St. Dept. of Agric. Jan. - Feb.: 1-16. Concentrates largely on biology and management problems, but includes short section describing California legislation to protect burros as a result of citizens' and humane organizations' lobbying. Leistritz, F. Larry, and Steven M. Murdock. 1977. Research Methodology Applicable to Community Adjustments to Public Land Use Alternatives. Paper presented at the Forum on the Economics of Public Land Use in the West, March 11, 1977, Reno, Nevada. Article speaks about adjustment that will have to be made in the West as public land uses change. Describes "local impact analysis," the methodology that the authors have developed for assessing the nature and extent of community adjustments to major resource use changes. This integrated model for developing economic and demographic projections is discussed. Uses input-output (1-0) analysis to project changes in business volume resulting from alternative levels of resource use. Mack, L. E., and R. G. Taylor. 1979. Some Economic Effects of Restricted Grazing on Public Land in Colorado. Fargo: North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science. Federal lands comprise 36% of the total area of Colorado. At present the primary use of these lands is livestock grazing Pressures present the primary use of these lands is lives- stock grazing. Pressures exist to reduce, or in some instances eliminate, livestock grazing. This study, through the use of typical ranch models structured by herd size and regional characteristics, examines how the range livestock industry would respond to hypothesized reductions in federal forage availability. Sheep ranchers in Colorado are extremely dependent on federal forage, while cattle ranchers are generally less dependent on federal forage sources. A complete phase-out of grazing on federal lands in Colorado would reduce direct livestock production at a minimum, 50%. Total economic activity in many areas of the state would be virtually eliminated. Martin, W. 1969. Conflict resolution through the multiple-use concept in Forest Service decision-making, Nat. Res. Jour. 9:226. The author discusses decision making difficulties and the need to establish system maintenance mechansims, especially if decisions generate conflict. The author theorizes, on the basis of a study of planning on one national forest,
356 that multiple use controls organizational behavior by facilitating adjustment of competing views. McConnen, R. J. 1977. Research Methodology Applicable to Regional and National Impact of Public Land Use Policy. Paper presented at the Forum on the Economics of Public Land Use in the West, March 11, 1977, Reno, Nevada. Discussion similar to that of Leistritz citation, but rather than stressing the empirical and positive approach, stresses the conceptual and normative methodological problems involved in changing public land use policy. McKinney, Harley J. 1977. Economic Issues and problems associated with the National Environmental Policy Act as it Applies to Western Public Lands. Paper presented at the Forum on the Economics of Public Land Use in the West, Reno, Nevada, March 10, 1977. McKinney's paper discusses the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969, which declares environmental quality to be a national policy and instructs all federal agencies and departments to make a bona fide examination of ecological and environmental factors before making any decision that might affect the environment. With the passage of NEPA, development of the public lands McKnight, Tom L. 1958. The feral burro in the United States: distribution and problems. J. Wild. Mgt. 22(2): 163-179. Largely biogeographical study on population numbers and distribution of feral burros, based on a detailed mail questionnaire plus field checking. Pp. 173-176 discuss four management strategies and likely public reaction, based on some literature review plus the author's personal opinions. Whether public opinion was solicited on the questionnaires is not mentioned. 1959. The feral horse in Anglo-America. Geog. Rev. 49: 506-525. Largely biogeographical study on current distribution of feral horses and land-use problems resulting from it, based on 900 mail questionnaires plus field interviews and observations. Pp. 522-524 discuss problems and attitudes toward wild horses elicited by the questionnaire. Includes development of protectionist sentiment. .
357 Nielsen, Darwin B. 1972. Economic Implications of Variable vs. Single Grazing Fees. Journal of Range Management 25 (l):2-6. The economic implications of variable grazing fees and single grazing fees on Federal lands are important considerations relative to further policy changes. Many factors must be considered when establ iesMncr fees or. different grazing units. Quantity and quality forage are only two of these factors and generally not the most important ones. Variable grazing fees will have to be implemented if the government is going to minimize the problem of having some of its land over-priced and some under-priced. O'Hare, M. 1979. Information management and public choice. Energy impacts project. Laboratory of architecture and planning, M.I.T.: Cambridge, Mass. Pearson, Erwin W. 1974. Sheep-raising in the Seventeen Western States: Populations, Distribution, and Trends. Journal of Range Management 28(1):27-3l. Provides information on numbers and locations of domestic sheep in the 17 western states, which raise about 80% of the United States stock sheep. There has been a downward trend in sheep populations since 1960. The data suggest a gradual shifting of sheep-raising from mountains to plains and a gradual conversion from sheep to cattle. Sanchez, Peter G. 1977. Native animal habitat protection: a solution becomes a problem. Proc. Symp. Desert. Tortoise Council: 32-40. Author is Natural Resources Specialist at Death Valley National Monument. Pp. 35-39 analyzes responses of a non- random sample of 241 respondents on 38 alternatives for managing Death Valley's natural*and cultural resources. The alternatives were presented in the 1976 Death Valley Environmental Assessment, and responses sought by an accompanying questionnaire. Ten alternatives discussed burro management. Only close-ended questions are analyzed. An analysis of open-ended questions and completed questionnaires may be examined at Death Valley. Schectman. 1978. The "Bambi Syndrome" Mow NEPA's public participation in wildlife management is hurting the environment. Environmental Law 8:61l. The author discusses the problem confronting field level wildlife biologists who have identified needed population reduction programs but are impeded by various environmental
358 protection statutes, particularly their public participation requirements. Includes discussion of San Miguel, Death Valley, Grand Canyon and Bandalier burros. Concludes with suggestion that public input be limited, reduced delay and public education. Scott, L. 1967. The range cattle industry: Its effect on western land law. Montana Law Review 28:155. The author examines the effect of the range cattle industry, its needs, customs, and practices, on the federal public land laws and states' fence and herd laws. Particular attention is given to the means used to acquire and control range lands and the importance of possession and use in establishing legal rights. The author concludes that the industry made its own lav: and ignored or disobeyed laws later enacted which did not meet industry needs. Shanks, Bernard. 1978. Social and institutional barriers to range. land management innovations. Proc. First International Range- land Congress: 92-94. Survey of line managers in BLM, Forest Service, the National Park Service, and the Fish and Wildlife Service to determine how their socioeconomic backgrounds might affect rangeland resource management. Concluded that public range managers in the U.S. accept and apply new rangeland policies and programs slowly, which bears on the horse and burro issue, among others. Sample size approximately 400. Smith, A. E. 1968. An approach to burro management in California. Trans. Desert Bighorn Council: 59-62. Describes initiation of interagency effort in California to develop a management plan for feral burros. Advocates management, not elimination of burros on BLM land to benefit burros, wildlife, livestock, and the range. Author is a BLM staff member. Smith, A. E. and William E. Martin. 1972. Socioeconomic behavior of cattle ranchers, with implications for rural community development in the West. Am. J. Agric. Econ. May: 217-225. Socioeconomic survey of goals and attitudes of 89 Arizona ranchers toward ranch ownerships, arguing that social and psychological benefits derived from ranging ar".v an important component of economic valuation of ranches. Identifies 11 goals and attitudes held by ranchers toward ranch ownership.
359 Smith, Arthur H., and William E. Martin. 1972. Socioeconomic Behavior of Cattle Ranchers, with Implications for Rural Community Development in the West. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 54 (2):217-225. This paper extends the argument that cattle ranching and ranchers can be better understood by viewing the ranch resource as generating both production and consumption outputs. It was found that non-monetary outputs of ranch ownership are the most significant factors in expaining high sale prices of Arizona ranches. The analysis suggest that small town viability and growth in the arid Southwest, and possibly in the West as a whole, may be more likely to occur if rural development policies are not predicated on the economic impact of surrounding ranches. Stevens, Joe B., and E. Bruce Godfrey. 1972. Use Rates, Resource Flows, and Efficiency of Public Investment in Range Improvements. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 54 (4):611-62l. A theoretical model of interactions between use rates and resource flows over space and time is developed,and a static empirical model is derived for ex post analysis of public range investments on the Vale Project (Oregon). Five investment practices varied widely in their marginal productivities. For every AUM of grazing produced directly by investment, and additional 0.5 AUM was obtained by manipulation of use rates to allow increased natural regeneration. Overall, the Vale Project was inefficient in terms of an implicit redistributional objective as well as the explicit national income objective. Thomas, Gerald W. 1973. Livestock Grazing on Public Lands: Unity for Political, Economic and Ecological Reasons. Journal of Range Management 26 (4):248-252. The increased pressure on public lands due to conflicting interests, combined with the increased concern on the part of each individual for the environment, makes it imperative that each land use alternative be carefully examined. Decisions on land use must take into consideration the economic importance of the ranching industry to the nation, the soical and political climate of the times, and most importantly, sound ecological principles. University of Wyoming, College of Law. 1970. Land and Water Law Review, A symposium presenting an Analysis of the Public Land Law Review Commission Report. Laramie: University of Wyoming.
360 Symposium came into being to analyze the Public Land Law Review Commission's report to the President, entitled "One third of the Nation's Land." Three sections are of interest, those on range resources, recreation, fish and wildlife; and land planning. Wilson. 1978. Land management planning processes of the Forest Service. Environmental Law 8:461. Description of the Forest Service planning process by the Director for planning of the Pacific Northwest Region of the Forest Service. Wyckoff, J.B. 1977a. Public Lands and the West - - Economic Problems of Neo-Colonialism. Paper presented at the Forum on the Economics of Public Land Use in the West, Reno, Nevada, March 10, 1977. Public land use is very important to the economy of the West and much work has been done to alleviate problems associated with its use. But, there are many economic problems in the public lands which still need considerable research input. Wyckoff delineates three problem areas: (1) the basic allocation of the public land resources among uses, and among users within uses; (2) problems related the spatial distribution of uses and users; and (3) intertemporal distribution of public land resources and their outputs. He then does a commendable job of delving into the specific problem areas where research is necessary. Bulletins and Reports Araji, A. A., W. A. Krasselt and R. W. Schermerhorn. 1978. Impact of the Idaho Beef Industry. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 563, Moscow: University of Idaho. Examines cash receipts from the ranching, feeding, and processing sectors of the Idaho beef industry. In 1971, the direct and indirect impact of the beef industry on the Idaho economy was $357.7 million. In 1973 it had increased to $422.1 million. In 1973, the beef industry's contribution amounted to 12% of the state's total personal income. Has good aggregate figures for the Idaho beef industry. Notes that Idaho ranges are in need of improve- ment; questions whether private investment will meet the needs.
361 Bromley, D. W., G. E. Blanch, and H. H. Stoevener. 1968. Effects of Selected Changes in Federal Land Use on a Rural Economy. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 604, Corvallis: Oregon State University. Examines the extent of grazing of livestock on public lands to ascertain the extent of economic activity attributable to the use of these lands as a source of cattle forage. Projects the impact of a 20% reduction in federal grazing in Grant County in Eastern Oregon. Major impacts of the grazing reduction were a reduction of gross income for the dependent ranch sector of 10.88% and 5.65% reduction of gross income for the Agricultural Service Sector. Clark, Richard T., Robert R. Fletcher, and Harley J. McKinney. 1974. The Star Valley Economy - an Interindustry Analysis. Agricultural Extension Service Research Journal 85, Laramie: University of Wyoming. The study provided information to be used in community planning and decision making. It (1) inventoried types of economic activities in the Star Valley; (2) measured interactions between the various economic sectors; (3) estimated the relative importance of the sectors; and (4) identified potential development alternatives for the area's economy. Cordingly, Robert V. and W. Gordon Kearl. 1975. Economics of Range Reseeding in the Plains of Wyoming. Agricultural Experiment Station Research Journal 98, Laramie: University of Wyoming. Much of Wyoming's grazing land is not producing forage at its potential economic or physical level. Range reseeding is a good alternative for increased forage without increased acreage. This study determined practices and inputs used, costs, and returns from reseeding. Reseeding not only increased the carrying capacity of the range, but also gave increased livestock gains from feeding and increased reproductive efficiency of the cattle. Cornelius, Jim. 1977a. Enterprise Costs, 200 Cow-Calf Ranch, Madison County. Cooperative Extension Service Bulletin 1171, Bozeman: Montana State University. Data was gathered in 1976 from cow-calf enterprises in Northern Madison County and representative costs were calculated for a typical ranch operation in the area. The goal of the bulletin was to help Madison County operators evaluate the feasibility and profitability of
362 operation. Study showed that a typical operation owning its own land with a very modest debt would be losing money. When assumptions were changed to increase real estate debt, the revenue generated barely covered basic cash flow requirements and long term losses mounted. Cornelius, Jim. 1977b. Enterprise Costs, 200 Cow-Calf Ranch, Powder River County. Cooperative Extension Service Bulletin 1172, Bozeman: Montana State University. Same format as previous citation and same conclusions: an operation with limited debt would be losing about $36 per calf sold at Fall 1976 cattle prices. If the operation didn't own its land, it would be losing much more. Cornelius, Jim. 1977c. Enterprise Costs, 250 Head Cow-Calf Ranch in Elaine County. Cooperative Extension Service Bulletin 1173, Bozeman: Montana State University. Same format as previous two citations and same conclusions: an operation with limited debt would be losing nearly $15 per calf when sold at Fall 1976 prices. An increase of long-term debt increased the loss per calf to roughly $250. Gee, C. Kerry, and Melvin D. Skold. 1970. Optimum Enterprise Combinations and Resource Use on Mountain Cattle Ranches in Colorado. Colorado State University Experiment Station Bulletin 546S, Fort Collins: Colorado State University. This bulletin presents an analysis of alternative organiza- tions which may increase returns to ranch businesses in the mountain areas of Colorado. It describes changes that may be required in livestock enterprises and grazing programs if optimum use is to be made of ranch resources It also evaluates the effect of certain livestock and crop management practices on ranch income. Gee, C. Kerry. 1972. Economic and Operational Characteristics of Colorado Range Cattle Businesses. Experiment Station Bulletin 550S, Fort Collins: Colorado State University. This bulletin describes economic and operating characteristics of range cattle businesses in Colorado based on a sample survey of 194 ranches. Range cattle production in Colorado is typified by small, privately owned ranches, with an average of 400 animals per operation. Annual feed sources are hay -- 25%, private range -- 55% and public range -- 10%. Grazing is important to Colorado with about 60% of its land area in livestock grazing. Article details the
363 lack of range management practices by the businesses involved. Mentions the role of recreation, mainly hunting and fishing, in bringing income to the ranchers, with 22% having an income from each of these sources. The ranchers with recreation enterprises derived 4% of their 1969 gross income from these activities. Possible range management practices mentioned were: fertilizer application, land levelling, land reseeding, sagebrush control and irrigation improvement, none of which are done on more than 5% of total acres being used by the ranchers. Gee, C. Kerry, and Richard S. Magleby. 1976. Characteristics of Sheep Production in the Western United States. U.S. Economic Research Service, Agricultural Economics" Report No. 345, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture. About 80% of sheep in the U.S. are raised in the Western U.S. where private and public ranges provide the bulk of the feed requirement. About half the feed requirement for commercial sheep comes from private range, while public range supplies about one-third. Over half of the commercial sheep are grazed by herders, usually on open (unfenced) range. Sheep graze more readily on shrubs and brush, where as.cattle prefer grasses. Sheep also have less need for water and are better able to traverse rocky and steep terrain. Gee, C. Kerry. 1977. Enterprise Budgets for Western Commercial Sheep Businesses, 1974. U.S. Economic Research Service, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Sheep enterprise budgets for 1974 are presented for major producing areas of the seventeen Western States. Summaries of production, costs, returns and operating practices are given for enterprises of various sizes and with different management systems. Most sheep businesses did not have sufficient sales to cover all expenses in 197U, and about 35% were unable to pay cash costs. Godfrey, E. Bruce. 1978. Multiple Use Management on the Public Lands, A Study of the Morgan Creek Area of Central Idaho. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 566, Moscow: University of Idaho College of Agriculture. This study spells out the way in which the FS and BLM evaluate individual areas and decide on management plans for these areas. Godfrey uses the Morgan Creek area management plan of the FS as an example and analyzes the FS reasons for setting up the plan as they did. Provides a good understanding of the mechanics of a multiple use management plan. Multiple use -- the management of all the various renewable surface resources of the national forests so that they are utilized in the combination that will best meet the needs of the American people.
364 Godfrey, E. Bruce. 1976. Costs and Returns for Cattle Ranches in Custer County, Idaho. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 567, Moscow: University of Idaho. One reason for the predominance of cattle production in Idaho's agriculture is the large volume of forage obtained by domestic animals from federally administered land in Idaho. The cattle and sheep of 3594 operators who held permits with either BLM or FS consumed roughly 1,700,000 AUMS of forage during the calendar year 1972. Report shows that many ranchers in the Morgan Creek area are probably subsisting on their lands at relatively low returns as part of a way of life; to some return on invest- ment is 1-2% to some there is no return on investment. ⢠- Godfrey, E. Bruce. 1973a. The Economic Role of Wild and Free- Roaming Horses and Burros on Rangelands in the Western United States, A final report submitted to the Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Logan: Utah State University. Godfrey first relates the history of WFRHB legislation. He then presented the economic impacts of WFRHB management from the viewpoints of federal land management agencies, other user groups, regions/states, adoption and other interest groups. Most obvious impact of WFRHB management is on the budgets of the federal land management agencies, with BLM having spent l.7 million dollars during Fiscal 1978. Discusses research ne in the area of WFRHB, the greatest of which stems fro. ie fact that very little is known of the value of th, jemand for WFRHB. Godfrey, E. Bruce. 1972. Rangeland Improvment Practices in Idaho. Forest, Wildlife and RangeExperiment Station, Information Series Number 1, Moscow: University of Idaho. In an effort to increase the amount of grazing on the range lands in Idaho, administrators of public and private lands have invested large amounts of capital for range improvements. This report provides a summary of the range improvement work (brush control, seeding, water developments, etc.) that has been completed in Idaho and assesses some of the possible impacts of these investments on the economy of the state. Gray, James R. 1974. Economic Benefits from Small Livestock Ranches in North-Central New Mexico. Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report 280, Las Cruces: New Mexico State. Study analyzed benefits derived from small livestock ranches in northern Mew Mexico during 1972-1973. By definition, ranches had less than 40 head of cattle and
365 horses or 200 head of sheep. Information was acquired through interviews with a random sample of 150 ranchers and farmers. Results were: cow and calf sales provided almost all the cash income received â average was $1,586 annually; crops, livestock and livestock products produced and consumed on the ranges were important sources of subsistence -- average value was $901/year; average rancher used 5 to 10 times more labor per AU than other studies have shown; most operators of small ranches had other employment, with only 33% of livelihood from the ranch; BLM grazing permits supplied 5% of total grazing, while FS permits supplied over 20% of total grazing. Lewis, Eugene P. and David T. Taylor. 1977. Impact of Public Lands Policies on the Livestock Industry and Adjacent Communities, Big Horn County, Wyoming, Agricultural Experiment Station Research Journal 116; Laramie: University of Wyoming. Federal government controls 79.5% of the total land area of Big Horn County and leased grazing is an important use of this public land, while use of federal lands for recreation and timber has been of lesser importance. The dollars generated by the livestock sector are important to Big Horn County. Changes in public lands administration policies will restrict the county's output, with the livestock sector being hurt by increased fees or grazing reductions. Policies which reduce herd size and the number of AUM's available for export have the largest impact on the country economy. Impact on the communities will be small as long as ranchers can absorb all the loss, but these ranchers are already operating at a low net income, and the question will be whether they can stay in business if this income is reduced even further. The over- riding policy question is the federal agency's responsibility to the local communities. If the agency has an objective as the support of the regional economy, then the economic impact on such areas as Big Horn County and the Big Horn Basin Region should be assessed when assessing grazing fees and deciding availability of public-land resources. Lewis, Eugene P., and Garnet E. Premer. 1978. The Economic Value of Recreation and Tourism, Park County, Wyoming, 1976. Community Services Division, Agricultural Extension Service Bulletin B 664, Laramie: University of Wyoming. Studies the Park County economy, and specifically, the economic impact that the recreation-tourism industry has on the county's economy. The Park County economy is extremely diverse. It has four primary industries, including agriculture, mining, manufacturing and recreation- tourism. The recreation-tourism industry, in 1976, accounted for 15% of total county employment; and 11% of all direct economic activity.
366 Lewis, Eugene P. 1977a. HOT Springs County Economy, an Input-Output Analysis. Community Service Division, Ag. Extension Service Bulletin B645, Laramie: University of Wyoming. Study furnishes economic input data for the decision- making process. It (1) presents the sources of output, household income, and employment in Hot Springs County; (2) identifies the important or leading business activities in the economy; (3) presents the interdependencies between the various segments of the economy; and (4) provides a gauge to measure the impact of change in the economic base of Hot Springs County. Lewis, Eugene P. 1977b. Big Horn County Economy, an Input- Output Analysis. Community Service Division, Agricultural Extension Service Bulletin B 646, Laramie: University of Wyoming. Study furnishes economic input data for the decision-making process. It (1) presents the sources of output, household income, and employment in Big Horn County; (2) identifies the important or leading business activities in the economy; (3) presents the interdependencies between the various segments of the economy; and (4) provides a gauge to measure the impact of change in the economic base of Big Horn County. Lewis, Eugene P. 1977c. Washakie County Economy, an Input- Output Analysis. Community Service Division, Agricultural Extension Service Bulletin B 647, Laramie: University of Wyoming. Study furnishes economic input data for the decision-making process. It (1) presents the sources of output, household income, and employment in Washakie County; (2) identifies the important or leading business activities in the economy; (3) presents the interdependencies between the various segments of the economy; and (4) provides a gauge to measure the impact of change in the economic base of Washakie County. Mitchell, Burke and James R. Garrett. 1977. Characteristics of the Range Cattle Industry, 1972, Region III, Northeastern Nevada. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin B 42, Reno: Max C. Flesichmann College of Agriculture, University of Nevada. Costs and returns and management practice for range livestock operations in Northeastern Nevada were estimated from data collected from personal interviews. Net ranch receipts were low and there was a return to assets of only^about 2%. Federal grazing permits furnished a large portion of the feed requirements in this region. â¢
367 Olson, Carl E. , William A. Daley, and Charles C. McAfee. 1977. An Economic Evaluation of Range Resource Improvement. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin B 650, Laramie: University of Wyoming. The primary avenue of growth for the range livestock industry is through internal expansion, that is, to obtain more forage output from rangeland. The booklet describes a method for determining the profitability of rangeland improvement over time. The method is a three step process. First, estimate the production function of the practice. The next step is to estimate the expected returns from improvement practices. Lastly, estimate the cost of improvement practices and determine whether returns are greater than costs. Peryam, J. Stephen, and Carl E. Olson. 1975. Impact of Potential Changes in BLM Grazing Policies on West-Central Wyoming Cattle Ranches. Agricultural Experiment Station Research Journal 87, Laramie: University of Wyoming. Publication examines the effects of increases in the grazing fees charged by the BLM and/or decreases in permit numbers on the ranch operator's income and methods of production. Ranches were identified as to degree of dependence on BLM forage, high dependence group had an average of 59% of forage from BLM; low dependence group used an average of 24.6% of BLM forage; ranchers in study were split evenly in the two dependence categories and a model ranch was determined for each group. Linear programming was used to analyze the effects of changes. Fee increases and permit reductions were both found to have detrimental effects on ranchers in both categories. It was better for the rancher to have his permit numbers reduced than to have a fee increase. Returns to operator's labor, management and capital were reduced more by the fee increase to achieve a given reduction in use is achieved with permit reduction. Quenemoen, M.E., G. Robert Johnson, and Charles E. Egan. 1970. Costs and Returns Estimates for a Farm Flock Sheep Enterprise in Southcentral Montana. Cooperatives Extension Service Circular 1102, Bozeman: Montana State University. Circular shews typical cost-return relationships for a farm flock of sheep in the Southcentral area of Montana. Was written by two farm advisors and one agricultural economist, mainly for the benefit of sheep ranchers in the area. Report shows a discouraging negative return to the operator's labor and management. The implication is that, given the prices, yields and costs given in the report, the rancher would be better off to lease his pasture, sell his hay and grain at market and use his labor and capital in some other alternative.
368 Rey, Mark Edward. 1975. A critique of the Bureau of Land Management's management program for wild horses and burros in the western United States. Chapter III: Interesting critique of BLM public involvement strategies, based on review of BLM planning documents. Chapter V: Analyzed recreation visitor attitudes toward wild horses in Pryor Mountains to assess the value o'f the animals. Survey was conducted by a short questionnaire administered through interviews, which measured respondents' demographic characteristics, recreation preferences, inter- pretive and development preferences, attitudes, and values associated with wild horses. Sample size approx..350. Analysis revealed favorable public attitudes toward value of horses and burros. Chapter VI: Discussed visitor use and preferences for recreational development of the Pryor Mountain complex. Rey, Mark Edward. 1975. An evaluation of the recreational and interpretive potential of the Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range. BLM, Billings District Office, Montana. To facilitate development of an interpretive and recreation plan, a set of questionnaires was administered in Lovell, Wyoming to determine tourist motivation for passing through the area (N=80). Another set of recreational and attitude questionnaires was administred to recreation users in the Pryor Mountain Compex. Demographic data, motivational data, and preferences for interpretation and development of the horse range were collected in these questionnaires (N=350). Management alternatives and their corresponding interpretive emphases are evaluated. Relevant elements of visitor moti- vation and preference are discussed. Recommendations are made for management of horses and recreation users, and for interpretation of the horse range. Reed, A. D., and L. A. Horel. 1973. An Analysis of Beef Costs and Returns in California. Agricultural Extension, Berkeley: University of California. Compilation of cow-calf studies from the nine major counties in the state and stocker studies from the five major counties in the state, all point to the fact that it was difficult to be profitable in the cattle industry in the 1970-73 period. Major problems were high price for rangeland, increases in taxes, labor and other costs. Cattle and calves were the top-ranking agricultural enterprises in California in 1971, with sales of over $940,000,000, accounting for 19% of the agricultural income in the state. L
369 Stevens, Delwin M. 1971. An Economic Analysis of Wyoming's Sheep Industry (I960, 1964, 1968) Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 546, Laramie: University of Wyoming. Study analyzes economic aspects of range and farm flock sheep production for Wyoming, with separate sections for three important range areas and three different years. Sheep industry is having difficult financial problems; lamb and mutton face stiff competition from red meats and poultry; wool must compete with synthetic fibers and cotton; production costs are rising and prices for sheep and wool are variable. Did a comprehensive job of surveying the Wyoming sheep industry, and identifying and analyzing the factors important to a profitable enterprise. Stevens, Delwin M. 1975. Wyoming Mountain Valley Cattle Ranching in 1973 and 1974 -- An Economic Analysis. Agricul- tural Experiment Station Research Journal 95, Laramie: University of Wyoming. Does a very thorough job of analyzing the businesses of cattle ranchers in the Wyoming Mountain Valley area. Compares size of business and profitability for three different ranch sizes. Goes through a good enumer- ation of the factors influencing earnings in the Mountain Valley area. Covers range and meadow improvements that typical ranchers do, including fencing, brush spraying, fertilization of meadows and pastures and waterhole development. States that although about 10% of the forage used during the year comes from Forest Service lands, little development of any kind is done on these federal lands.
370 Government Planning Documents Bureau of Land Management. -- 1979 Proposed domestic Livestock grazing management program for the Caliente area. DES 79-23. Nevada State Office. Pp. 2-96 to 2-99 describes attitudes of county residents toward their vocation, lifestyle, and federal policy for public lands. Based on a county value survey and informal discussions with local government officials, citizens, and ranchers. Pp. 10-95 to 10-101. Appendix G, Social Economics, Section 5, Impact on Attitudes, Values and Lifestyles. Describes unfavorable feelings of ranching community toward wild horses, as well as attitudes toward past and present federal land policy, local control, and the ranching lifestyle. Sample was purposive, not random; consisted of 56 ranchers (65% of ES area ranchers); method used was guided conversation. 1979 Missouri Breaks Grazing DES. Montana State Office. P. 2-64.mentions horses as an aesthetic resource with limited viewing opportunities. Pp.2-81 to 2-82 describe support of local residents for improving wildlife habitat, land and water use planning, and effective predator control, as long as livestock grazing is not prohibited. Based on a Montana State University 1977 attitudinal survey and on public participation responses. 1979 Grand Junction Resource Area Grazing Management DES. Colorado State Office. Pp. 2-73 to 2-74 qualitatively discusses social and cultural attitudes of region residents toward ranching, their community and BLM's multiple use philosophy. Information gathered from public participation analysis contained in BLM planning documents. 1978 Proposed domestic livestock grazing management program for the Seven Lakes Area, FES. Rawlins, Wyoming District Office. Pp. 2-68 and 3-41 briefly describe favorable sociocultural attitudes of ranchers and mineral industry personnel toward their vocations, towards continued multiple use of public lands, and increasing government regulation. Mentions strong support of certain population segments for protection of wildlife and open space. Information gathered from public participation meetings.
371 1978 Proposed livestock grazing management for the Tuledad-Home Camp Planning Unit. FES. Washington, D.C. Pp. 2-102 to 2-103 describe sociocultural attitudes of local interest groups towards wild horses, stressing control of population, towards control methods, as well as several other wild horse issues. Attitudes toward ranching and recreation are also described. Based on academic and BLM data and informal telephone and person interviews. Table 9-1 on pp. 9-3 to 9-5 summarizes comments received on several resources uses on the DES, including wild horses. 1978 Revised range management program for the Challis Planning Unit. Final Supplemental ES. Idaho State Office. Pp. 2-59 and 3-52 describe unfavorable attitudes of local residents toward wild horses and gives 9 reasons, based on 12 interviews. Information also included on attitudes toward federal management and local control; recreation development, subdivision, and wilderness; livestock operator/ community relationships; and motivation for ranching. P. A-191 describes methodology of survey and presents state- ments on wild horses with number of respondents making them. Sample was purposive, not random; method used was guided conversations. 1976 Second Report to Congress, Administration of Wild, Free- Roaming Horse and Burro Act of 197l. Washington, D.C. P. 7 summarizes recent public sentiment, stating heavy support for protectionist position, but concluding that there is some support for maintaining horses and burros in balance with other species and with habitat. 1975 Livestock grazing management on national resource lands. FES 75-9. Programmatic Statement. Washington, D.C. Appendix II-G presents a 2 page discussion of the social aspects of grazing management on national resource lands, based on the distribution of individual permitees by size of permit. National Park Service. -- 1979 Proposed feral burro management and ecosystem restoration plan and draft environmental statement, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. DES 79-4. Appendix H gives a summary analysis of public comments on the original 1976 Feral Burro Management Plan and Environmental Assessment which proposed direct reduction (shooting) and exclusion fencing of burros.
372 Environmental impacts section describes qualitatively the impacts of direct reduction and herding/fencing on people concerned about burros. (Section H - Impact on Socioeconomic Environment). 1977 Grand Canyon National Park "Burro" Letter Synthesis, Phases I - V, June 1976âMay 1977. Unpublished manuscript. Analysis of letters and petitions responding to the 1976 Feral Burro Management Plan and Environmental Assessment. Responses are broken down by position, reason for position, geographic area of response, and number of names for each basic reason. Most opposed to shooting. Approx. 16,000 responses were received. 1977 Bandelier National Monument. Review of Alternatives. March. 86 participants at a 1976 workshop on the Feral Burro Management Environmental Assessment were polled by questionnaire on a variety of burro management alternatives. The Review describes the alternatives, and analyzes percentage of respondents favoring each. Sample was non-random and sample size is unclear, since some mail responses were received and total sample size is not given in the paper. Questionnaires are available for examination at Bandelier. Other Government Documents U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. 1976. H.R. 2935, H.R. 4577, and H.R. 6763 to Amend the Federal Law Relating to the Protection, Management, and Control of Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros on Public Lands. Serial No. 94-37. Positions for and against aircraft use and motorized vehicle use in roundups for management purposes; ability of Secretary to transfer title of adopted horses and burros to the adopters. Positions based on humane concerns, right of stockmen to use public grazing lands, need for management to conserve public rangelands and indigenous wildlife populations. U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. 197l. S. 862, S 1116, S 1090, and S. 1119 to Authorize the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Agriculture to Protect, Mana""1 and Control Free-Roaming Horses and Burros on Public Lands. Both the above hearings expressed a number of concerns: need for management; competition with other species; need for humane protection, prevention of extinction; aesthetic, recreational, and historic heritage values. U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. 197l. H.R. 795 and H.R. 5375, Legislation to Authorize the
373 Protection, Management, and Control of Free-Roaming Horses and Burros on Public Lands. Serial No. 92-5. U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. 1978. Public Rangelands Improvement Act of 1978. Publication Mo. 95-170. Testimony on amending PL 92-195 to allow removal of excess horses and burro on Secretarial determination (to adoption or humane disposal) and to allow adoptors to receive title after one year. Usual interest group positions expressed as in H.R. 2935 et al. above. U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources 1977. Oversight of the Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 197l. Publication No. 95-60. Concerned mainly with biological and management questions in administration of the Act. Usual positions taken by various interest groups as in H.R. 2935 et al. above. U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs 1974. The Administration of Public Law 92-195 â The Wild and Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Act of 197l. Oversight hearing prompted by the Howe Massacre. Expresses humane values. U.S. Departments of Agriculture and Interior. 1977. Study of Fees for Grazing Livestock on Federal Lands. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. This joint study by the Departments of Agriculture and Interior describes the history of grazing fees and covers the issues related to the current system of fees. The report then put forth proposals from several different agencies, discussed these alternatives, and concluded that the 1969 fee system, with modifications, would be put into effect as of the 1978 grazing season. U.S. Department of Commerce. 1970. The forage resource. Public Land Law Review Commission. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.c. The report assesses the magnitude and importance of the forage resource on public lands and the livestock industry dependent on it. It examines the importance of the forage resource to local economies by drawing on existing studies and through a detailed analysis of eight counties that were selected because they have significant areas of public forage lands. The nature of conflicts between range uses and other resource values and uses are also examined in the study.
374 U.S. Department of Commerce. 1970. Impact of public lands on selected regional economies. Public Land Law Review Commission. Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Washington, D.C. This study compared the relative economic importance of major commodities produced on public lands (timber, forage, energy fuels, minerals, outdoor recreation and intensive agriculture) for Washington State, a portion of the Colorado River Basin, and U.S. as a whole. The study then evaluated the effect of these public land outputs on other sectors of the regional economies, and by I-0 analysis estimated the impacts of change in the level of these outputs on the regional economies. Based on the above, and on other relevant information, the study evaluated the role of public lands in both local and regional economies. U.S. Department of Commerce. 1970. One third of the nation's land, a report to the President and to the Congress by the Public Land Law Review Commission, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. This study was mandated by Congress when it created the Public Land Law Review Commission. The Study explores all salient areas of public land law and makes recommendations meant to help the federal agencies manage those lands that are under their jurisdiction. Sections of interest are the planning of future land use; range resources, and outdoor recreation. U.S. Department of Commerce. 1979. User fees and charges for public lands, and resources. Public Land Law Review Commission. National Technical Information Service, Washington, D.C. Objective of the study: develop and organize for the Public Land Law Review Commission information showing the manner in which various user fees and charges for public lands and resources are developed, the effect of the manner in which they are determined, the level of revenues derived from the fees and charges, and the probable effect of possible alternatives to the existing legal structure guiding the levying of fees and charges. Report covers fees and charges for timber, grazing and outdoor recreational use. Contains good statistical section. U.S. General Accounting Office. 1977. Public rangelands continue to deteriorate. Special Report on Department of Interior's Management of Public Rangeland, Washington, D.C. Report identifies management actions needed to minimize damage to the U.S. rangelands. Deterioration can be attributed to poorly managed grazing by livestock. If BLM is to comply with the intent of the Taylor Grazing Act, it must intensify its management of the public lands. To minimize further damage, it is recommended that: BLM
375 managers follow headquarters instructions on updating manage- ment plans and take measures to stop destructive continuous grazing. On lands where implementation of management plans is pending; an assessment needs to be made of BLM actions to improve rangeland conditions; and BLM field managers will be required to seek assistance from livestock operators in providing essential range improvement facilities. Popular Journals Amaral, Anthony. 1971 The wild horse - worth saving? National Parks and Cons., March: 21-24. Article discussing primarily a massive roundup of 70,000 Nevada wild horses in 1950. Expresses need for management. . 197l. Threat to the free spirit: the question of the mustang's future. The American West, September: 13-17, 62-63. Positions of wildlife managers, stockmen, BLM and the International Society for the Protection of Mustangs and Burros jusz prior to 1971 passage of PL92-195. Anonymous. 1968. The last roundup? Newsweek. 12 May: 95-96. Local citizens' views about the Pryor Mountain Range at the time the wild horse refuge was being established there. Anonymous. 1974. Wild horse rights: return of the mustangs. Colorado Business. l(4):23-24. Discusses PL 92-195. Rancheis are distressed because in some cases they must now share leased federal land with wild horses and they are forbidden to round up wild horses to sell to rendering plants. Atwill, Lionel A. 1979. Up to our ears in asses. Backpacker. 7(2). Excellent summary of the burro problem on National Park Service lands. Qualitatively covers history of the problem, views of principal interest groups, biolgoical information, PL92-195, and management alternatives. Brandon, William. 1972. Wild horses of the west. Sierra Club Bull. September: 4-10, 37. Discussion of why PL92-195 was passed overwhelmingly and why wild horses have claimed so much attention and publicity. History of horse . Defense of wild horses as symbols of freedom and wildness.
376 DeFilippo, Florence. 1970. A plea for the wild horse. Horseman's Yankee Pedlar. 8(11): 92-93. Strongly protectionist article describing slaughter and hunting of wild horses. Need for legislation is outlined. DeWald, Bud. 1956. A he-man's sport. Arizona Days and Ways Magazine. 8 April: 6-9. Article promoting burro roundup as a population control measure, as well as a tourist attraction. Reflects dominionistic attitude. Dodge, Natt N. 1951. Running wild. National Parks, 25:104: 10-15 Anecdotal account of problems of feral species in southwestern national parks and monuments, by an NFS chief naturalist. Short account of sentimental public objection to early burro control program. Sentiment attributed to humanistic and utilitarian attitudes. Downer, Craig C. 1977. Man's attitudes toward the wild horse. Ln Wild Horses: Living Symbols of Freedom. Western Printing and Publishing Co., Sparks, Nevada. 11-page qualitative description of attitudes of American Indians, Spanish colonialists, early homesteaders, present stockmen mustangers, hunters and game managers, and wild horse enthusiasts. Biased strongly pro-horse. Hamilton, Samantha. 1978. Myths, magic and the horse. Equus. 13, November: 31. Light treatment of man's mythical and symbolic relationship to horses, illustrated mainly from Greek myth. Hopson, Janet. 1977. A modest proposal for the desert ass. Outside, September. Short and superficial treatement of burro history and management problems, including views of NPS managers and burro protectionists. Slightly anti-burro. Leadabrand, R. 1956. Long-eared problem child of the desert. Desert Magazine, June: 10-12. Outlines and discusses opposing protectionist and management views. Management view is that held by those opposing burros on grounds of being a feral species and of competition with native wildlife. Outlines legislation protecing the burro in California.
377 Libman, Joan. 1975. A battle in Nevada may decide the fate of the wild horse. Wall Street Jour., 4 Aug: 1,7. Contention between BLM and Nevada over the Adopt-a-Horse Program. Highlights various stands of environmental groups, ranchers, and wild horse societies. Most, Chuck, 1969. Wild horses of the Pryors. Defenders of Wildlife News, 45(1): 69-72. Describes establishment of Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range including public outcry at BLM management plan for the area, public meetings to determine sentiment on alternative proposals for the Pryor area, and establishment and work of advisory board in making recommendations for -future management. Oakley, Charles. 1976. Wyoming's free-roaming horses. Wyoming Wildlife, 40 (9): 28-3l. Espouses need for measures to control and conserve horse populations, native wildlife, and rangelands, despite understanding of sentimental value of horses to public. Reiss, Bob. 1979. .Wild horses: our runaway heritage. Equus, 20, June. Excellent and comprehensive article outlining controversy over wild horse management, giving views and management alternatives of various interest groups, scientists, and BLM. Problems with enforcement of legislation and adoption program. Pontrelli, Michael J. 1969. Protection for wild mustangs. Defenders of Wildlife News. 44(4):444-446. Describes proposed Senate bill 2166 for mustang protection, describes positions of National Mustang Association, Spanish Mustang Registry, International Society for the Protection of Mustangs and Burros, describes author's suggested provisions for the bill. Regenstein, Lewis. 1978. America's wild horses: protected by lawsuit but still threatened. In The Politics of Extinction. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York. History of the fight to save the wild horses, from a humane/protectionist viewpoint. Presents views of several interest groups. Feels more effective protection is needed to save wild horses.
378 Ryden, Hope. 197l. Goodbye to the wild horse? Reader's Digest. May: 227-232. Condensation of 1970 version of Ryden's book America's Last Wild Horses. Expresses strong protectionist sentiment. 197l. On the track of the west's wild horses. National Geographic 139 (1):94-109. Describes the area in which wild horses live and her own experiencs with them. Largely natural history, with protectionist sentiment expressed. Illustrated with many photographs. Spencer, Dick. 1959. Plight of the mustang. Sports Afield. December: 28-29, 9l. Early expression of protectionist sentiment. Describes situation of horses, recommends establishment of refuges and control of populations as necessary. Taylor, Ronald B. 1977. The burro or the bighorn? National Parks and Conservation Magazine, 51 (9): 10-14. Nonnative feral"burro must be eliminated from Death Valley National Monument if native desert bighorn sheep is to survive in one of its last ranges. Strongly anti-burro. Thomas, Heather. 1977. A cattle rancher views the wild horses. American Horseman, No month: Pp 27, 52-57, 6l. Critique of position of the American Horse Protection Association's position towards BLM and stockmen. Qualitative defense on biological and social grounds of horse management and ranchers' use of public lands for grazing, as part of use and preservation of public rangelands. Thomson, David. 1972. One final fight for America's wild horses. True, The Man's Magazine, February: 27-29, 33-, 82-85. Describes both positive and negative attitudes of western stockmen towards wild horses, based on interviews with two ranchers. Emphasizes symbolic value of horse representing America's western heritage as moving force behind PL02-195. Trueblood, Ted. 1975. Disaster on the western range. Field and Stream, 79(9): 1H, 22-23. Expresses feeling of author for more management and control of wild horses and burros because of effects on native wildlife, range carrying capacity, and other reasons.
379 Weight, Harold and Lucille Weight. 195l. Death or refuge for our desert burros. Calico Print 7: 2. 1953. A word for brother Two early articles advocating extreme protectionist position based on humanistic sentiment. Willson, Roscoe G. 1957. Will it be life or death for Arizona nightingles. Arizona Days and Ways Magazine, March: 38-39. Prompted by a bill introduced into the Arizona State senate to protect burros. The author favors protection, disputing biologists' claims of competition with bighorn sheep. Wood, Harold William. 1974. Death Valley: desert wilderness in danger. National Parks and Conservation Magazine, 48(2):4-9 Anti-burro sentiment expressed based on destruction of natural ecosystem and competition with bighorn sheep. Wood, Nancy. 1969. The wild horses -- heritage or pest? Audubon, November: 46-5l. General discussion of problem. Includes early history of roundups; refuges; and attitudes of cattlemen, BLM officials, oldtimers, protectionists, weekend cowboys. Interest Croup Poll Wild Horse Organized Assistance Inc. 1979. Informal poll of members on priorities of concern. Unpublished survey. Poll done through WHOA newsletter. 43% response (N--6596) Priorities in descending order: protection, improvement of adoption program, habitat studies, greater place for horses, educating for wildlife. Correspondence and Clipping Files BLM Division of Wild Horses and Burros, Washington, D.C. -- l. Correspondence a. Private individuals Dates: 1967 - 58 (?) - present Subject: Horse and burro problems on private lands only; general comment and question letters are not kept after being answered. Location: 1975-76-present - BLM Pre-1975 - Federal Center storage Number: Unknown
380 b. Congressional Dates: 1967-69 (?) - present Subject: Letters from Congressmen and letters passed on from constituents on all aspects of the issue. Location: 1975-76-present - BLM Pre-1975 - Federal Center storage Number: 100-200 year. 2. Clippings Dates: 197U - present How filed: By year Number: Approximately 200 Location: BLM Contact for all material: Robert Springer National Park Service, Grand Canyon. -- Correspondence Dates: 1976-1977 Subject: Responses to 1976 burro removal proposal Number: Approximately 16,000 Location: Grand Canyon Contact: Jim Walters National Park Service, Death Valley National Monument. Correspondence Dates: 197:t(?) - present Subject: Burro management Number: 500-600 Location: Death Valley Contact: Peter Sanchez National Park Service, Bandelier National Monument. -- Correspondence Dates: 1974 - present Subject: Burro management Number: 75-100 Location: Eandelier Contact: Dr. Milford Fletcher, NFS Southwest Region, Sante Fe, N.M. Wild Horse Organized Assistance, Inc., Reno, Nevada. Corre?pondenee Dares: 1975 - present Subject: Adoption program Anti-cruelty concern Public Lands Horse Lovers Freedom of horses
381 Number: Several thousand Location: WHOA office Contact: Mrs. Dawn Lappin American Horse Protection Association, Washington, D.C. 1. Correspondence Dates: 1969-presant, filed by year Subject: Horce and burro issues Number: 1500-2000 Location: AHPA 2 .^ Clippings Dates: Horses: 1969 - present Burros: 1967 - present Filed by year Number: Over 1000 Location. AHPA Contact: Mrs. Joan Blue Humane Society of the U.S., Washington, D.C. l. Correspondence Dates: Early 1970fs - present How filed: By individual writing letter, not by subject; would be difficult to pull out wild horse and burro concerns. Numbers: Unknown Location: HSUS 2. Clippings Dates: Uncertain Subject: Adoption program and roundups How filed: By subject Number: Several hundred Location HSUS Contact: Frantz Dantzlcr, Marc Paulhus Still Seeking to be Analyzed Books Middleton, Christopher. 1975. Wild Horse. Sceptre Press, Knotting. Thomas, Heather. 1979. The Wild Horse Controversy. A.S. Barnes, South Brunswick, N.J.
382 Articles. Ambler, Marwane. 197 S. Activists Torn Over What's Best For Horses. High Country News, I0(HO:1. Ryder., Hope. 1977. Managing Mustangs in Deep Ignorance. Defenders, 52(5): 290.
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