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COMMITTEE ON UTILIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING MANPOWER James R. Killian, Jr., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chairman Richard H. Bolt, Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc., Director of Staff Bernard R. Berelson, The Population Council Paul W. Cherington, Harvard University Karl A. Folkers, Stanford Research Institute Walter H. Gale, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Louis C. Goad, General Motors Corporation Crawford H. Greenewalt, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc. Frederick H. Harbison, Princeton University Clark Kerr, University of California Augustus B. Kinzel, Union Carbide Corporation Douglas M. Knight, Duke University Herbert E. Longenecker, Tulane University John W. Macy, U.S. Civil Service Commission Haakon I. Romnes, American Telephone & Telegraph Company Merriam H. Trytten, National Academy of SciencesâNational Research Council Dean E. Wooldridge, Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc. Marvin Adelson, Executive Director )N B.C., 1964
TOWARD BETTER UTILIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING TALENT A PROGRAM FOR ACTION OF THE COMMITTEE ON UTILIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING MANPOWER
Copies of this report are available as Publication Number 1191 from the Printing and Publishing Office, National Academy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington D.C. 20418. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 64-60040 â¢
PREFACE Suggestions that a study be undertaken to examine the utilization of sci- entists and engineers in the United States originated in the President's Science Advisory Committee and in the Federal Council for Science and Technology. As early as 1959, both bodies had expressed a need for such a review and had taken first steps toward initiating a study. In 1961, in response to a recommendation to President Kennedy by Jerome Wiesner, his Special Assistant for Science and Tech- nology, the President approved the undertaking of a study on utiliza- tion, together with a review of requirements for the development of scientists and engineers between now and 1970. This latter review, it was agreed, should be undertaken by the President's Science Advisory Com- mittee. The study of utilization, it was felt, could best be conducted through a non-governmental body and supported from private sources. The National Academy of Sciences was requested to appoint a committee to make such a study, and to secure the necessary funds. The Academy agreed and in 1962 appointed the Committee on Utilization of Scientific and Engineering Manpower; and, in response to a proposal from the Academy, the Ford Foundation made a grant to finance the Committee's work. This report reflects the views of the Committee, based on its two years of study. The Committee expresses its gratitude for the subvention of the Ford Foundation and for the generous conditions governing its use. The Committee has been supported by an able staff: Marvin Adelson, Executive Director, on leave from System Development Cor- poration; for various periods, Vincent P. Rock, on leave from the In- stitute for Defense Analyses; Arnold Nemore; Ernest Mosbaek; Allen
0. Gamble; and John Dixon. The Committee, together with its staff, acknowledges the extensive technical support of the National Science Foundation, especially through the services of Walter Koltun and Wil- bert Annis. On pages 59-61 is recorded our indebtedness to many others who made important contributions to the study. Three members of the Committee undertook executive responsibili- ties in the course of the study. Richard H. Bolt assembled the staff and gave it leadership. Walter H. Gale supported the chairman in the general direction of the study, in addition to performing his duties as a member of the Committee. For a period when the chairman was unavailable, Clark Kerr served as chairman of the Committee. The Committee owes a special debt of gratitude to the President of the National Academy of Sciences, Frederick Seitz, for his direct assistance in furtherance of this study. Several panels were convened to discuss problems under considera- tion by the Committee, including three groups from industry and a group from the universities. A large group from the government and univer- sities met for two days, with the Industrial Relations Section of Prince- ton University serving as host. To all these wise counselors we express our deep appreciation. While its report, by request, is concerned with "utilization," the Committee wishes to make clear that it views utilization in a broad context: it is concerned with humanistic goals as well as economic, with the freedom and worth of man as well as his utility. In the context established by the Committee, utilization denotes: the work scientists and engineers are doing, where they are doing it and for what purposes, and the effectiveness of their efforts. Within this broad meaning, the report touches upon: the distribution of personnel in relation to needs, productivity in various working environments, and the effects of educa- tion and training upon productivity. These elements are considered in two dimensions: the values of the work done, and the development of the people doing it. This report is one of several studies dealing with important aspects of scientific and engineering manpower. In January 1963 the President's Science Advisory Committee published a report entitled Science, Govern- ment, and Information: the Responsibilities of the Technical Commu- nity and the Government in the Transfer of Information. Because this report is so comprehensive, we have not dealt with the growing prob- lem of information dissemination, even though it has a direct bearing on the efficiency of research and other technical activities. More re- cently the same committee issued a report on Graduate Training in Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, a topic only touched on in this report. Similarly, we have not emphasized the importance of the technician to the utilization of scientists and engineers because
of an impending report by the President's Science Advisory Committee on the education of technicians. And finally, it would have been nec- essary to say more about the ways in which the federal government supports basic research in the universities were it not for the recent appearance of the National Academy of Sciences' report, Federal Sup- port of Basic Research in Institutions of Higher Learning. These excel- lent studies deal with important aspects of the utilization of scientists and engineers, and thus supplement this report. Following the seven chapters that comprise the Committee's report, Part I, this volume presents a number of study papers, Part II, under independent authorship. These papers are significant additions to the all too meager literature on utilization and are an integral part of this report. The Committee wishes to make clear, however, that the study papers express the views of their authors and not necessarily those of the Committee. The authors, in turn, do not necessarily agree with all the views of the Committee. The effective utilization of scientists and engineers is but a part of the broad requirement that our society must recognize for the better utilization of all its human resources. We cannot afford to squander any of our human capital, or to deny any individual an opportunity to realize his full potential. James R. Killian, Jr., Chairman Richard H. Bolt Bernard R. Berelson Paul W. Cherington Karl A. Folkers Walter H. Gale Louis C. Goad Crawford H. Greenewalt Frederick H. Harbison ( Clark Kerr Augustus B. Kinzel Douglas M. Knight Herbert E. Longenecker John W. Macy Haakon I. Romnes Merriam H. Trytten Dean E. Wooldridge
PART TWO STUDY PAPERS TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPREHENSIVE MANPOWER POLICY, Frederick H. Harbison, page 65 REQUIREMENTS FOR SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING MANPOWER IN THE 1970's, Gerhard Colm and Leonard A. Lecht 71 HOW DO WE USE OUR ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS? Arthur M. Ro88 83 PROPOSAL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED MANPOWER-RELATED INFORMATION PROGRAM, Allen O. Gamble 99 SYSTEMS-ACQUISITION AND THE UTILIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING MANPOWER, Paul W. Cherington 112 CASE STUDIES ON UTILIZATION OF SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS ON TITAN II AND NTDS DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, Paul W. Cherington 121 MANPOWER RELATIONSHIPS IN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, Augustus B. Kinzel 135 COMMENTS ON INDUSTRIAL PRACTICE AFFECTING THE UTILIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING MANPOWER, Lawton M. Hartman 137 MAN-MACHINE PARTNERSHIP IN INTELLECTUAL PURSUITS: A LOOK AHEAD, Richard H. Bolt US FIGURES I NUMBERS OF SCIENTISTS, ENGINEERS AND SECONDARY-SCHOOL TEACHERS OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS, 1963 -page 3 II ALL SCIENTISTS, ENGINEERS AND SECONDARY-SCHOOL TEACHERS OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS DISTRIBUTED BY OBJECTIVES (1963 ESTIMATE) 4 III SCIENTISTS, ENGINEERS AND SECONDARY-SCHOOL TEACHERS OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS DISTRIBUTED BY FIELD OF WORK (1963 ESTIMATE) 7 IV SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS DISTRIBUTED BY FUNCTION PERFORMED (1963 ESTIMATE) 8 V SCIENTISTS, ENGINEERS AND SECONDARY-SCHOOL TEACHERS OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS DISTRIBUTED BY SECTOR OF EMPLOYMENT (1963 ESTIMATE) 9 VI SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS WORKING IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, EXTENT OF FEDERAL SUPPORT (1963 ESTIMATE) 11 VII DISTRIBUTION OF FUNDS FOR PERFORMANCE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN INDUSTRY, 1962 23 VIII FUNDS FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PERFORMANCE AS PERCENTAGE OF NET SALES IN MANUFACTURING COMPANIES, 1960 29 IX DOCTORATE PRODUCTION IN U.S. UNIVERSITIES, 1900 TO 1963 37 X EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES SPONSORED BY SELECTED INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYERS, PERCENTAGE OF COMPANIES SPONSORING EACH ACTIVITY M TABLES 1 COMPARISON OF TOP GOVERNMENT CAREER SALARIES WITH THOSE IN PRIVATE BUSINESS FOR COMPARABLE WORK SO 2 BACHELOR'S DEGREES AWARDEDâTOTAL AND SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 35
PART ONE REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE