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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 1986. Biotechnology: An Industry Comes of Age. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18677.
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Page 117
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 1986. Biotechnology: An Industry Comes of Age. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18677.
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Page 118
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 1986. Biotechnology: An Industry Comes of Age. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18677.
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Page 119
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 1986. Biotechnology: An Industry Comes of Age. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18677.
×
Page 120
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 1986. Biotechnology: An Industry Comes of Age. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18677.
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Page 121

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Index Academia, see Universities Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 3, 20,28 Adenosine deaminase (ADA), 45-48 Adhesives, 15, 21 Agency for International Development, 79, 110 Agriculture, see Genetic engineering, agricultur- al; specific crops and plants Agrobacterium tumefaciens, 35, 36, 40 AIDS, see Acquired immune deficiency syndrome Alexander, Martin, 54, 55-60 Amino acids, 5, 15, 18, 20, 37, 94 See also Proteins Anderson, W. French, 43, 45-48, 51-52 Animals, see Genetic engineering, animals; spe- cific animals Antibiotics, 1, 5, 14, 21, 30, 35, 95 Antibodies, 5, 14, 20, 73 See also Monoclonal antibodies Antigens, 25-26 Asilomar conference, see International Confer- ence on Recombinant DNA Molecules Atherosclerosis, 52, 89 B B lymphocytes, 25, 27 Bacillus thuringiensis, 34 Bacteria, 1, 3, 11, 15-17, 20-21, 24, 28, 32, 33, 59, 66, 71, 95 See also specific bacteria Bentley, Orville G., 64, 78 Beta-thalassemia, 43, 45 Biological synthesis, 14 Biologics, 13, 72-75, 78, 82, 115 Biotechnology firms challenges to, 89-90 characteristics, 85-87 funding, 39, 85-87, 111-112 importance of in United States, 111 successful, 87-89 types, 10, 12-13, 84-85 See also Industry Bone marrow cells, 45-48 Cabinet Council on Natural Resources and the Environment, 79 Cabinet Council Working Group on Biotechnolo- gy, 49, 79-81 Cancer, 19, 28, 89 Cattle, 30, 31, 40, 41 Cells bone marrow, 45-48 cloning, 3, 5, 27 culture techniques, 34 fermentation, 5, 22-24 fusion, 25, 75 germline, 7, 49-51, 52 growth, 24 hosts, 17, 34-35 molecular machinery, 15-18, 19, 22 sexual reproduction, 6-7 somatic, 7, 44-50 transformed, 47 tumor, 28, 29, 36 university-industry research, 103, 104 See also DNA; Genes; Human gene therapy; Recombinant DNA Centers for Disease Control, 79 Centocor, Inc., 87-90 Cetus, 86, 90 Chemicals, 4, 5, 9, 16. 21-22, 28, 76-77 Chemicals industry, 10, 14, 15, 21-22, 84, 85, 111 Chloroplasts, 35 Cholesterol, 52 Chromosomes, 16, 35, 41, 50, 51 Cline, Martin, 43, 44 Cloning, 3, 5, 27 Colibacillosis vaccine, 31 Commercialization of biotechnology, national policies affecting. 109-115 Congressional role in biotechnology, 77, 81-83 See also U.S. government Consulting arrangements between universities and industry, 99-100 Contracts between universities and industry, 99- 100 Corn, 37, 56, 71 Corynebacterium, 21 Costle, Douglas, 2 Cosmids, 16 Crops, see specific crops Cunningham, Brian, 64, 74-75 Cystic fibrosis, 45 D Deoxyribonucleic acid, see DNA Department of Agriculture (USDA). 7, 9, 66, 70, 77,78,80, 110 Department of Commerce, 79 Department of Defense, 79, 110 Department of Energy, 79, 110 Department of the Interior, 77, 79 Department of State, 79 Diabetes, 18 Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 91-92, 113 Diseases, 20, 28, 31, 40, 43, 45-47, 59, 85, 89 See also specific diseases Dispersal of genetically engineered organisms, 59-60 DNA extra, 59 foreign. 38, 39-40, 49-51, 61 human gene therapy, 46-50 probes, 95 transferrence, 8, 15-18, 34-42, 56. 60 See also Recombinant DNA Drugs, 3, 6, 13, 18, 19, 21, 30, 72-75, 82. 112 Dyes, 15, 21 117

118 l\DEX E plants, 1, 3, 6-7, 9, 31-39, 54-55, 58-59, 60-61, 78,92 research and regulation. 3-5, 9-10, 62-63, 64, 83 trade secrets, 95-96 See also Cells; Genes Genetic information transfer. 60-61 Glyphosate (Roundup). 38 Gore. Albert, Jr., 4, 43, 50, 52, 64, 67, 81-82 Green revolution, 6 Growth chambers, 57 Growth enhancers, 30 Growth hormones, 4, 7, 18-19, 37, 40-41, 51-52, 74 See also Hormones Guidelines for Research Involving Kecombinant DNA Molecules. 57, 65-67, 69-71 H Handler, Philip, 64 Harsanyi, Zsolt, 64, 83 Health care, 6, 14, 19, 20, 48, 87-89 Healy, Bernadine, 64, 70, 80-81 Hemophilia, 45 Hepatitis, 20, 28, 89 Herbicides, 38, 59 Herpes, 20, 28 High-performance liquid chromatography, 23 Homeostasis, 68 Hormones, 4, 14, 15, 16, 18, 30, 31, 34, 40, 93 See also Growth hormones House sparrows, 55 Human gene therapy clinical trials, 70 development, 4, 43-44, 73, 81 enhancement of traits, 51-53 germline gene therapy, 7. 49-51, 52 legislation, 82 somatic cell gene therapy, 7, 44-50 Human insulin, 18 Human serum albumin, 19 Hybrid-myeloma ("hybridoma") cells, 26, 27. 74. 95 Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transfer- ase (HPRT), 45-48 I Ecological considerations, 58-59, 63 Ecosystems, 8, 54-57, 58 Electrophoresis, 23 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 9, 66, 68,70,71, 75-78,80 Environmental risks, 4-6, 8-9, 24-25, 37, 54-63, 65-68, 70, 76, 79, 82, 83 Enzymes. 5, 15-18, 21, 22, 24-25, 35, 38, 43, 45, 47 See also specific enzymes EPSP synthase, 38 Escherichia coli, 23, 32, 66, 71, 72 Ethical considerations, 7, 48, 52 Experimental use permit (EUP), 75-76 Export controls, 79 Extension services between universities and in- dustry, 99-100 Federal government, see U.S. government; specif- ic agencies Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 75-76 Fermentation technologies, 5, 13, 22-24, 56, 77, 113 Field tests, 75-76 Food additives, 9, 14, 72, 73 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 9, 18, 49, 50. 66, 70, 72-75, 78, 80 Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, 72, 74. 75-77 Food processing, 10. 21, 84 Foreign-U.S. biotechnology agreements, 74-75, 86 Foundation on Economic Trends, 70 Funding of biotechnology, 10, 12-13, 39, 85-87, 98-99, 103, 109-112 Fungi, 32, 33, 55 Gartland, William J., Jr., 64, 71 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 112 Genes altered, 95 cloning, 3 coding, 1-2, 15-17, 37-38, 40, 45, 46 defective, 7, 43, 45, 50, 51 expression. 6, 17, 35, 40, 41-42, 48 foreign, 47, 49-51 recessive, 42 regulation, see Human gene therapy transference, 6-7, 8, 58-59 See also Cells; Human gene therapy; Onco- genes Genentech, 86, 90, 109 Genetic engineering agricultural, 1, 3, 5, 6-7. 9, 10, 15, 24.30-42. 54-55, 60-61, 70-71, 78 animals, 1, 3, 6-7, 9, 31, 32-33, 39-42, 58-59. 60-61, 78, 92 commercial applications, 10, 84-90 development. 2, 13 effects on environment, 4-6, 8-9, 24-25, 37, 54- 63, 66-68, 70-71, 76, 79, 82 enhancement of human traits, 52-53 "eugenic," 52 microorganisms, 1-6, 11, 14, 15, 21-25. 31-34, 58-59, 70-71, 75, 76-77, 78, 92, 93, 109 organisms, 8-9. 24, 54-63, 70-71, 81. 91, 92 patents, 11, 13, 82, 91-95, 96-97, 109 Immune systems, 5. 14, 20, 25, 28, 46, 104 Immunoglobulin, 40 In vitro diagnostic tests, 72, 73, 89 Industry agreements with universities. 99-101. 104-105 biotechnology funding, 85-87 biotechnology protection. 91-92 biotechnology research, regulation, and legisla- tion, 3-5, 63, 64-83, 85-90, 98-99 new biotechnology firms in. 84-90 patents. 11. 13, 82. 91-95, 96-97 peer review in agreements with universities, 104 problems of agreements with universities, 99- 101 relations with universities, 11-12, 82, 87. 89- 90. 98-105 trade secrets. 11, 95-96 See also Chemicals industry; Monsanto-Wash- ington University agreement; Pharmaceuti- cals industry Infections. 19 Influenza. 20 Insulin, 4, 74

ISDEX 119 Interagency coordinating committee on biotech- nology, proposed, 80 Interferons, 5, 19, 74 International competition in biotechnology, 108, 111, 112 See also Japan; United States International Conference on Recombinant DNA Molecules (Asilomar conference), 64-67, 71, 82 International technology transfer, 114-115 Introgression, 58-59 Investigational new drug notice (IND), 50, 72-73 J Jaenisch, Rudolf, 30, 39-41 Japan basic and applied research, 113-114 competition with United States, 12-13, 107-116 funding of biotechnology, 111-112 government support for biotechnology, 108- 109, 110 patents, 113 regulation of biotechnology, 112 start-up firms, 111 technology transfer, 114-115 trained personnel, 113-114 Jaworski, Ernest G., 31, 34-35 Johnson, Irving S., 64, 81, 107-109, 115-116 K Karny, Geoffrey M., 64, 77-78, 79 Kipnis, David M., 98, 101-105 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 32 Kohler, Georges, 27 Leder, Philip, 2. 4, 14, 16, 30, 42 Legislation of biotechnology, see Research, regu- lation, and legislation of biotechnology; spe- cific legislation Legumes, 32, 37 Lesch-Nyhan disease, 45-46 Licensing agreements, 86 Livestock, 1,31,37,51, 55 Lymphokines, 19, 74 M Molecular products of biotechnology, 4-5, 14-29 Monoclonal antibodies, 5, 25-29, 31, 72, 73, 85, 87-89, 115 Monsanto-Washington University agreement, 101-105 Moore, John A., 64, 76 Multiplication of genetically engineered organ- isms, 58-59 Multiproduct firms, 84 Muscular dystrophy, 45 N Nakasone, Yasuhiro, 108-109 Nathans, Daniel, 54 National Academy of Sciences Forum on Re- search with Recombinant DNA, 66, 67 National Bureau of Standards, 79 National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA), 71,79 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 79 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9, 48, 50, 57, 65-66, 69-71, 72, 80, 81, 103, 110, 113 National Science Foundation (NSF), 79, 80, 110 Neuropeptides, 5 New drug application (NDA), 73 Nicholas, Robert P., 64, 82 NIH, see National Institutes of Health Nitrogen fixation, 6, 32, 33, 37 Nonproteins, 19, 21 Nutrients, 22, 34 O Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 79 Office of Science and Technology Policy, see White House Office of Science and Technolo- gy Policy Oils, 5, 15, 21 Oncogenes, 3, 40, 42, 104 Organisms dispersal, 59-60 effects on environment, 60 environmental risks, 8-9, 55-56, 61-62 genetically engineered, 8-9, 24, 54-63, 70-71, 81,91,92 multiplication, 58-59 release, 56-58, 70-71 research and regulation, 62-63 survival, 58 transfer of genetic information, 60-61 Patent and Trademark Office, 79, 92, 93, 95, 97, 116 Patents, 11, 13, 82, 91-95, 96-97, 100-101, 109, 112-113 Paul, William E., 14, 27-29 Peptides, university-industry research on, 103, 104 Mahoney, Richard J., 64, 68 Malaria, 20 McGarity, Thomas O., 64, 82 Meat production, 51 Medical devices, 9, 13, 72, 73, 112 "Memorandum of understanding" between FDA and USDA, 78 Meningitis, 28 Metabolites, 21 Metallothioneins, 24, 40 Meyer, Harry M., Jr., 64, 73-75 Microbes, 1, 3, 4-5, 14-29, 31, 60, 66, 75, 83 Microbial pesticides, 75-76 Microbial products of biotechnology, 4-5, 14-29 Microorganisms, see Genetic engineering, micro- organisms Milk production, 30, 41, 51 Milstein, Cesar, 27 Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan). 110 Ministry of Health and Welfare (Japan), 112 Ministry of International Trade and Industry 1 (MITI) (Japan), 110-111 Molecular biology, 16, 35. 37. 98. 99. 113, 115 Perpich, Joseph G., 64, 69 Personnel needs in biotechnology, 113-114 Pesticides, 6, 9, 24, 32, 37, 54, 56, 75-76 Pests, 59, 78 Petunias, 35-37 Pharmaceuticals industry, 3, 10, 13, 18. 19. 20- 21,22. 30, 84, 85, 86, 87-89, 111, 112 Plants, see Genetic engineering, plants; specific plants Plasmids, 16, 17, 35, 36, 91, 101 Plasminogen activators, 19

120 INDEX Polio, 20 "Pomatoes," 35 Potatoes, 35, 38, 60 Pregnancy, detecting and monitoring. 28 Premanufacturing notice (PMN), 76-77 President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine. 52 Protection of biotechnology products and process- es, 91-95, 112-113 Proteins cells, 3, 15-18 expression, 95 molecular structure, 15-16, 18-19 storage, 37 synthesis, 16, 20, 21, 24, 95 university-industry research, 103, 104 See also Amino acids; Monoclonal antibodies Protoplasts, 34-35, 36, 38 Pseudomonas syringae, 33 Public Health Service Act, 72 Public role in biotechnology. 81-83, 96 Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), 45-46 R Single-stranded DNA viruses, 38, 47 Sirica, John, 71 Somatic cell gene therapy, 7, 44-50 Soybeans, 32, 37, 55 Start-up biotechnology firms, 10, 12-13, 84-87, 111 Stock market funding, 86-87, 109 Supreme Court, 11, 91, 109, 113 Survival of genetically engineered organisms. 58 Swine, 40 2,4-D, 24, 32 2,4,5-T, 24 Tissue culture, 34, 48 Tobacco. 38, 71 Tomatoes. 35, 38, 71 Tort laws, state, 79 Totipotency, 34 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), 75-78 Trade Act of 1974, 112 Trade agreements, 112 Trade secrets, 11, 95-96 u United States competition with Japan, 12-13, 107-116 funding of biotechnology. 10, 12-13, 39, 85-87. 98-99, 103, 109-112 patents, 112-113 technology transfer, 114-115 See also U.S. government; specific government agencies Universities agreements with industry, 99-101, 104-105 patent rights, 100-101, 103 peer review in agreements with industry, 103 problems of agreements with industry, 99-101 relations with industry, 11-12. 82, 87, 89-90. 98-105 research and development, 98-99 technology transfer, 114 See also Monsanto-Washington University agreement USDA, see Department of Agriculture U.S.-foreign biotechnology agreements, 74-75, 76 U.S. government biotechnology research, regulation, and legisla- tion, 4, 9-10, 39, 62-63, 64-83, 109-111, 112 commercialization of biotechnology, 109-115 competition in biotechnology, 115-116 funding of research in biotechnology, 109-111 patent laws, 92-95 See also United States; specific government agencies Vaccines, 3, 5, 6, 14, 20, 31, 74 See also specific vaccines Vectors, genetically engineered, 16-17, 35, 95 Venereal diseases, detecting and monitoring, 28 Vitamins, 1, 5, 15, 21, 93 W Rabbit globin gene, 40 Rabies. 31 RAC, see Recombinant DNA Advisory Commit- tee R&D limited partnership funding. 86-87 Recombinant DNA bans on experimentation, 65-66 development of technology, 1-5, 9, 16-17, 24, 25, 33. 43, 60, 75, 85, 91 guidelines for research, 57, 65-66, 69-71, 112 microbial products. 4-5, 14-29 molecular products, 4-5,18-22 research, regulation, and legislation, 4. 9-10, 64-82, 112 sexual, 60-61 See also DNA Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC), 9-10. 48, 65-66, 69-70, 72, 80. 81 Regulation of biotechnology, see Research, regu- lation, and legislation of biotechnology Release of genetically engineered organisms, 56- 58, 70-71, 81 Reproductive hormones, 19 Research, regulation, and legislation of biotech- nology, 3-5, 10, 11, 12-13. 62-63, 64-83, 85- 90,99-105, 109-111, 112, 113-114 Retroviruses, 39-40, 47-49 Rhizobium, 32, 55 Ribonucleic acid, see RNA Rich, Alexander. 3, 64. 66 Risks, see Environmental risks RNA, 47 Rodenticides. 75 Rogers. Stanfield. 42. 43 Roundup, see Glyphosate Rubisco, 35-37 Ruckelshaus, William B., 64, 68-69, 82, 83 Saliwanchik, Roman. 91, 92-97 Saxonhouse. Gary R., 107. 108-112, 115 Schoemaker, Hubert J. P., 84, 87-89 Scours vaccine, 31 Shope papilloma virus, 43 Sickle cell anemia, 45 Walters, Leroy B., Jr., 44, 48, 52-53 Washington University, see Monsanto-Washing- ton University agreement Waste treatment, 3. 15, 85 Weeds, 32, 55, 59, 60-61 White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, 9, 70, 79

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