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Sarah h H. Beachy, Adam C. Berger, B and S Steve Olson,, Rapporteurrs Rou undtable on Translating T Genomic-Ba G ased Researcch for Healthh Board B on Heealth Sciencees Policy
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS ⢠500 Fifth Street, NW ⢠Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The workshop that is the subject of this workshop summary was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. This project was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Nursing (unnumbered contract); American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (unnumbered contract); American Heart Association (unnumbered contract); American Medical Association (unnumbered contract); American Society of Human Genetics (unnumbered contract); Association for Molecular Pathology (unnumbered contract); Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association (unnumbered contract); College of American Pathologists (unnumbered contract); Department of the Air Force (Contract No. FA7014-0-P-0072); Department of Veterans Affairs (Contract No. VA248-P-1528); Eli Lilly and Company (unnumbered contract); Genetic Alliance (unnumbered contract); Health Resources and Services Administration (Contract No. HHSH250201100119P and Contract No. HHSH25034017T); International Society for Cardiovascular Translational Research (unnumbered contract); Johnson & Johnson (unnumbered contract); The Kaiser Permanente Program Offices Community Benefit II at the East Bay Community Foundation (Contract No. 20121257); Life Technologies (unnumbered contract); National Cancer Institute (Contract No. HHSN263201200074I, TO#5); National Coalition for Health Professional Education in Genetics (unnumbered contract); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139, TO#275); National Human Genome Research Institute (Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139, TO#264 and Contract No. HHSN263201200074I, TO#5); National Institute of Mental Health (Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139, TO#275 and Contract No. HHSN263201200074I, TO#5); National Institute of Nursing Research (Contract No. HHSN263201200074I, TO#5); National Institute on Aging (Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139, TO#275 and Contract No. HHSN263201200074I, TO#5); National Society of Genetic Counselors (unnumbered contract); Northrop Grumman Health IT (unnumbered contract); Office of Rare Diseases Research (Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139, TO#275); Pfizer Inc. (unnumbered contract); and PhRMA (unnumbered contract). The views presented in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the activity. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-30168-8 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-30168-8 Additional copies of this report are available for sale from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu. For more information about the Institute of Medicine, visit the IOM home page at: www.iom.edu. Copyright 2014 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America The serpent has been a symbol of long life, healing, and knowledge among almost all cultures and religions since the beginning of recorded history. The serpent adopted as a logotype by the Institute of Medicine is a relief carving from ancient Greece, now held by the Staatliche Museen in Berlin. Suggested citation: IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2014. Conflict of interest and medical innovation: Ensuring integrity while facilitating innovation in medical research: Workshop summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
The Na ational Academy of Sciences iss a private, nonpprofit, self-perpeetuating societyy of uished scholars engaged in scieentific and enginneering researchh, dedicated to the distingu furtheraance of science and a technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authoritty of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Acadeemy has a manddate that req quires it to advisse the federal goovernment on sccientific and techhnical matters. D Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is preesident of the Naational Academyy of Sciences. The Nattional Academy y of Engineering was establisheed in 1964, undeer the charter of the Nationaal Academy of Sciences, S as a paarallel organizattion of outstandiing engineers. Itt is autonom mous in its adm ministration and in i the selection of its memberss, sharing with tthe Nationaal Academy of Sciences S the ressponsibility for advising the feederal governmeent. The Naational Academy y of Engineerin ng also sponsorss engineering pprograms aimedd at meeting g national needs, encourages edu ucation and reseearch, and recoggnizes the superrior achievements of engineeers. Dr. C. D. Mote, M Jr., is pressident of the Nattional Academyy of Engineeering. The Insstitute of Mediccine was established in 1970 by tthe National Accademy of Sciencces to securre the services of o eminent memb bers of appropri ate professions in the examinatiion of policcy matters pertaaining to the heealth of the pubblic. The Instituute acts under tthe responsibility given to the t National Accademy of Sciennces by its congrressional charterr to be an addviser to the fed deral governmennt and, upon its oown initiative, too identify issuess of D Harvey V. Fiineberg is presiddent of the Instituute medicall care, research, and education. Dr. of Mediicine. The National Research h Council was organized o by thee National Acadeemy of Sciencess in 1916 to o associate the broad b community y of science andd technology wwith the Academyyâs purposees of furthering knowledge and advising the feederal governmeent. Functioningg in accordaance with generaal policies deterrmined by the A Academy, the Coouncil has become the prin ncipal operatingg agency of bo oth the Nationaal Academy of Sciences and the Nationaal Academy of Engineering E in providing p servicces to the goverrnment, the publlic, and the scientific and engineering e com mmunities. The C Council is admiinistered jointly by both Accademies and thee Institute of Meedicine. Dr. Ralpph J. Cicerone annd Dr. C. D. Moote, Jr., are chair c and vice ch hair, respectively y, of the Nationaal Research Couuncil. w www.nationall-academies.o org
PLANNING COMMITTEE1 SHARON TERRY (Chair), President and Chief Executive Officer, Genetic Alliance, Washington, DC GABRIELA LAVEZZARI, Assistant Vice President, Scientific Affairs, PhRMA, Washington, DC ALLEN S. LICHTER, Chief Executive Officer, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA BERNARD LO, President, Greenwall Foundation, New York, NY JILL HARTZLER WARNER, Associate Commissioner for Special Medical Programs, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD DORIT ZUK, Science Policy Advisor to the National Institutes of Health Deputy and Director for Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD IOM Staff ADAM C. BERGER, Project Director TONIA E. DICKERSON, Senior Program Assistant 1 Institute of Medicine planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution. v
ROUNDTABLE ON TRANSLATING GENOMIC-BASED RESEARCH FOR HEALTH1 WYLIE BURKE (Co-Chair until June 2013), Professor and Chair, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington, Seattle GEOFFREY GINSBURG (Co-Chair from June 2013), Director, Center for Genomic Medicine, Institute for Genomic Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC SHARON TERRY (Co-Chair), President and Chief Executive Officer, Genetic Alliance, Washington, DC NAOMI ARONSON, Executive Director, Technology Evaluation Center, Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association, Chicago, IL EUAN ANGUS ASHLEY, Representative of the American Heart Association; Director, Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA PAUL R. BILLINGS, Chief Medical Officer, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA BRUCE BLUMBERG, Institutional Director of Graduate Medical Education, Northern California Kaiser Permanente, Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, CA DENISE E. BONDS, Medical Officer, Division of Prevention and Population Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD JOANN A. BOUGHMAN, Former Executive Vice President, American Society of Human Genetics, Bethesda, MD PAMELA BRADLEY, Staff Fellow, Personalized Medicine Staff, Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD PHILIP J. BROOKS, Health Scientist Administrator, Office of Rare Diseases Research, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD ANN CASHION, Acting Scientific Director, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD C. THOMAS CASKEY, Professor, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 1 Institute of Medicine forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution. vi
SARA COPELAND, Former Acting Chief, Genetic Services Branch, Health Resources and Services Administration, Rockville, MD ROBERT B. DARNELL, President and Scientific Director, New York Genome Center; Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Heilbrunn Cancer Professor and Senior Physician, Head, Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY MICHAEL J. DOUGHERTY, Director of Education, American Society of Human Genetics, Bethesda, MD VICTOR DZAU, President and Chief Executive Officer, Duke University Health System; Chancellor for Health Affairs, Duke University, Durham, NC W. GREGORY FEERO, Contributing Editor, Journal of the American Medical Association, Chicago, IL ANDREW N. FREEDMAN, Branch Chief, Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Branch, Epidemiology and Genetics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD JENNIFER L. HALL, Representative of the International Society for Cardiovascular Translational Research; Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis RICHARD J. HODES, Director, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD SHARON KARDIA, Professor and Chair of Epidemiology; Director, Public Health Genetics Program; Director, Life Science and Society Program; Codirector, Center for Public Health and Community Genomics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor MOHAMED KHAN, Representative of the American Medical Association; Leader of Radiation Oncology, Vancouver Cancer Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada MUIN KHOURY, Director, National Office of Public Health Genomics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA GABRIELA LAVEZZARI, Assistant Vice President, Scientific Affairs, PhRMA, Washington, DC THOMAS LEHNER, Director, Office of Genomics Research Coordination, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD DEBRA LEONARD, Representative of the College of American Pathologists; Professor and Chair of Pathology at the University of Vermont College of Medicine; Physician Leader of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Fletcher Allen Health Care, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington vii
MICHELE A. LLOYD-PURYEAR, Representative of the Office of Rare Diseases Research; Former Senior Medical and Scientific Advisor, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD TERI A. MANOLIO, Director, Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, Rockville, MD ELIZABETH MANSFIELD, Director of the Personalized Medicine Staff, Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD KATHRYN MCLAUGHLIN, Program Officer, National Hemophilia Program, Genetic Services Branch, Health Resources and Services Administration, Rockville, MD KELLY MCVEARRY, Former Senior Scientific Advisor, Health Solutions, Northrop Grumman Information Systems, Rockville, MD GARRY NEIL, Former Corporate Vice President, Corporate Office of Science and Technology, Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ ROBERT L. NUSSBAUM, Chief, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine OLUFUNMILAYO F. OLOPADE, Walter L. Palmer Distinguished Service Professor of Medicine; Director, Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics; Associate Dean for Global Health, University of Chicago, IL MICHELLE A. PENNY, Senior Director, Translational Medicine Group, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN AIDAN POWER, Vice President and Head, PharmaTx Precision Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT VICTORIA M. PRATT, Representative of the Association for Molecular Pathology; Associate Professor of Clinical Medical and Molecular Genetics and Director, Pharmacogenomics Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis RONALD PRZYGODZKI, Associate Director for Genomic Medicine and Acting Director of Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC ALLEN D. ROSES, President and Chief Operating Officer, Cabernet, Shiraz and Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals; and JeffersonâPilot Professor of Neurobiology and Genetics, Professor of Medicine (Neurology); Director, Deane Drug Discovery Institute; Senior Scholar, Fuqua School of Business, R. David Thomas Executive Training Center, Duke University, Durham, NC viii
KEVIN A. SCHULMAN, Professor of Medicine and Business Administration; Director, Center for Clinical and Genetic Economics; Associate Director, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC JOAN A. SCOTT, Chief, Genetic Services Branch, Division of Services for Children with Special Health Needs, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Rockville, MD SAM SHEKAR, Chief Medical Officer, Health Information Technology Program, Northrop Grumman Information Systems, McLean, VA KATHERINE JOHANSEN TABER, Senior Scientist, Genetics and Molecular Medicine, American Medical Association, Chicago, IL DAVID VEENSTRA, Professor, Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research and Policy Program, Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle MICHAEL S. WATSON, Executive Director, American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Bethesda, MD DANIEL WATTENDORF, Deputy Chief, Medical Innovations, Department of the Air Force; Program Manager, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency/Defense Sciences Office, Arlington, VA CATHERINE A. WICKLUND, Past President, National Society of Genetic Counselors; Director, Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling; Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL JANET K. WILLIAMS, Representative of the American Academy of Nursing; Professor of Nursing, University of Iowa, College of Nursing, Chair of Behavioral and Social Science, Iowa City Fellows SEAN P. DAVID, James C. Puffer, M.D./American Board of Family Medicine Fellow SAMUEL G. JOHNSON, American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy/American College of Clinical Pharmacy Anniversary Fellow IOM Staff ADAM C. BERGER, Project Director SARAH H. BEACHY, Associate Program Officer TONIA E. DICKERSON, Senior Program Assistant (until January 2014) ix
MEREDITH HACKMANN, Senior Program Assistant (from January 2014) Board on Health Sciences Policy Staff ANDREW M. POPE, Director DONNA RANDALL, Administrative Assistant x
Reviewers This workshop summary has been reviewed in draft form by individ- uals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in ac- cordance with procedures approved by the National Research Councilâs Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published workshop summary as sound as possible and to en- sure that the workshop summary meets institutional standards for objec- tivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integri- ty of the process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this workshop summary: Margaret Anderson, FasterCures David R. Holmes, Mayo Clinic Heather H. Pierce, Association of American Medical Colleges Lili M. Portilla, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences Michele M. Schoonmaker, Cepheid Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of the workshop summary before its release. The review of this workshop summary was overseen by Harold J. Fallon, Dean Emeritus of the University of Ala- bama at Birmingham School of Medicine. Appointed by the Institute of Medicine, he was responsible for making certain that an independent ex- amination of this workshop summary was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully xi
xii REVIEWERS considered. Responsibility for the final content of this workshop summary rests entirely with the rapporteurs and the institution.
Acknowledgments The support of the sponsors of the Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Translating Genomic-Based Research for Health was crucial to the planning and conduct of the workshop Conflict of Interest and Medical Innovation: Ensuring Integrity While Facilitating Innovation in Medical Research and the development of the workshop summary report. Federal sponsors are the Department of the Air Force; Department of Veterans Affairs; Health Resources and Services Administration; National Cancer Institute; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Human Genome Research Institute; National Institute of Mental Health; National Institute of Nursing Research; National Institute on Aging; and Office of Rare Diseases Research. Nonfederal sponsorship was provided by the American Academy of Nursing; American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics; American Heart Association; American Medical Association; American Society of Human Genetics; Association for Molecular Pathology; Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association; College of American Pathologists; Eli Lilly and Company; Genetic Alliance; International Society for Cardiovascular Translational Research; Johnson & Johnson; The Kaiser Permanente Program Offices Community Benefit II at the East Bay Community Foundation; Life Technologies; National Coalition for Health Professional Education in Genetics; National Society of Genetic Counselors; Northrop Grumman Health IT; Pfizer Inc.; and PhRMA. The Roundtable wishes to express its gratitude to the expert speakers whose presentations helped outline the challenges in as well as the opportunities for facilitating collaboration to foster innovation while ensuring the integrity of medical research. The Roundtable also wishes to thank the members of the planning committee for their work in xiii
xiv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS developing an excellent workshop agenda. The project director would like to thank project staff who worked diligently to develop both the workshop and the resulting summary.
Contents ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xix 1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 1 Themes of the Workshop, 4 2 CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICIES: AN OVERVIEW 5 The Current Landscape: Definitions and Goals, 6 Enhancing the AcademiaâIndustry Relationship, 11 NIH Policy on Conflicts of Interest, 17 3 PERSPECTIVES ON CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICIES 21 Policy Transparency, 22 Collaboration Within Conflict of Interest Boundaries, 25 Serving on Advisory Committees, 27 Network of Experts, 28 4 PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST 31 Communicating Conflict of Interest, 32 Media Portrayals of Conflict of Interest, 34 Providing Context for Conflict of Interest, 35 5 MANAGING CONFLICT AND FACILITATING INNOVATION 39 Managing Conflicts of Interest and Balancing Innovation at Institutions, 41 Aligning Incentives in the Research Ecosystem, 45 Putting Patients at the Center of Care, 47 xv
xvi CONTENTS REFERENCES 49 APPENDIXES A Workshop Agenda 53 B Speaker Biographical Sketches 59 C Statement of Task 73 D Registered Attendees 75
Boxes and Figures BOXES 1-1 Workshop Objectives, 3 2-1 Key Effects of Conflict of Interest Policies, 9 3-1 NCATS Guidelines for Collaborations, 26 4-1 Summary of Keys to Principled Collaboration as Developed by the National Dialogue for Healthcare Innovation, 33 5-1 Themes of the Workshop, 40 FIGURES 2-1 Types of conflict and the likelihood of a true conflict, as reported by industry and academic researchers, 8 2-2 The impact of conflict of interest policies on industry and academic researchers, 10 xvii
Abbreviations and Acronyms AAMC Association of American Medical Colleges ASCO American Society of Clinical Oncology CDHI Center for Digital Health Innovation CMS Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services CMSS Council of Medical Specialty Societies CRA collaborative research agreement FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration FY fiscal year IOM Institute of Medicine IRB institutional review board NCATS National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences NIH National Institutes of Health PHS U.S. Public Health Service UCSF University of California, San Francisco xix
