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Index 267 Heat generation, 23 Humbolt Bay, California, 255 Primary coolants, 24 Tarapur, India, 256 United Kingdom, 254 Water-cooled, 23 Windscale waste disposal, 253 Nuclear testing programs Acute releases, 241 Bikini Atoll, 232 BRAVO, 10 Castle, 10 China, 7 Detonation fallout, 241 Eniwetok Atoll, 232 France, 7 Ivy, 10 MIKE, 10 Operation Crossroads, 232 Operation Hardtack, 9,10 ORANGE, 9 Pacific Proving Ground, 232 Plowshare, 20 Redwing, 10 Soviet explosions, 9 Soviet Union, 7, 20 STARFISH, 9 Thermonuclear devices, 232 Thermonuclear explosions, 9, 22 United Kingdom, 7 United States, 7, 20 U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 20 Weapons, 9 Cesium-137 half-life, 9 Fallout in marine environment, 226 Iron-55 deposition (Table 9), 21 Strontium-90 half-life, 9 WIGWAM, 15 Nuclear waste discharge River systems, 38 Nuclear waste disposal, 23 European Nuclear Energy Agency (Table 25), 38 Gaseous, 24 (See also Table 11), 26 Isotope equilibrium, 241 Land operations, 36 Liquid, 24 (See also Table 11), 26 (See also Table 12), 28 (See 0/so Table 17), 30 Monitoring, 36 Package testing, 36 Package wastes, 241 Procedures, 24, 29, 35 United Kingdom, 25, 36 (See also Table 12), 28 (See also Table 24), 38 Sea floor deposition, 35 Sea operations, 36 (See "/so Table 22), 23, 37 Solid, 24 (See also Table 11), 26 Nuclear waste management, 25 (See also Table 11), 26 Nuclear weapons testing Box models, 126 Vertical distribution, Carbon-14, 126 Nutrient elements In seawater (Table 2), 171 Vertical distribution patterns, 171 Nutrient recycling, 206 Oak Ridge National Laboratory (See also Nuclear power plants) White Oak Creek Fish fecundity, 235 Sediments, 235 Ocean-atmosphere exchange, 120 Ocean circulation, 92 Depths, 100 Intermediate, 100 Ocean current measurements Numerical models, 106 Theoretical calculations, 102, 103 Vertical velocity calculations, 105 Ocean-land species diversity, 212 Ocean mineral resources Sea mining, 242 Ocean motion Eddies, 91 Ocean mixing Advective processes, 90 Initial cloud, 91 Turbulent diffusion, 91 Ocean-produced protein, 216 Ocean properties, 92 Ocean salinity statistics, 92 Ocean shear diffusion Dye release experiments, 112 Ocean surface fallout, 92 Ocean temperature statistics, 92 Ocean tracers Ionic cesium-137, 69 Ionic strontium-90, 69 Ocean turbulence Horizontal diffusion, 107 Studies, 107 Transverse mixing, 107 Vertical diffusion, 107 Ocean water stability, 97 Oceanic biosphere Chemical stability, 200 Physical stability, 200 Carbon-14 concentrations Vertical density gradient, 128 Oceanic diffusion Dye release experiments, 108 Horizontal theoretical solution, 108 Horizontal variance (Table 6), 112 Parameter characteristics (Table 5), 110 Plume dispersion models, 116 Plume theories, 117 Theoretical predictions (Table 4), 109 Theories, 109 Calculations Fickian solution, 108 Markov process hypothesis, 108 Schonfeld solution, 108 Oceanic diffusion-eddy relationships, 111 Oceanic half-mixing depths (Table 15), 71 Oceanic model comparisons, 121 Residence times summaries (Table 7), 122 Oceanic organic debris, 142 Oceanic radioactive cloud Model design, 2 Oceanic seasonal surface mixing, 124 Residence time, 121 Atlantic Antarctic Intermediate Water, 121 Organic temporal changes Vertical distribution, carbon-14,126 Oceanic upper layers Vertical density structure, 124 Oceanic vertical distribution Conflicting data, 121 Oceanic water residence times, 121 Indian Ocean, 121 Pacific Ocean, 121 Surface waters, 121 Oceanographic density profiles Geostrophic analysis, 69 Opaline exoskeletal material, 143 Open ocean, 137,142 Downward transport, 143 Ecosystems, 200 Nutrient deficiencies, 142 Physical mixing, 143 Sedimentation processes, 143,187 Surface waters Cold-water sphere, 163 Warm-water sphere, 163 Vertical mixing, 142 Organic debris in sediments, 155 Organic detritus, 142, 143 Organisms radiation dosage, 223 Acute radiation exposure, 224 Cobalt-60, 225 Crab anomalies, 234 Environmental factors interaction, 231 Plutonium-210, 224 Radionuclide ingestion effects, 234 Oyster depositions-sedimentation relation- ships, 193 Pacific-Atlantic radioactivity comparisons, 124 Pacific Ocean (See Table 19), 73 California Current, 55 Carbon-14, 74 Vertical profiles, 126 Cesium-137/strontium-90 ratio, 71 Deep water residence time, 121 Elements vertical distributions, 172 In situ cesium-137 measurements, 124 Iodine-131 in coastal water, 77 Mixing, 55 Physical properties statistics, 92 Strontium-90 concentration (Table 7), 50 Temperature-salinity relationships (Table 2), 94 Pacific Ocean contamination Mixing depth, 54 Pacific Proving Ground (See also Nuclear testing programs) Algae, 233
268 Index Bikini Atoll, 233 Corals, 233 Eniwetok Atoll, 233 Fish studies, 233 Rongelap Atoll, 233 Rongerik Atoll, 233 Pelagic environment, 204 Food for man, 216 Nektonic animals-zinc-65 accumulations, 204 Plankton, 204 Recycling organic material, 203 Phosphorus turnover rates, 171, 172 Photosynthesis, 170 Physical properties of oceans (Table 1), 93 Spatial distribution, 93 Phytoplankton Elements accumulation (Table 3), 173 Nutrient elements use (Table 2), 171 Phytoplankton-photosynthesis activity, 193 Phytoplankton-structural elements relation- ships, 170 Plaice Barents Sea, 226 Irish Sea, 224 Natural radiation dosage (Table 2), 224 Pleuronectes platessa, 224 Cesium-137 radiation, 226 Radiation dosage, 3 Windscale wastes (Table 6), 235 Radionuclides uptake, 234 Plankton Algae, 204 Copepod populations, 176 Population, 209 Structural elements, 170 Plowshare program, 253 Plutonium-239 in lobster, 216 Plutonium metal, 34 Poikilotherms, 230, 231 Population genetic response, 223 Radiation relationships, 233 Population radiation exposure studies Domesticated farm animals, 223 Drosophila, 223 Mice, 223 Potential fertility in sea, 170 Limitations, 170 Potential ocean temperature, 92, 93 Potential productivity-plankton popula- tions, 171 Potential specific volume Ocean distribution, 93 Radiation Accidents, 243 Biological effects, 242 Concentration Current dispersion, 246 Damage Marine ecosystems, 213 Human risks, 242 Radiation dosage (See also Critical pathway approach) Abnormal mitosis, 227 Acceptable to man, 4, 240, 242, 244, 245, 248, 249 (See also Table 2), 243 Anchovy eggs, 229 Artemia eggs, 230 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), 226 Black Sea Fish abnormalities, 226 Fish development, 226 Scorpion fish (Scorpaena porans), 221 Blue crabs (Callinectes spidus), 226 Molting, 226 Mortality rate, 226 Brown trout (Salmo trutta), 226 Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawystcha), 225 Columbia River, 226 Fertilization, 225 In reactor effluent environment (Table 3), 228 Chronic exposure, 225 Cichlid fish (Aequidensportalegrensis), 231 Clam (Mercenaria mercenaria), 225 Cod (Godus callarias), 224 (See also Table 1), 224 Crucian carp (Carassius carassius), 230 I in/>li ii in. 232 Drosophila, 233 Estuarine fish, 230 Evaluation methods, 244, 249 Fish eggs (Table 5), 229 Freshwater mollusk (Limnaea stagnalis L.), 227 Germination ofPadinajaponica, 227 Goldfish (Carassius auratus), 230 Golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas), 231 Haddock (Godus aegleflnus), 224 (See also Table 1), 224 Hyperactivity in fish, 231 Isotope feeding of fish, 229 Lethal dose, 230 Marine ecosystems, 204 Mass cultures Laboratory experiments, 232 Mummichogs larvae (Fundalus heteroclitus), 226 Oryzias latipes, 230 Ovarian effects, 232 Oyster (Crassostrea virginica), 225 Oyster larvae (Pacific) (Crassostrea gigas), 227 Parthenogenetic reproduction, 232 Plaice, 3, 226 Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans), 233 Potential to man, 4 Radioiodine in fish, 233 Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), 225 Rat populations, 233 Roof rat (R. rattus), 233 Sediment-living larvae, 235 Soviet Union studies, 227 Turbellarian (Dugesia dorotocephala), 231 Variation in man, 244 X-rays, 224 Radiation dosage measurements Zinc-65 in rainbow trout, 228 Radiation dose-concentration relation- ships, 230 Radiation dose limit, 244 Radiation effects Artificial fertilization, 227 Barnacles, 231 Bryozoans, 231 Calcareous worms, 231 Developing embryos, 227 Environmental factors Oxygen, 230 Salinity, 230 Temperature, 230 Hematopoietic tissues in trout, 228 Leukopenia, 228 Mussels, 231 Rainbow trout, 228, 231 Radiation effects research, 236 Radiation exposure Actual-acceptable dosage relationship, 245 Consolidated dosages, 245 Edible marine products, 245 External gamma dosage, 253 External sources, 243 Fisheries equipment adsorption, 248 Internal sources, 243 Natural background, 243 Pathways, 241, 242 Prediction validity, 245 Undissolved particulates, 248 Radiation exposure to man Summation, 257 Radiation-fecundity effects Freshwater snail (Physa acuta), 230 Radiation-fisheries relationships, 236 Radiation-growth effects Blue crabs, 231 Marine invertebrates, 231 Nuclear detonation effects, 234 Periphyton, 231 Rainbow trout, 231 Repopulation cycles, 233 Salmon eggs, 231 Thyroid variations, 233 Radiation hazard Fish, 234 Seawater, 234 Strontium-90,42 Radiation lethal dosage Temperature sensitivities, 231 Radiation measurements Seabed, 234 Radiation-salinity-temperature relation- ships, 230 Radiation sensitivity in man Critical pathway approach, 215 Specific activity approach, 215 Radiation shielding material, 32 Radiation-species population relationships, 213
