National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Nonhuman Primates: Usage and Availability for Biomedical Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18765.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Nonhuman Primates: Usage and Availability for Biomedical Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18765.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Nonhuman Primates: Usage and Availability for Biomedical Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18765.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Nonhuman Primates: Usage and Availability for Biomedical Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18765.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Nonhuman Primates: Usage and Availability for Biomedical Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18765.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Nonhuman Primates: Usage and Availability for Biomedical Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18765.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Nonhuman Primates: Usage and Availability for Biomedical Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18765.
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Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Nonhuman Primates: Usage and Availability for Biomedical Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18765.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Nonhuman Primates: Usage and Availability for Biomedical Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18765.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

NONHUMAN PRIMATES USAGE AND AVAILABILITY FOR BIOMEDICAL PROGRAMS Committee on Conservation of Nonhuman Primates Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources Assembly of Life Sciences National Research Council NAS-NAE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Washington, D.C. 1975 APR 3 1975 LIBRARY

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, acting in behalf of the National Academy of Sciences. Such approval reflects the Board's judgment that the project is of national importance and appropriate with respect to both the purposes and the resources of the National Research Council. The members of the committee selected to undertake this project and prepare this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. Responsibility for the detailed aspects of this report rests with that committee. Each report issuing from a study committee of the National Research Council is reviewed by an independent group of qualified individuals according to procedures established and monitored by the Report Review Committee of the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution of the report is approved, by the President of the Academy, upon satisfactory completion of the review process. Available from: Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Academy of Sciences 2101 Constitution Avenue, N. W. , Washington, B.C. 20418 11

PREFACE In response to the increasing scarcity of nonhuman primates for biomedical research and pharmaceutical production, the Animal Resources Branch of the National Institutes of Health requested information and advice from the National Academy of Sciences on the current use and availability of primates. The study was undertaken by the Committee on the Conservation of Nonhuman Primates of the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, which attempted to evaluate the numbers of primates used in biomedical programs, considered the problems of primate conservation, and developed recommendations for assuring a dependable longterm supply of primates for biomedical programs. This report includes (1) a survey of the numbers and species of primates imported and maintained in the United States for biomedical purposes, (2) a consideration of the types of biomedical programs that use primates, (3) a description of factors that influence the status of wild populations, especially as they relate to the international primate trade and to habitat changes, and (4) recommendations as to methods for supplying primates needed for re- search, the testing of biologies, and the production of pharmaceuticals. 111

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Committee was assisted by Dr. Nancy A. Muckenhirn, who served as its staff officer and who undertook first responsibility for compiling the basic data, summarizing it for review by the Committee, and preparing the initial drafts of the report. Special acknowledgment must also be given Dr. Clyde Jones and Ms. Jaclyn Wolfheim of the National Fish and Wildlife Laboratories, U. S. Department of the Interior, for their valuable discussions during the conduct of a parallel project concerning the status and trends of primate populations. The section on these topics in this report relies heavily on data developed by Ms. Wolfheim. Dr. Richard Thorington, past chairman of the Committee for Conser- vation of Nonhuman Primates, facilitated the project by providing thoughtful guidance as well as office space. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Dr. L. Whitehair, and the cooperation extended by Drs. W. Goodwin and C. McPherson, Division of Research Resources and Drs. A. New and R. Whitney, Veterinary Resources Branch, all of the National Institutes of Health, and Drs. O. Clabaugh and D. Schwindaman, U.S. Department of Agriculture, who made information available from their files. Finally, we wish to thank the staff of the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources who contributed valuable advice, administrative and editorial assistance during this project, especially Dr. Robert Yager, Executive Secretary, Dr. Charles Frank, Ms. Lydia Koutze, and Ms. Andrea Lynn. Secretarial assistance by Ms. D. Clonce and Mrs. E. Jackson is gratefully acknowledged. This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health through Contract No. PH43-64-44, Task Order 12. iv

Committee on Conservation of Nonhuman Primates Charles H. Southwick, Chairman Richard W. Thorington, Jr. John F. Eisenberg Paul G. Heltne Arnold F. Kaufmann Donald G. Lindburg Gary 1 . Moore Thelma E. Rowell John G. Vandenbergh Nancy A. Muckenhirn, Staff Officer NAS-NAE APR 3 1975 LIBRARY

CONTENTS Introduction 1 Recommendations 3 Stabilization of Supply 3 Improvement in the Primate Trade 5 Maximum Utilization of Current Resources 6 Administration by National Institutes of Health 7 Supporting Data: Nancy A. Muckenhirn 11 Attitudes and Historical Trends in Primate Usage 11 Current Volume of the Primate Trade 13 Estimates of Current Usage Volume 18 Discussion of Usage Volume 31 Research Areas Using Primates 36 Characteristics of the Primate Trade 43 Regulations 51 Captive Breeding of Primates 51 Planned and Proposed Production Centers 54 Discussion of Primate Trade and Breeding 59 Ecological Considerations of Primate Populations 62 Summary 91 Size of Facilities Using Primates 91 The Volume of Imported Primates 91 " Biomedical Uses of Primates 94 Current Breeding Programs 95 Population Trends 98 Literature Cited 99 Appendixes 115 VI1

LIST OF TABLES NUMBER TITLE PAGE 1 Species Commonly Imported Into the United States 14 2 Primates Imported into the United States Compared 15 with Exports from India 3 Trends in the Export of Primates to the United States 16 from Tropical Countries 4 Primates Imported into the United Kingdom and Japan 19 5 Accuracy of Estimating Primate Needs 19 6 Primates Used by Size Class of Research Facility 21 7 Research Facilities Using 300 or More Primates in 1972 22 as Reported to USDA 8 Institutions Sampled in ILAR Surveys Compared to Total 25 Research Facilities Registered with USDA 9 Quarterly Changes in a Hypothetical Type B Laboratory 28 10 Comparison of Estimates of Biomedical Use and the Total 35 Imports of Primates 11 Primate Species in Demand by Research Area 38 12 Research Topics Included in Research Areas as Identified 40 by Survey Respondents 13 Issue Costs of Rhesus Macaques at the National Institutes 45 of Health 14 Seasonality in the Primate Trade 46 15 Protected and Endangered Primates, 1970-1973 48 16 Current Breeding of Most Common Species in Biomedical 50 Research Laboratories VI11

17 Primates that Should be Bred in Large Numbers 50 18 Rhesus Macaque Breeding Colonies in 1972 53 19 Reproductive Rate of Callitrichidae Bred in U.S. 53 Research Institutions During 1970 20 Survival Rate of Callitrichidae Born in World Zoos 53 During 1970 and 1971 21 Observed Production of Marmosets in Breeding Colonies 55 22 Public Health Service Supported Domestic Production 56 of Primates 23 Population Estimates for Primate Species 64 24 Selected Population Densities Reported for New World 66 Primates 25 Selected Population Densities Reported for Old World 67 Primates 26 Asian Forestlands and National Parks 73 27 Latin American Forestlands and National Parks 74 28 African Forestlands and National Parks 75 29 Diversity of Primate Taxa in Asian Countries 77 30 Diversity of Primate Taxa in Latin American Countries 78 31 Diversity of Primate Taxa in African Countries 79 32 Protected Areas Within the Estimated Distributions of 81 Asian Primate Species 33 Protected Areas Within the Estimated Distributions of 82 Latin American Primate Species 34 Protected Areas Within the Estimated Distributions of 83 African Primate Species 35 Numbers of Primates Maintained for Biomedical Programs 91 in United States Institutions 36 Current Volumes of Primates Imported and Used in 92 Biomedical Programs in the United States 37 Percent Demand for Species by Biomedical Research Areas 95 ix

38 Most Frequent Alternative Species Used in Biomedical 96 Programs 39 Composition and Production of a Self-Sustaining Breeding 97 Colony per 100 Breeding Females Appendixes I Comparison of Primates Being Maintained on 115 1 January 1971 and 1 October 1973 II Imports and Acquisitions, ILAR Survey, 1973 118 III Breeding Colonies in Research Facilities 120 IV FI Breeding by Species 122

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