NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognized the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Stuart Bondurant is acting president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
Support of this project was provided by the Agency for International Development No. DPE-5545-A-00-8068-00. The U.S. Agency for International Development reserves a royalty-free and nonexclusive and irrevocable right to reproduce, publish, or otherwise use and to authorize others to use the work for government purposes.
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 91-67071
ISBN 0-309-04641-6
A limited number of copies are available from:
The Water Science and Technology Board
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C. 20418
Board on Science and Technology for International Development
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C. 20418
Additional copies are available for sale from:
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2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, D.C. 20418
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Printed in the United States of America
COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL SOIL AND WATER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
LEONARD BERRY, Chair,
Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton
SUSANNA B. HECHT,
University of California, Los Angeles
CHARLES W. HOWE,
University of Colorado, Boulder
JACK KELLER,
Utah State University, Logan
CHARLES McCANTS,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh
HUGH POPENOE,
University of Florida, Gainesville
PAUL TENG,
International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines (through September 1990)
GORO UEHARA,
University of Hawaii, Honolulu
Staff
CHRIS ELFRING, Project Director
PATRICIA CICERO, Project Assistant
WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BOARD
DANIEL A. OKUN, Chair,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
MICHAEL KAVANAUGH, Chair,
James M. Montgomery Consulting Engineers, Walnut Creek, California (through June 1991)
A. DAN TARLOCK, Vice Chair,
Chicago Kent College of Law, Chicago, Illinois
NORMAN H. BROOKS,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
RICHARD A CONWAY,
Union Carbide Corporation, South Charleston, West Virginia
KENNETH D. FREDERICK,
Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C.
DAVID L. FREYBERG,
Stanford University, California
WILFORD R. GARDNER,
University of California, Berkeley
DUANE L. GEORGESON,
Metropolitan Water District, Los Angeles, California
HOWARD C. KUNREUTHER,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (through June 1991)
ROBERT R. MEGLEN,
University of Colorado, Denver (through June 1991)
JUDY L. MEYER,
University of Georgia, Athens
DONALD J. O'CONNOR,
HydroQual, Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey
BETTY H. OLSON,
University of California, Irvine (through June 1991)
STAVROS PAPADOPULOS, S.S.
Papadopulos & Associates, Inc., Rockville, Maryland
KENNETH W. POTTER,
University of Wisconsin-Madison
P. SURESH C. RAO,
University of Florida, Gainesville (through June 1991)
BRUCE E. RITTMANN,
University of Illinois, Urbana
DONALD D. RUNNELLS,
University of Colorado, Boulder
PHILIP C. SINGER,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
HUGO F. THOMAS,
Department of Environmental Protection, Hartford, Connecticut (through May 1991)
JAMES R. WALLIS,
IBM Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York (through June 1991)
M. GORDON WOLMAN,
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
JOY B. ZEDLER,
San Diego State University, San Diego, California
Staff
STEPHEN D. PARKER, Director
SHEILA D. DAVID, Senior Staff Officer
CHRIS ELFRING, Senior Staff Officer
SARAH CONNICK, Staff Officer
BOARD ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
ALEXANDER SHAKOW, Chair,
The World Bank
PATRICIA BARNES-MCCONNELL,
Michigan State University
JORDAN J. BARUCH,
Jordan Baruch Associates
BARRY BLOOM,
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
JANE BORTNICK,
Congressional Research Service
GEORGE T. CURLIN,
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
DIRK FRANKENBERG,
University of North Carolina
RALPH W. F. HARDY,
Boyce-Thompson Institute for Plant Research at Cornell University
FREDRICK HORNE,
Oregon State University
ELLEN MESSER,
Allan Shaw Feinstein World Hunger Program, Brown University
CHARLES C. MUSCOPLAT,
Molecular Genetics, Inc.
JAMES QUINN,
Dartmouth College
VERNON W. RUTTAN,
University of Minnesota
ANTHONY SAN PIETRO,
Indiana University
ERNEST SMERDON,
University of Arizona
Ex Officio Members
GERALD P. DINEEN, Foreign Secretary,
National Academy of Engineering
JAMES B. WYNGAARDEN, Foreign Secretary,
National Academy of Sciences
Staff
JOHN HURLEY, Director
MICHAEL MCD. DOW, Associate Director