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Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction and Overview." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
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Page 1
Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction and Overview." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
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Page 2
Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction and Overview." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
×
Page 3
Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction and Overview." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
×
Page 4
Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction and Overview." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
×
Page 5
Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction and Overview." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
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Page 6

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1    Introduction and Overview    In  an  increasingly  interconnected  world,  science  and  technology  research  often  transects  international  boundaries  and  involves  researchers  from  multi‐ ple nations. This model provides both new opportunities and new challenges.  As  science  and  technology  capabilities  grow  around  the  world,  U.S.‐based  or‐ ganizations are finding that international collaborations and partnerships pro‐ vide unique opportunities to enhance research and training. At the same time,  enhancing  international  collaboration  requires  recognition  of  differences  in  culture, legitimate national security needs, and critical needs in education and  training (NRC, 2011).   To examine international research collaborations in a systematic way, the  Government‐University‐Industry  Research  Roundtable  (GUIRR)  launched  a  Working  Group  on  International  Research  Collaboration  (I‐Group)  in  2008.  Sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of En‐ gineering, and the Institute of Medicine, GUIRR serves as a forum for dialogue  among the top leaders of government and non‐government research organiza‐ tions. GUIRR and two organizational affiliates, the Federal Demonstration Part‐ nership  (FDP)  and  the  University‐Industry  Demonstration  Partnership  (UIDP),  seek to advance relationships between the sectors.   I‐Group  was  formed  to  examine  international  research  in  a  systematic,  practical way. The goal of the I‐Group is to work with stakeholders to develop a  more  structured  approach  to  international  collaborations  and  help  organiza‐ tions deal with various cultural, administrative, and legal complexities in under‐ taking  them.  According  to  its  Statement  of  Purpose,  I‐Group  “engages  in  dia‐ logue and discussion to facilitate international collaborations among academic,  government, and industrial partners by: (1) identifying policies and operations  that  enhance  our  ability  to  collaborate;  (2)  identifying  barriers  to  collabora‐ tion—policies  and  operations  that  could  be  improved;  (3)  developing  a  web‐ based resource or other compendium of successful strategies and methodolo‐ gies; and (4) suggesting how barriers might be addressed” (NRC, 2011).   1 

2 Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World An important means for the I-Group to carry out its work are workshops that will bring together subject matter experts from universities, government, indus- try and professional organizations in the United States and other nations. The I-Group’s intent with the workshop format is to be as inclusive as possible, bring- ing together the appropriate parties to the table around meaningful discussion and solutions. The National Research Council formed a Planning Committee to organize an initial workshop titled “Examining Core Elements of International Research Collaboration” and held on July 26-27, 2010 in Washington, DC. The goal of this first workshop was to enhance international understanding and di- minish barriers to research collaborations. A workshop summary was published and released after this initial workshop (NRC, 2011). To expand on one of the themes explored in the first workshop, a new Planning Committee was formed to organize a second, follow-on workshop on July 29-31, 2013 in Washington, DC, to address how culture and cultural per- ception influence and impact the process by which research agreements are made and negotiated across international boundaries. The Planning Committee was assisted by GUIRR staff and volunteers from numerous GUIRR member organizations in arranging this follow-on event. In this workshop, “Culture Matters: An Approach to International Research Agreements,” representatives from around the world and from GUIRR’s three constituent sectors—government, university, and industry—gathered to pro- vide input into four specific meeting tracks or domains. The tracks focused on research and agreements affecting or involving: (1) People/Human Subjects (2) Environment and Natural Resources (3) Science, Engineering, and Manufacturing (4) Agriculture and Animal Issues The task for the experts involved in each track was to examine the domain under discussion and the role that culture and cultural expectations may have in the forging and implementation of international research agreements. In addition to the domain tracks, the workshop featured a set of six plenary ses- sions, each of which addressed topics of a cross-cutting nature and that en- gaged all of the workshop’s participants: (1) Designing Projects with Culture in Mind, (2) Conducting Research in Developing Countries, (3) Language, (4) Ur- banization, Ecological Sustainability, and Social Resilience, (5) Intellectual Prop- erty, and (6) Change and Drivers. Following the workshop, the rapporteurs prepared this summary, which reports the main themes that emerged from the workshop presentations and discussions. The goal for the workshop and the summary is to serve as an in- formation resource for participants and others interested in international re-

Introduction and Overview  3  search collaborations. It will also aid the I‐Group in setting its future goals, pri‐ orities, and activities.    1.1 FRAMING THE ISSUES1    In her opening remarks Barbara Mittleman, Vice President for Immunolo‐ gy  at  Nodality  Inc.,  noted  the  importance  of  culture  in  working  through  the  mechanics of international research agreements and the lack of suitable tools  for  thinking  about  culture.  As  a  result,  the  process  becomes  very  impression‐ istic. One of the goals of the workshop, she said, was to discuss the many cul‐ tural  issues  that  need  to  be  considered  and  addressed  in  developing  interna‐ tional research agreements.   National Academy of Engineering President C. D. Mote, Jr. commented on  the  number  and  different  types  of  organizations  or  groups  that  each  person  belongs  to  and  the  distinct  culture2  that  characterizes  each  of  those  groups.  Culture,  he  said,  reflects  the  attitudes,  values,  goals,  and  practices  of  any  or‐ ganization  or  group.  Referring  to  Thinking,  Fast  and  Slow  (Kahneman,  2010),  Mote described two ways of thinking: slow thinking, which is rational and cog‐ nitive,  and  fast  thinking,  which  is  reactive  and  instinctive.  Most  people  think  fast and cannot act rationally, and as a result, organizations and groups of peo‐ ple,  such  as  countries,  cannot  act  entirely  rationally.  More  importantly,  fast,  reactive thinking is “very much controlled by the culture you come from.”  To illustrate one impact of culture, Mote noted the key finding of a Nation‐ al Research Council study that he chaired on the science and technology strate‐ gies employed by six countries (NRC, 2010). “The number one issue in terms of  whether those countries would achieve their science and technology goals was  their culture,” he said. “It was not how many engineers were in the workforce.  It  was  not  their  expenditures  on  research  and  development.  It  wasn’t  always  these socioeconomic indicators that the economists tell us are so important for  predicting what your R&D operations are going to do. It was the culture of the  country.” In particular, he added, what was important was how much a country  could align its culture with the goals that it had for science and technology. This  result was a complete surprise to everyone on the study committee.                                                                1 In  this  section  and  other  sections  summarizing  presentations,  views  and  opinions  are those of the presenter unless stated otherwise.   2 Although “culture” can be defined in countless ways, for the purpose of this work‐ shop,  the  planning  committee  adopted  the  following  definition:  Culture  is  the  learned  and shared behavior of a community and is created by perceiving, interpreting, express‐ ing, and responding to the social realities which affect that community. This definition is  based  on  two  publications,  Human  Organizations  (Useem,  1963)  and  Preparing  for  Peace (Lederach, 1995). 

4                   Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World  Culture  comes  into  play  in  international  research  agreements  because  each country involved in a negotiation has its own culture that determines the  rules for creating an agreement and how an agreement is carried out in prac‐ tice. These cultural differences can be as complex as the legal framework under  which agreements are formulated or as simple as the meanings attributed to a  particular word. For example, in some contexts an American will take “yes” to  mean “I agree,” while someone from Japan in the same context might take it to  mean “I understand,” two entirely different meanings.   The essential ingredient for a successful international research agreement  is  trust,  Mote  stated.  “Trust  is  the  most  important  issue  because  things  will  never go exactly as they are written down and you have to trust the other per‐ son that you’re going to work together to make this partnership work,” he ex‐ plained. “No agreement should be signed or even contemplated until you have  a level of trust, because it will be a bad experience otherwise.” Trust, he added,  is rooted in culture, yet it is almost unheard of in the United States to consider  culture when it comes to developing international research agreements.     1.2 GLOBAL TRENDS 2030: ALTERNATIVE WORLDS    Presenter: Mathew Burrows, Counselor with the National Intelligence   Council in the Office of the Director of National Intelligence    To  provide  additional  context  for  the  workshop,  Mathew  Burrows,  dis‐ cussed  the  highlights  of  the  most  recent  Global  Trends  2030  report  issued  in  December  2012  (NIC,  2012).  This  publicly  available  report,  issued  every  four  years by the U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence, is intended to  stimulate thinking about the rapid and vast geopolitical changes characterizing  the world today and possible global trajectories over the next 15 years. Like the  previous Global Trends reports, the report does not seek to predict the future,  explained Burrows, but instead provides a framework for thinking about possi‐ ble  futures  and  their  implications.  He  noted  that  this  report  is  used  by  the  “thinking slow” part of government.   The main thesis in the Global Trends 2030 report is that we are at a critical  junction in human history that could lead to widely contrasting futures, and as  a  result,  the  future  is  not  set  in  stone  but  is  malleable.  The  report  identified  four megatrends that are already ongoing and will influence the future under  any imagined scenario, and six game‐changers, which are important trends that  currently  have  no  clear  outcome.  The  most  important  megatrend,  said  Bur‐ rows,  is  individual  empowerment  arising  from  the  fact  that  the  majority  of  people in the world are joining the middle class, that the gender gap for educa‐ tion and health is shrinking, and that the widespread use of new communica‐ tions and manufacturing technologies is continuing unabated. While this mega‐

Introduction and Overview  5  trend is overwhelmingly positive, it does have a less appealing side, since indi‐ vidual  empowerment  is  also  empowering  crime  and  harm  by  individuals  and  small groups at a level that was once reserved for nations.   The second megatrend is the diffusion of power that results from changing  global  demographics  and  the  rise  of  the  non‐state  state.  This  megatrend  will  result in power shifting to networks and coalitions in a multi‐polar world. The  third  megatrend,  demography,  refers  to  the  aging  of  the  world’s  population.  The fourth megatrend involves the nexus between food, water and energy and  the  demand  for  scarce  resources  as  the  world’s  population  continues  to  in‐ crease, even without considering the impacts of global climate change.   Of  the  six  potential  game‐changers,  Burrows  noted  the  potential  im‐ portance  of  a  gap  in  governance  capabilities.  It  is  unclear,  he  said,  if  govern‐ ments and institutions—both domestically and internationally—will be able to  adapt  fast  enough  to harness  change  instead  of being  overwhelmed  by  it.  He  also highlighted the potential impact of new technologies on the world’s ability  to  boost  economic  productivity  and  solve  the  problems  caused  by  a  growing  world  population,  rapid  urbanization,  and  climate  change.  While  the  outlook  for technology’s impact is largely positive, there are potential negative impacts  that arise as technology reduces the need for human employees in various in‐ dustries. “I think more importantly the message here is that technology is just  not going to be the savior for all these problems that we talked about without  governments stepping in and helping the process,” said Burrows.   In his final comments, Burrows briefly discussed four potential “alternative  world” scenarios. In the most plausible worst‐case scenario, the risks of inter‐ state conflicts increase as the world’s economy stalls, triggered by the United  States and Europe turning inward and losing interest in sustaining their global  leadership. In this bleak future, which Burrows considers unlikely, all players on  the world stage do poorly. At the opposite end of the spectrum, the most plau‐ sible  best‐case  scenario  occurs  as  high‐level  cooperation  between  the  United  States,  Europe,  and  China  actually  increases  and  a  technological  revolution  helps both emerging and developed economies to benefit substantially. Anoth‐ er  alternative  world,  the  genie‐out‐of‐the‐bottle  scenario,  is  a  world  of  ex‐ tremes, with inequalities dominating within many countries, while in the non‐ state  alternative  world,  non‐state  actors—nongovernmental  organizations  (NGOs), multinational businesses, academic institutions, and wealthy individu‐ als—as well as sub‐national units such as megacities flourish and take the lead  in  confronting  global  challenges.  The  result  is  an  uneven,  patchwork  world  in  which  some  global  problems  get  solved  when  networks  manage  to  coalesce  and  some  cooperation  occurs  across  state  and  non‐state  divides.  Security  threats pose an increasing challenge as access to lethal and disruptive technol‐ ogies  expands,  enabling  individuals  and  small  groups  to  perpetuate  violence 

6                   Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World  and disruption on a large scale. This world is more stable and socially cohesive  than in the “genie‐out‐of‐the‐bottle world” (NIC, 2012).  In the open discussion that followed his presentation, Burrows noted that  when  the  Global  Trends  2030  report  was  presented  in  countries  around  the  world,  one  common  comment  was  that  while  the  liberal,  fair  order  that  the  United  States  established  after  the  Second  World  War  has  largely  benefitted  the  world,  the  United  States  does  not  always  seem  interested  in  other  coun‐ tries rising as fast as might be possible. Having said that, he added that there is  a real growing interest in democracy, even in China. “It may be a different kind  of democracy than we would have, but certainly those kinds of values are wide‐ ly shared. There is no alternative order out there,” said Burrows. In response to  a question about the importance of the United States remaining engaged with  the rest of the world, Burrows said that this was a point that everybody outside  of the United States talked about, with the Chinese being one of the most em‐ phatic about it. “You can look at this as a transition period,” said Burrows, one  in which economic power is changing but in which only the United States has  the ability to manage this transition in terms of getting coalitions together to  deal with the world’s major problems.     REFERENCES    Daniel  Kahneman.  2010.  Thinking,  Fast  and  Slow.  New  York,  NY:  Farrar,  Straus  and  Giroux.   NIC  (National  Intelligence  Council).  2012.  Global  Trends  2030:  Alternative  Worlds.  Wash‐ ington, DC: National Intelligence Council. Available at www.dni.gov/nic/globaltrends  (accessed 3/21/2014).  NRC (National Research Council). 2010. S&T Strategies of Six Countries: Implications for  the United States. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.  NRC  (National  Research  Council).  2011.  Examining  Core  Elements  of  International  Re‐ search  Collaboration:  Summary  of  a  Workshop.  Washington,  DC:  National  Acade‐ mies Press. 

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In an increasingly interconnected world, science and technology research often transects international boundaries and involves researchers from multiple nations. This paradigm provides both new opportunities and new challenges. As science and technology capabilities grow around the world, United States-based organizations are finding that international collaborations and partnerships provide unique opportunities to enhance research and training. At the same time, enhancing international collaboration requires recognition of differences in culture, legitimate national security needs, and critical needs in education and training.

Culture Matters is the summary of a workshop convened by the Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable (GUIRR) in July 2013 to address how culture and cultural perception influence and impact the process by which research agreements are made and negotiated across international boundaries. In this workshop, "Culture Matters: An Approach to International Research Agreements", representatives from around the world and from GUIRR's three constituent sectors - government, university, and industry - gathered to provide input into four specific meeting tracks or domains. The tracks focused on research and agreements affecting or involving people/human subjects; environmental and natural resources; science, engineering, and manufacturing; and agriculture and animal issues. This report examines each of these domains and the role that culture and cultural expectations may have in the forging and implementation of international research agreements.

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