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Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop (2014)

Chapter: 8 Breakout Session Reports and Concluding Remarks

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Suggested Citation:"8 Breakout Session Reports and Concluding Remarks." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
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Page 45
Suggested Citation:"8 Breakout Session Reports and Concluding Remarks." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
×
Page 46
Suggested Citation:"8 Breakout Session Reports and Concluding Remarks." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
×
Page 47
Suggested Citation:"8 Breakout Session Reports and Concluding Remarks." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
×
Page 48
Suggested Citation:"8 Breakout Session Reports and Concluding Remarks." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
×
Page 49
Suggested Citation:"8 Breakout Session Reports and Concluding Remarks." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
×
Page 50
Suggested Citation:"8 Breakout Session Reports and Concluding Remarks." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
×
Page 51
Suggested Citation:"8 Breakout Session Reports and Concluding Remarks." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
×
Page 52
Suggested Citation:"8 Breakout Session Reports and Concluding Remarks." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
×
Page 53
Suggested Citation:"8 Breakout Session Reports and Concluding Remarks." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
×
Page 54

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8    Breakout Session Reports   and Concluding Remarks    Twice  during  the  workshop,  the  participants  were  divided  into  four  breakout groups, with each group assigned to one of the four tracks that focus  on research and agreements affecting the areas listed below. Each group was  assigned  a  rapporteur,  also  listed  below,  who  moderated  the  discussion  and  summarized the group’s comments:    1. People/Human Subjects – Barbara Mittleman, Vice President for Im‐ munology at Nodality Inc.  2. Environment and Natural Resources – John Carfora, Associate Provost  for  Research  Advancement  and  Compliance  at  Loyola  Marymount  University  3. Science, Engineering, and Manufacturing – Richard Selby, Director of  Engineering at Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems   4. Agriculture and Animal Issues – John Hickman, Director of Global Uni‐ versity Relations at John Deere    The  task  for  the  participants  involved  in  each  track  was  to  examine  the  domain  under  discussion  and  the  role  that  culture  and  cultural  expectations  may  have  in  the  forging  and  implementation  of  international  research  agree‐ ments.  To  structure  the  discussions,  the  working  groups  were  given  a  set  of  questions (see Appendix B). Prior to the final two plenary sessions, the rappor‐ teur from each of the four breakout groups each presented a 10‐minute synop‐ sis of the results of those examinations. This section also includes the conclud‐ ing remarks which were presented at the end of the workshop.    8.1 PEOPLE/HUMAN SUBJECTS TRACK    Barbara Mittleman reported that the working group examining the peo‐ ple/human  subjects  track  had  a  far‐reaching  discussion  thanks  to  the  wide  range of expertise in the group, including two social scientists who had the vo‐ cabulary  and  theoretical  background  about  culture  to  provide  a  good  frame‐ work for these discussions. The group talked about the fact that any collabora‐ tion  will  comprise  one  or  several  cultures  in  a  manner  that  is  highly  context‐ dependent and fluid.   45 

46                   Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World  Two  definitions  of  culture—that  it  is  the  manmade  part  of  the  environ‐ ment  and  that  it  is  software  for  the  mind—provided  a  valuable  starting  point  for discussion. Software, as opposed to hardware, has a particular function that  can be reprogrammed, she noted, while the manmade part of the environment  encompasses  many  stable  and  inflexible  structures  that  are  neither  agile  nor  adaptable,  even  when  responsiveness  is  required.  This  working  group  also  commented on the relationship of culture to education and media, emphasiz‐ ing that culture is not a fixed attribute and can change or evolve with education  and  media  exposure.  This  evolution  can  lead  to  the  development  of  multiple  cultural  registers  that  can  be  accessed  and  used.  The  multiplicity  of  cultures  and  cultural  registers  can  enable  individuals  to  bridge  constituencies  and  to  pivot  from  one  to  another.  Several  working  group  members  noted  that  the  bridging function is critical to facilitating understanding across cultural bounda‐ ries  and  enables  negotiation  and  agreement  in  determining  the  initial  goals,  objectives, and structure of the research plan. Bridging cultures is also neces‐ sary for conflict resolution and communication throughout the execution of the  research plan. Because this function is indispensable, those who fill the bridg‐ ing role can be called “indispensables.”   The  working  group  talked  about  process  being  important  and  the  fact  that  a  process  often  begins  much  earlier  than  is  usually  appreciated.  It  is  im‐ portant  to  involve  the  right  people—again,  the  “indispensables.”  The  group  also considered that identifying the “indispensables” could be an iterative pro‐ cess that repeatedly checks to make sure that the right people for each phase  of the project are involved in a collaborative research project. That collection of  right  people  should  include  those  who  represent  both  implicit  and  explicit  knowledge of the culture and the actors involved.  The working group also discussed issues of cultural mistrust and cultural  imperialism, and a constant theme throughout both breakout sessions was the  need  to  listen  and  to  be  open  to  identifying  differences  and  similarities.  The  discussion identified many different ways to do that, all based on an attitude of  respect  and  openness  in  order  to  reach  agreement.  These  accords  are  more  than  just  agreements,  however,  several  group  members  said;  they  are  repre‐ sentations of the values of the cultures involved and of the value of the agree‐ ments  to  those  cultures.  If  the  parties  to  an  agreement  are  not  getting  value  out  of  the  agreement  it  is  not  going  to  be  worthwhile.  Mittleman  said  that  many in the group felt that there is a need to articulate the risks and benefits to  the parties and recognize that to at least some extent the rewards, motivations  and  value  systems  were  going  to  be  highly  culturally  determined.  The  “indis‐ pensables”  are  important  here  as  well;  they  help  to  frame  the  articulation  of  the risks and benefits so that they are understood by all sides involved in the  agreement. This issue goes beyond language translation to an issue of sufficient  trust that disagreement or misunderstanding can be communicated with sensi‐

Breakout Session Reports and Concluding Remarks  47  tivity,  with  the  relevant  parties  insuring  that  agreement  is  reached  and main‐ tained,  that  face  is  not  lost,  and  that  all  parties  benefit.  Communicating  the  behavioral and attitudinal aspects of the agreement and execution of it are far  more difficult, since the underpinnings of business and academic/clinical ethics,  interpersonal  relations,  expressions  of  respect  and  regard,  management  of  conflict,  and  notions  of  the  roles  of  age,  gender,  race  and  class  are  all  highly  culturally  determined.  The  “indispensables”  would  be  responsible  for  the  communication of these more subtle messages as well.   Several  group  members  noted  that  most  collaborative  research  agree‐ ments are simply the usual kind of formal or legalistic definition of what needs  to  be  represented  when  two  parties  agree  with  one  another.  However,  there  will  likely  need  to  be  additional  language  that  would  represent  some  of  the  differences between the cultures as a means of sustaining a strong relationship  between the collaborators. Mittleman said that the working group kept coming  back to the word “relationship” in that these kinds of cross‐cultural issues were  going to be highly relationship‐based. The memorialization of that relationship  in agreements is important, but the relationship was more important than the  document itself. It is also important to pay attention to the formal standards,  whether international, regional or national, but also cultural norms that might  be more informal or unstated and as a result might be harder to identify.  The  “right  people”  to  negotiate  research  agreements  would  include  au‐ thority figures as well as elders, community leaders, and others who have the  moral authority or voice that is respected by the community, group members  said. There is also a recognized role for champions who will push forward the  acceptance  of  a  research  agreement.  It  is  important,  Mittleman  said,  to  con‐ duct a continuous process of self‐examination to ensure that the right people  stay  involved  over  the  course  of  a  project,  as  well  as  built‐in  redundancy  to  enable sustainability and durability of the agreement, even with the inevitable  change in the individuals that will be involved in the initial stages of an agree‐ ment.  The working group’s discussions raised the point that notions of science  management,  leadership,  and  administration  are  not  necessarily  going  to  be  clear  to  everyone  and  that  there  may be  a  need  to address  this  issue  so  that  the latter stages of an agreement are able to proceed. Several participants em‐ phasized the need for a mechanism that can adequately monitor an agreement  and oversee its activities, and to ensure that the outcomes from the agreement  are  in  fact  as  they  ought  to  be.  The  working  group  also  discussed  the  use  of  available tools for cultural diagnosis in organizational management, to identify  things  that  could  facilitate  or  enable  the  making  of  agreements.  Not  only  are  tools  for  cultural  diagnosis  lacking,  but  where  they  do  exist,  they  may  not  be  familiar  to  those  working  in  fields  other  than  anthropology  or  international  relations. In addition, culturally informed metrics of success are also generally 

48                   Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World  unavailable. As such, it can be hard to know if culture is being adequately con‐ sidered  in  international  research  agreements,  their  outcomes,  or  their  end  products.  The working group discussion pointed out the importance of defining the  negotiable  and  non‐negotiable  parameters  that  could  undermine  an  agree‐ ment, an exercise that has a big element of truth‐telling. Several members not‐ ed,  though,  that  developing  a  candid  relationship  and  candid  communication  processes was not necessarily going to be easy and that even asking if someone  was the “right person” for a particular agreement could in fact be insulting and  scuttle the agreement before it could even be formulated. This echoed earlier  discussion  about  the  need  for:  trust,  a  strong  set  of  relationships,  champions  for whom the success of the research activity is important, and the “indispen‐ sables”  who  can  bridge  the  cultural  divide,  leading  to  the  development  of  a  strong document and a likelihood of success.    One point of discussion was the need to share benefits of a collaboration,  particularly when there are significant power inequities. This includes identify‐ ing what the benefits of the agreement are, who is going to get them, and how  they will be distributed equitably. It was noted that equitable does not neces‐ sarily  mean  equal,  but  something  that  would  be  useful  to  all  of  the  parties.  Some  of  the  potential  benefits  that  are  important  to  consider  are  capacity  building and publication. There was discussion, too, of the need to return bio‐ logical specimens to their donors in some cultures so that the samples could be  buried  with  them  at  death—this  is  not  something  that  the  head  of  a  typical  biospecimen‐based  project  in  the  developed  world  would  consider  being  an  issue.   Finally, the group talked about the need for culturally appropriate cere‐ monies  or  public  acknowledgment  of  engagement  and  the  multiple  kinds  of  values that they can have. International research agreements have the poten‐ tial to yield a variety of benefits to the individuals and the societies represented  in  them,  and  by  taking  culture  sensitively  into  account,  greater  success  and  benefit can be realized.    8.2 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES TRACK    John Carfora reported that this working group started its discussions by  noting that there are many environmental factors that transcend national and  international  borders,  and  scientists  need  to  consider  a  larger  context  when  putting  their  work  together—one  that  goes  above  and  beyond  the  science.  There are different ways of relating to nature across countries and within coun‐ tries.  Factors  such  as  geographic  scale,  temporal  dimensions  (e.g.,  short‐term  vs. long‐term considerations), gender, views on the role of people in the envi‐

Breakout Session Reports and Concluding Remarks  49  ronment,  and  others  can  play  an  important  role  in  how  partnerships  are  formed and proceed.   Several  working  group  members  emphasized  the  need  to  recognize  the  type of knowledge that indigenous peoples can bring to a project. Indigenous  cultures can have information, experience, and insight that they have collected  over  generations.  The  group  discussed  the  need  for  cultural  sensitivity  when  training  students,  recognizing  the  importance  of  education  and  the  fact  that  “students” may include the indigenous people with whom researchers will live  and  work  when  doing  in‐country  studies.  Given  the  role  that  culture  plays  in  how  humans  interact  with  and  are  affected  by  their  environment,  it  is  im‐ portant to involve social scientists in these collaborations.   Some time was spent discussing agreements themselves. Often, research  agreements are quasi‐legal in many ways in that they have budgets, timelines,  deliverables,  and  statements  of  work.  They  do  not  often  incorporate  cross‐ cultural  or  even  community‐based  questions,  with  those  being  left  up  to  the  principal  investigators  to  manage.  This  group  considered  whether  research  agreements  themselves  could  or  should  address  more  of  the  cultural  dimen‐ sions.   Trust was a topic of long discussion, as was the importance of including  metrics for attaining success in a way that reflects the sensitivities of all of the  involved parties. While they agreed that cultural competence is needed, it was  difficult for working group members to identify efficient methods of training for  cultural  competence.  It  can  take  a  lifetime  to  develop  a  cultural  competence  that includes knowing the questions to ask, the ways of entering and exiting a  culture, and how to bring research into a culture.   Carfora  noted  in  his  summary  that  this  group  spent  time  talking  about  the  challenge  of  incorporating  relevant  perspectives  and  knowledge  from  the  humanities into the training of scientists and engineers so that they are better  prepared  for  international  collaborations.  While  there  is  a  need  for  a  highly  technical  education  for  students,  the  standard  academic  calendar  leaves  little  time for the necessary acculturation to take place in a formal educational set‐ ting.  However,  university  students  spend  much  of  their  time  outside  of  class,  and informal networks of cultural engagement can be very useful.   The  working  group  spent  some  time  talking  about cultural  competence.  Several  members  observed  that  one  of  the  first  steps  to  developing  cultural  competence  is  for  each  individual  to  first  recognize  his  or  her  own  culture.  Americans bring their culture to the partnership, in that they tend to focus on  outcomes,  focus  on  similarities,  and can be  preachy.  In the  United  States,  for  instance, being a scientist is a specific culture filled with people who are ration‐ al and who understand scientific concepts and numeracy. However, there are  other Americans who do not share those values and essentially form a different  culture. Another way that culture plays out is that American scientists look at 

50                   Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World  success in terms of accomplishments, but in many cultures success is measured  by the relationships that form over the course of a negotiation or a project.   In the broad domain of environment and natural resources, many group  members commented that peoples’ relationship with the land, water, and ani‐ mals can be highly variable, even within a country. It is important then to un‐ derstand how various groups of people relate to the environment and natural  resources as individuals and collective groups and how those relationships have  changed over time.     8.3 SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND MANUFACTURING TRACK    Richard Selby, Director of Engineering at Northrop Grumman Aerospace  Systems,  reported  that  this  working  group  identified  aspects  of  research  agreements  to  explore  in  six  different  categories:  leadership  and  governance,  risk, human rights and gender, funding, outcomes, and levels of protection for  intellectual  property  and  export  controls.  For  each  of  these  categories,  the  group developed a list of questions that could be asked to spur the right kind of  thinking in order to form better international research agreements. Selby pre‐ sented a few examples of those questions for each category.     In the case of leadership and governance, questions included:     To what extent have you formulated the overall common goals and in‐ terests?    What does every partner  want and how can you be sensitive to those  stakeholder roles?    To what extent are the stakeholders committed to the research agree‐ ment? For example, are they going to put staff onsite in the country? It  is a significant financial commitment?   To  what  extent  have  safety  and  liability  issues  been  considered  if  stu‐ dents are going to be working “in country”?   How  have  you  structured  a  leadership  and  decision  making  approach  that takes into consideration the sensitivities of the different cultures?  For example, who is in control? Is there a steering committee? Is there a  rotational approach?    Will communication be in person or electronic?    If  there  are  in‐person  meetings,  do  they  rotate  among  the  different  sites?     Regarding  risk,  the  working  group  discussed  the  complexity  of  interna‐ tional research agreements and the merits of using a traditional risk manage‐

Breakout Session Reports and Concluding Remarks  51  ment approach. Addressing risk in this manner involves asking questions about  the  kinds  of  risks  and  to  what  extent  an  agreement  defines  risk  mitigation  strategies  to  anticipate  the  things  that  could  go  wrong  and  what  preventive  measures will be taken.  Risk also involves the concept of risk versus reward, and determining that  involves  asking  each  stakeholder  what  they  want  from an  agreement and  de‐ termining how that information is taken into consideration and balanced with  regard to the potential upside of the rewards. For example, some group mem‐ bers  identified  falsification  of  data  as  a  major  risk,  in  which  case  it  would  be  necessary to address ahead of time the steps that would be taken to prevent  this in a way that strengthens trust between the partners. Other countries may  be  more  comfortable  with  a  detailed,  written  approach  to  risk  management  plans. In either case, it is important to understand the overall tolerance for risk  in partner countries and what success means in that culture.   Dealing with risk means having to put in place mitigation strategies and  clarifying the assumptions being made by each partner. Conflicts of interest can  also create risk, several participants said, particularly when working with small‐ er  countries  in  which  there  can  be  many  layers  of  relationships  that  compro‐ mise independence. Understanding those relationships ahead of time can help  mitigate risk. Dispute resolution mechanisms are an important part of risk miti‐ gation and it is important to ask questions about mediation, jurisdictions, and  how to wind down a project if a dispute cannot be resolved successfully.   The third category, human rights, is particularly important in the manu‐ facturing  sphere  as  this  has  become  a  broad  concern  throughout  the  world.  Many  group  members  said  it  is  important  to  ask  to  what  extent  the  partners  have considered the human rights of the people involved, whether they are the  direct parties of the research agreement or other people that could be affect‐ ed. There can also be gender‐specific barriers in different countries that need  to be considered, so it is important to ask how partners are going to be sensi‐ tive to that concern to ensure the success of all parties involved.   Funding  is  a  crucial  issue  in  any  agreement  and  it  is  important  to  ask  questions  about  the  hierarchy  of  money,  wherever  the  resources  are  coming  from.  If  money  is coming  from  several  sources,  some  members  asked,  how  is  that  going  to  be  administered  and  how  will  decisions  be  made?  How  will  the  money  flow?  It  is  important  to  ask  whether  people  are  investing  their  own  money  above  and  beyond  the  pool  of  resources  and  if  there  are  other  direct  investments being made in the same project. Since most funding organizations  have rules that specify how their funds are used, it is important to understand  how  those  rules  are  factored  into  the  broader  scope  of  the  overall  research  agreement.   Questions  about  the  infrastructure  that  exists  to  manage  the  money  were also identified. Selby explained that if a partner has operations in various 

52 Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World locations around the world, they might have local or regional mechanisms to administer funds specific to the project at hand and ensure that they are used for the intent of the research agreement. In terms of outcomes, several working group members noted that it is important to determine at the start of a project just what the outcomes or de- liverables will be, that is, if they will include publications, data, prototypes, models, and patents. How to attribute credit is a key issue relating to out- comes, particularly when large groups are involved in a project. If there is going to be a whole series of publications, it is important to define in advance how attribution will occur across the sum total of the publication output. Elements of prestige are extremely important, and culture is a central part of prestige. It is also important to determine mechanisms for distribution of physical products such as prototypes or software designs. The final category—levels of protection for intellectual property and ex- port controls—brought up questions about the extent to which partners have considered the different intellectual property approaches that would be ap- propriate for different countries and different participants. These issues should be addressed in advance. Group members noted that if there is technology of any kind developed as part of an international agreement, it is critical to know about country-specific regulations regarding export controls. 8.4 AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL ISSUES TRACK In his report on the discussions in this final track, John Hickman, Director of Global University Relations at John Deere, noted that there are about 3.5 billion people living in rural areas, many of whom are associated with agricul- ture and many who live in distinct cultures. Given that situation, this group started its discussions by talking about the uniqueness that exists culturally in agriculture—the traditions, the religious practices that may be involved, the local factors such as family or village hierarchy, how seeds are treated, how animals are treated and how breeding is done, the staple foods of that culture– and how those cultural practices have been carried out over time. This group identified culture-based gender differences as an important is- sue which is prominent in agriculture. Women and often children play large roles in manual labor in agriculture around the world. Also, agriculture, unlike the other tracks, can involve differences in nomadic versus sedentary practices. In some cases, cultures may not even have land that it calls home, just an area. Language differences loom large when involved in agricultural agreements in- volving multiple cultures. This group then discussed technical areas that would be unique to agri- culture, some of which may be impacted by culture, education, or isolation. Projects spanning multiple countries or multiple isolated regions within a coun-

Breakout Session Reports and Concluding Remarks  53  try can involve many cultures and varying levels of technical sophistication to  be addressed when considering how to structure collaborations. Multi‐country  projects can also encounter difficulties from material transfers between coun‐ tries,  particularly  when  a  transfer  is  repeated  between  multiple  countries  in  succession.   Biodiversity can be an issue in agricultural research agreements, particu‐ larly  with  projects  aimed  at mining  the genetic  diversity of  plants  across  geo‐ graphical regions. A number of group members observed that agreements en‐ abling  this  type  of  project  need  to  consider  local  ownership  of  those  genetic  resources, the value that indigenous people place on that genetic resource, and  how those resources can be shared while returning value to the local popula‐ tion.   The group discussed the lifecycle of agreements. Often, international col‐ laborations  start  when  conversations  between  scientists  identify  projects  on  which  they  might  collaborate.  Though  informal,  cultural  awareness  informs  these conversations from the start. Next comes the formal process for creating  an  agreement,  and  it  is  here  that  culture  plays  a  major  role.  As  an  example,  some  group  members  noted  that  U.S.  agreements  often  go  into  great  detail  regarding possible problems that might arise, and this can offend many people  around the world and complicate the approval process, which is the next step  in a project’s lifecycle. Culture can play a role both in terms of how long it takes  approval to occur and what happens when it is time finally to sign the agree‐ ment:  Is  there  a  quick  handshake  and  then  everyone  gets  to  work,  or  does  there need to be a full‐blown ceremony and celebration? The group noted that  agricultural  projects  can  be  unusual  in  that  they  often  have  a  post‐project  phase that includes education on how to use and disseminate the output of the  project. This post‐project phase often requires accommodating various cultural  practices and language differences.    8.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS    Mittleman  concluded  the  workshop  by  noting  that  much  of  the  infor‐ mation  shared  was  either  new  to  the  participants  or  more  broadly  applicable  than they realized. She explained that cultural issues are relevant to and trans‐ cend  a  variety  of  domains.  “Many  interdependent  and  interdisciplinary  scien‐ tific domains embody culture in ways we didn’t anticipate,” she said. The work‐ shop  helped  participants  to  understand  how  to  examine  cultural  differences  and understand how to consider culture in a broader context. 

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In an increasingly interconnected world, science and technology research often transects international boundaries and involves researchers from multiple nations. This paradigm provides both new opportunities and new challenges. As science and technology capabilities grow around the world, United States-based organizations are finding that international collaborations and partnerships provide unique opportunities to enhance research and training. At the same time, enhancing international collaboration requires recognition of differences in culture, legitimate national security needs, and critical needs in education and training.

Culture Matters is the summary of a workshop convened by the Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable (GUIRR) in July 2013 to address how culture and cultural perception influence and impact the process by which research agreements are made and negotiated across international boundaries. In this workshop, "Culture Matters: An Approach to International Research Agreements", representatives from around the world and from GUIRR's three constituent sectors - government, university, and industry - gathered to provide input into four specific meeting tracks or domains. The tracks focused on research and agreements affecting or involving people/human subjects; environmental and natural resources; science, engineering, and manufacturing; and agriculture and animal issues. This report examines each of these domains and the role that culture and cultural expectations may have in the forging and implementation of international research agreements.

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