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Page xiii Cite
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
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  Cullturee Maatteers INTERNAT ATIONAL RESEARCH CO OLLABORA ATION ANGING WO IN A CHA ORLD Summa ary of a Worksho op           n Sauer Sloan and Joe Alpeer, Rapporteurs  Susan   Planning Com mmittee for tthe Workshopp on Culture MMatters:   An Approoach to Intern national Reseearch Agreemments    Governme ent‐Universityy‐Industry Reesearch Round dtable     Policy and Global Afffairs                     

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS      500 Fifth Street, NW       Washington, DC 20001    NOTICE:  The  project  that  is  the  subject  of  this  report  was  approved  by  the  Governing  Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of  the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Insti‐ tute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were cho‐ sen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.    This project was supported by the Department of Defense/NAVY Award # N00014‐05‐G‐ 2088,  DO#29;  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  Award  #  2020‐38840‐21438;   Air  Force  Office  of  Scientific  Research  Award  #FA9550‐13‐1‐0155;  and  Task  Order,  HHSN26300008 of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Evaluation Set‐Aside Program  (14‐6005 M OD‐OER GUIRR), administered by the Office of Program Evaluation and Per‐ formance,  Division  of  Program,  Coordination,  Planning,  and  Strategic  Initiatives,  Office  of the Director (OD), NIH; and the National Academy of Sciences.    Any  opinions,  findings,  conclusions,  or  recommendations  expressed  in  this  publication  are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or  agencies that provided support for the project.    International Standard Book Number 13: 978‐0‐309‐30895‐3  International Standard Book Number 10: 309‐30895‐X    Additional copies of this report are available for sale from the National Academies Press,  500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624‐6242 or (202) 334‐3313;  http://www.nap.edu/.     Copyright 2014 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.    Printed in the United States of America    Suggested  citation:  NRC  (National  Research  Council).  2014.  Culture  Matters:  Interna‐ tional Research Collaboration in a Changing World (Summary of a Workshop). Washing‐ ton, DC: The National Academies Press.     

  The Nattional Academy o of Sciences is a p private, nonprofitt, self‐perpetuati ng society of disttin‐ guished scholars engaged d in scientific and d engineering ressearch, dedicatedd to the furtheran nce  of sciencce and technologgy and to their usse for the generaal welfare. Upon tthe authority of tthe  charter granted to it by tthe Congress in 1 1863, the Academ my has a mandat e that requires itt to  advise  the  federal  goverrnment  on  scientific  and  techniccal  matters.  Dr.  R Ralph  J.  Ciceronee  is  presidennt of the National Academy of Scie ences.  The  Nattional  Academy  of  Engineering  was  established  in  1964,  under  the  charter  of  tthe  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  as  a  paraallel  organizationn  of  outstanding  engineers.  It  is  au‐ tonomous in its administtration and in the e selection of its  members, sharinng with the Natio onal  Academy  of  Sciences  th he  responsibility  for  advising  the   federal  governm ment.  The  Natio onal  Academy  of  Engineeringg  also  sponsors  engineering  proograms  aimed  at  meeting  natio onal  needs,  encourages  e educcation  and  reseaarch,  and  recognnizes  the  superioor  achievements  of  engineers. Dr. C. D. Mote e, Jr., is presidentt of the National A Academy of Engineering.  The  Insttitute  of  Medicin ne  was  establisheed  in  1970  by  thhe  National Acaddemy  of  Sciencess  to  secure  the  t services  of  eminent  e memberrs  of  appropriatee  professions  in  the  examination n  of  matters pertainingg to the health off the public. The  Institute acts under the responsibil‐ policy m ity given n to the National Academy of Scie ences by its congrressional charterr to be an adviserr to  eral  government  and,  upon  its  own  initiative,  to  identify  issues  oof  medical  care,  re‐ the  fede search, aand education. D Dr. Victor J. Dzau iis president of th e Institute of Meedicine.  The National Research C Council was organnized by the Natioonal Academy of f Sciences in 19166 to  associate the  broad  commmunity  of  science  and  technologgy  with  the  Acaddemy’s  purposess  of  furtherinng knowledge an nd advising the federal governmeent. Functioning  in accordance w with  general policies determin ned by the Acade emy, the Council  has become thee principal operatting  agency o onal Academy of SSciences and the  National Academ of both the Natio my of Engineeringg in  providin e government, the public, and thee scientific and engineering comm ng services to the mu‐ nities. T The Council is admministered jointlyy by both Acade mies and the Insstitute of Medicine.  Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone andd Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., are chair andd vice chair, resppectively, of the N Na‐ tional Reesearch Council.  www.natio onal‐academies.o org   

PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR THE WORKSHOP ON CULTURE MATTERS:   AN APPROACH TO INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AGREEMENTS      BARBARA B. MITTLEMAN (Co‐Chair), Vice President, Clinical and Head,  Immunology, Nodality Inc.  ARTURO PIZANO (Co‐Chair), Manager, University Collaborations Program,  Siemens Corporation  ASTRID‐CHRISTINA KOCH, Director General, Infrastructures Unit, Copernicus:  The European Earth Observation Program   PATRICK SCHLESINGER, Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research Administration  and Compliance, University of California, Berkeley   SUBHASH C. SINGHAL, Independent Consultant and Battelle Fellow Emeritus,  Pacific Northwest National Laboratory      Principal Project Staff    SUSAN SAUER SLOAN, Rapporteur and Director, Government‐University‐ Industry Research Roundtable  THOMAS ARRISON, Executive Director, InterAcademy Council  KATIE KALINOWSKI, Senior Program Associate, Government‐University‐  Industry Research Roundtable (until September 2013)  KRISTINA THORSELL, Associate Program Officer, Government‐University‐ Industry Research Roundtable (effective February 2014)  LAURENA MOSTELLA, Administrative Assistant, Government‐University‐ Industry Research Roundtable  CLAUDETTE BAYLOR‐FLEMING, Administrative Coordinator, Federal  Demonstration Partnership  CHRIS VERHOFF, Financial Associate, Policy and Global Affairs Division   JOE ALPER, Consultant Writer    v 

    Preface and Acknowledgments    Shortly  after  hosting  an  engaging  and  timely  “Workshop  on  Examining  Core Elements of International Research Collaboration” in July 2010, members  of an active working group convened by the National Academies and its Gov‐ ernment‐University‐Industry  Research  Roundtable  (GUIRR)  agreed  that  there  was  more  exploration  to  be  done  around  the  notion  of  culture  and  research.  More  specifically,  the  group,  which  goes  by  the  moniker  “I‐Group,”  began  to  question aloud how culture and cultural perception factor into, influence, and  impact  the  process  by  which  research  agreements  are  made  and  negotiated  across international boundaries.   Challenges associated with language differences are perhaps most obvious  when  one  thinks  about  culture;  however,  many  other  challenges  come  in  to  play as well when negotiating on a global scale. For example: How do differing  cultural  attitudes  toward  ownership  of  ideas  and  intellectual  property  (IP)  af‐ fect  cross‐cultural  partnerships?  How  is  IP  enforced?  How  is  project  risk  as‐ sessed through different cultural lenses? Which country’s legal framework pre‐ vails  when  or  if  a  project  goes  awry  (beyond  budget,  timeline,  etc.)?  What  happens  when  ideas  about  ethics  and  the  conduct  of  research  fail  to  align  or  harmonize  across  geographic  boundaries?  How  does  culture  influence  the  wording/shaping/development  of  standards?  What  impact  does  culture  have  on a nation’s ability to innovate?  Ponder  the  influence  of  culture  on  multi‐party,  multi‐country,  possibly  multi‐disciplinary and/or multi‐sector (government, universities, industry, oth‐ er) partnership arrangements and the questions just keep coming.  This line of inquiry led to the proposal of a second international workshop,  this one designed to look very carefully at cultural issues within the context of  research  and  global  partnering.  A  small  planning  committee  was  established  and worked over several months to lay out a broad framework to address the I‐ Group’s  questions.  The  committee  identified  and  secured  internationally  rec‐ ognized  experts  who  could  speak  to  and  share  insights  from  their  respective  areas of expertise.   vii 

viii                   Preface and Acknowledgments  I‐Group members actively engaged with and supported the efforts of the  planning  committee  and  must  be  commended.  Members  of  the  I‐Group  in‐ clude:  Lida  Anestidou,  National  Academies;  Giulio  Busulini,  Embassy  of  Italy;  Susan  Butts,  Susan  B.  Butts  Consulting;  John  Carfora,  Loyola  Marymount  Uni‐ versity; James Casey, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; John Hickman,  John  Deere  &  Company;  Wayne  Johnson,  California  Institute  of  Technology;  Mary  Jordan,  U.S.  Agency  for  International  Development;  Mark  Maurice,  Air  Force Office of Scientific Research; Celia Merzbacher, Semiconductor Research  Corporation; Barbara Mittleman, Nodality, Inc.; C. D. Mote, Jr., National Acad‐ emy  of  Engineering;  Arturo  Pizano,  Siemens  Corporate  Research;  Marie‐ Christine  Piriou  Reames,  Georgia  Institute  of  Technology;  Andrew  Reynolds,  U.S. Department of State; Walter Schaffer, National Institutes of Health; Patrick  Schlesinger, University of California at Berkeley; Robin Staffin, U.S. Department  of Defense; David Stonner, National Science Foundation; and Sandra Titus, U.S.  Department of Health and Human Services‐Office of Research Integrity.  The follow‐on workshop was held July 29‐31, 2013, in Washington, DC, and  titled  “Culture  Matters:  An  Approach  to  International  Research  Agreements.”  The event was the culmination of tremendous effort and the focus of this re‐ sultant workshop summary report that bears, by design, the more encompass‐ ing title of Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing  World.  Providing assistance to the planning committee were the GUIRR staff mem‐ bers who are listed by name with the planning committee roster on page v. This  workshop would not have been realized without their steadfast encouragement  and able involvement.  We  wish  to  acknowledge  and  thank  the  Air  Force  Office  of  Scientific  Re‐ search  and  the  National  Institutes  of  Health  Evaluation  Set‐Aside  Program  for  providing primary support for the workshop and contributing financially to the  production  of  this  report.  Additional  support  for  this  project  came  from  the  Office of Naval Research, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and GUIRR’s Uni‐ versity‐Industry partner organizations.   This summary has been prepared by the rapporteurs as a factual summary  of  what  transpired  during  the  workshop.  The  planning  committee’s  role  was  limited to planning and convening the workshop. The statements made in this  report  do  not  necessarily  represent  positions  of  the  planning  committee,   I‐Group, the workshop participants, GUIRR, or the National Academies.  This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their  diverse  perspectives  and  technical  expertise,  in  accordance  with  procedures  approved by the National Academies’ Report Review Committee. The purpose  of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will  assist the institution in making its published reports as sound as possible and to  ensure that the report meets institutional standards for quality and objectivity. 

Preface and Acknowledgments ix  The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the  integrity of the process.  We  wish  to  thank  the  following  individuals  for  their  review  of  this  report:  Charles Dunlap, CRDF Global; Robert Hardy, Council on Governmental Relations;  Elizabeth  Heitman,  Vanderbilt  University  Medical  Center;  Miriam  Kelty,  Inde‐ pendent  Research  Professional;  and  Max  Voegler,  Deutsche  Forschungsgemein‐ schaft (DFG). Although the reviewers listed above have provided many construc‐ tive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of  the report, nor did they see  the final draft  before its  release. Responsibility for  the final content of this report rests entirely with the rapporteurs and the institu‐ tion.  Finally, we do not purport to have raised all the appropriate questions or  considered all possible responses and/or approaches; however, this report re‐ flects an earnest attempt to consider, in a careful if cursory way, an important  aspect of research globalization, namely the role of culture.    Barbara Mittleman, M.D., Co‐Chair Arturo Pizano, Ph.D., Co‐Chair  Planning Committee   Planning Committee    Culture Matters: An Approach to  Culture Matters: An Approach to  International Research Agreements  International Research Agreements       

Acronyms and Abbreviations AFOSR Air Force Office of Scientific Research APA American Psychological Association ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations CRPD United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities FDP Federal Demonstration Partnership GUIRR Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable IDPP Institute on Disability and Public Policy I-Group Working Group on International Research Collaborations IP intellectual property IRB Institutional Review Board IUPsyS International Union of Psychological Science NCI National Cancer Institute NGO Non-Government Organization NIC National Intelligence Council NIH National Institutes of Health NRC National Research Council REC Research Ethics Committee TRIPS trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights UIDP University-Industry Demonstration Partnership USAID United States Agency for International Development WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WTO World Trade Organization xi

Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations 1 Introduction and Overview ....................................................................... 1 1.1 Framing the Issues, 3 1.2 Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds, 4 2 Designing Projects with Culture in Mind ................................................... 7 2.1 Conducting International Research in a Culturally Responsible Manner, 7 2.2 Why Culture Matters in Cancer Research, 11 3 Conducting Research in Developing Countries ....................................... 15 3.1 University Perspectives on International Research Agreements, 15 3.2 Using Ethics in Decision Making, 17 4 Language .................................................................................................. 21 4.1 Understanding the Global, Regional and National Dynamics of Interdisciplinary Research, 21 4.2 Language Challenges in Communicating Science, 23 5 Urbanization, Ecological Sustainability, and Social Resilience ............... 27 5.1 From Sustainability to Resilience: Reimagining the Role of the Healthy City in International Research Collaborations, 27 5.2 An Open Innovation Platform for Sustainable Cities, 30 5.3 Culture Through the Numbers: Analytics Applied to Cities, 31 6 Intellectual Property ................................................................................ 33 6.1 Protecting Intellectual Property, 33 6.2 Intellectual Property Development Across the Globe, 36 6.3 Culture and Personality in Global Business, 37 xiii

xiv Contents 7 Change and Drivers .................................................................................. 41 7.1 Culture in Development Research, 41 8 Breakout Session Reports and Concluding Remarks .............................. 45 8.1 People/Human Subjects Track, 45 8.2 Environment and Natural Resources Track, 48 8.3 Science, Engineering, and Manufacturing Track, 50 8.4 Agriculture and Animal Issues Track, 52 8.5 Concluding Remarks, 53 Appendices A Workshop Agenda ................................................................................... 55 B Guiding Questions for the Breakout Sessions ......................................... 61 C Speaker Biographies ................................................................................ 63 D Workshop Participants ............................................................................ 81

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In an increasingly interconnected world, science and technology research often transects international boundaries and involves researchers from multiple nations. This paradigm provides both new opportunities and new challenges. As science and technology capabilities grow around the world, United States-based organizations are finding that international collaborations and partnerships provide unique opportunities to enhance research and training. At the same time, enhancing international collaboration requires recognition of differences in culture, legitimate national security needs, and critical needs in education and training.

Culture Matters is the summary of a workshop convened by the Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable (GUIRR) in July 2013 to address how culture and cultural perception influence and impact the process by which research agreements are made and negotiated across international boundaries. In this workshop, "Culture Matters: An Approach to International Research Agreements", representatives from around the world and from GUIRR's three constituent sectors - government, university, and industry - gathered to provide input into four specific meeting tracks or domains. The tracks focused on research and agreements affecting or involving people/human subjects; environmental and natural resources; science, engineering, and manufacturing; and agriculture and animal issues. This report examines each of these domains and the role that culture and cultural expectations may have in the forging and implementation of international research agreements.

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