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NUTRIENT OF BEEF CATTLE Eighth Revised Edition |
Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle
Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources
Division on Earth and Life Studies
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
This activity was supported by Contract No. HHSP233201400020B/HHSP23337015 with the DHHS/FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine and grants from the American Society of Animal Science, Canadian Beef Cattle Research Council, Institute for Feed Education and Research, Illinois Beef Association, Illinois Corn Marketing Board, Iowa Corn Promotion Board and Iowa Corn Marketing Association, National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, Nebraska Corn Board and Nebraska Corn Growers Association, and the Minnesota Corn Research & Promotion Council and Minnesota Corn Growers Association with additional support from the National Animal Nutrition Program (NRSP-9). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-31702-3
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-31702-9
Digital Object Identifier: 10.17226/19014
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, issuing body.
Title: Nutrient requirements of beef cattle / Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
Description: Eighth revised edition. | Washington, DC : National Academies Press, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015043170| ISBN 9780309317023 (hard cover : alk. paper) | ISBN 0309317029 (hard cover : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Beef cattle—Feeding and feeds.
Classification: LCC SF203 .N87 2016 | DDC 636.2/13—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.locgov/2015043170
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Copyright 2016 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19014.
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COMMITTEE ON NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF BEEF CATTLE
MICHAEL L. GALYEAN, Chair, Texas Tech University, Lubbock
KAREN A. BEAUCHEMIN, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta
JOEL CATON, North Dakota State University, Fargo
NOEL ANDY COLE, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (Retired)
JOAN H. EISEMANN, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
TERRY ENGLE, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
GALEN E. ERICKSON, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
CLINTON R. KREHBIEL, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
RONALD P. LEMENAGER, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
LUIS O. TEDESCHI, Texas A&M University, College Station
Staff
CAMILLA YANDOC ABLES, Study Director
KATI REIMER, Senior Program Assistant (until January 2014)
External Support
AUSTIN J. LEWIS, Consultant to the Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources
BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
NORMAN R. SCOTT, Chair, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
PEGGY F. BARLETT, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
HAROLD L. BERGMAN, University of Wyoming, Laramie
SUSAN CAPALBO, Oregon State University, Corvallis
GAIL CZARNECKI-MAULDEN, Nestle Research Center, St. Louis, Missouri
RICHARD A. DIXON, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma
GIBISA EJETA, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
ROBERT B. GOLDBERG, University of California, Los Angeles
FRED GOULD, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
GARY F. HARTNELL, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri
GENE HUGOSON, Minnesota Department of Agriculture, St. Paul
MOLLY M. JAHN, University of Wisconsin, Madison
ROBBIN S. JOHNSON, Cargill Foundation, Wayzata, Minnesota
JAMES W. JONES, University of Florida, Gainesville
A. G. KAWAMURA, Solutions from the Land, Irvine, California
STEPHEN S. KELLY, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
JULIA L. KORNEGAY, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
CHARLES W. RICE, Kansas State University, Manhattan
JIM E. RIVIERE, Kansas State University, Manhattan
ROGER A. SEDJO, Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C.
KATHLEEN SEGERSON, University of Connecticut, Storrs
MERCEDES VÁZQUEZ-AÑÓN, Novus International, Inc., St. Charles, Missouri
Staff
ROBIN A. SCHOEN, Director
PEGGY TSAI YIH, Senior Program Officer
CAMILLA YANDOC ABLES, Program Officer
KARA N. LANEY, Program Officer
JANET M. MULLIGAN, Associate Program Officer
JENNA BRISCOE, Senior Program Assistant
Contents
1 BEEF PRODUCTION: SYSTEMS, QUALITY, AND SAFETY
Introduction
Beef Breeds
Production Systems
Food Safety
Nutritional Profiles
Taste and Tenderness
Animal Well-Being
Feed Additives and Growth Modifiers
Environmental Impact of Production Systems
References
2 ANATOMY, DIGESTION, AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION
Introduction
Mechanics and Role of Eating
Anatomy and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
The Ruminal Environment and Microbiome
Digestion Kinetics
Fermentative Processes
Ruminal pH and Acidosis
Ruminal Nitrogen Metabolism
Postruminal Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients
References
3 ENERGY TERMS AND CONCEPTS
Energy Units
Expressing Energy Values of Feeds
Summary Recommendations Regarding Energy Terms and Concepts
References
4 CARBOHYDRATES
Introduction
Non-Neutral Detergent Fiber Carbohydrates
Neutral Detergent Fiber (Fractions CB3 and CC)
Forages and Their Utilization
Fiber and Prediction of Ruminal pH
References
5 LIPIDS
Introduction
Digestion and Absorption
Digestibility and Energy Value
Essential Fatty Acids
Fat Supplementation
References
6 PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS
Introduction
Metabolizable Protein System
Microbial Protein Synthesis
Urea Recycling
Synchrony of Energy and Protein
Ruminal Outflow of Intact Dietary Protein
Protein Supply to the Small Intestine
Amino Acid Absorption
Metabolic Protein Requirements
Amino Acid Requirements
Empirical and Mechanistic Levels of Solution
Summary of Recommended Adjustments for Protein
References
7 MINERALS
Introduction
Macrominerals
Microminerals
References
8 VITAMINS
Introduction
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Water-Soluble Vitamins
References
9 WATER
Introduction
Body Water Distribution
Requirements
Summary
References
10 FEED INTAKE
Introduction
Factors Affecting Feed Intake by Beef Cattle
Prediction of Feed Intake by Beef Cattle
References
11 MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATION: ENERGY AND PROTEIN
Requirements for Energy
Maintenance Requirements for Protein
References
12 GROWTH
Introduction
Energy and Protein Requirements for Growing and Finishing Cattle
Previous Plane of Nutrition Effects
Effects of Special Dietary Factors
Unique Breed Effects
Evaluation of the Energy System
References
13 REPRODUCTION
Introduction
Body Condition Score
Puberty and Heifer Development
Postpartum Interval
Pregnancy
Lactation
Bulls
Energy and Protein Requirements
Significant Changes
References
14 COMPOUNDS THAT MODIFY DIGESTION AND METABOLISM
Introduction
Additives That Alter Ruminal Fermentation
Additives That Alter Ruminal Fermentation and Other Aspects of Gastrointestinal Tract Function
Metabolic Modifiers That Affect Postabsorptive Metabolism
Summary of Recommended Adjustments for Inclusion of Modifiers
References
15 EFFECTS OF STRESS ON BEEF CATTLE NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS
Overview
Dietary Energy
Dietary Protein
Minerals
Vitamins
Feed Additives
Summary
References
16 ENVIRONMENT
Background
Dietary Effects on Nutrient Excretion
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Ammonia Emissions
Hydrogen Sulfide and Reduced Sulfur
Particulate Matter and Dust
Odors/Volatile Organic Compounds
References
17 UTILIZATION OF BYPRODUCT FEEDS BY BEEF CATTLE
Availability and Overview
Corn Byproducts
Soybean Byproducts
References
18 COMPOSITION OF SELECTED FEEDS FOR BEEF CATTLE
Introduction
Data Background
Use of the Data
Grazed Forages
Effects of Processing Treatment
Minerals
References
19 MODEL EQUATIONS AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
Introduction
Requirements for Energy and Protein
Requirements for Minerals and Vitamins
Requirements for Amino Acids
Predicting Dry Matter Intake
Predicting Water Intake
Supply of Energy and Nutrients
Nutrient Balances
Feed Library
Model Comparison
Sensitivity Analyses
References
20 TABLES OF NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS
Introduction
Table for Growing and Finishing Cattle
Table for Breeding Bulls
Table for Pregnant Replacement Heifers
Table for Beef Cows
Table of Energy Reserves for Beef Cows
References
21 RESEARCH NEEDS
Introduction
General
Beef Production Systems/Beef Quality and Safety
Energy, Carbohydrates, and Lipids
Protein
Minerals, Vitamins, and Water
Feed Intake
Maintenance, Growth, Reproduction, and Stress
Compounds That Modify Digestion and Metabolism
Environment
Byproduct Feeds and Feed Composition
Computer Models for Nutrient Requirements
Reference
APPENDIXES
A A USER’S GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE BEEF CATTLE NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS MODEL
B COMMITTEE STATEMENT OF TASK
C ABBREVIATONS AND ACRONYMS
D COMMITTEE MEMBER BIOGRAPHIES
E RECENT PUBLICATIONS OF THE BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
INDEX
Tables and Figures
TABLES
2-1 VFA Production and Reductive Processes in the Rumen
4-1 Typical Concentrations of Some Carbohydrates (g/kg dry matter) in Forages
4-2 Summary of Digestibility Studies with Beef Feedlot Cattle and Dairy Cows Fed Processed Grains
4-3 Overview of Factors Affecting Forage Fiber Utilization by Ruminants
4-4 Some Factors Affecting Ruminal pH and the Risk of Acidosis in Feedlot Cattle
5-1 Fatty Acid Composition of Some Typical Feedstuffs
5-2 Fatty Acid Composition of Selected Sources of Fats and Oils
6-1 Comparisons of Values Generated Using the New Equations to Predict MCP with Values Generated from the Previous NRC (1996, 2000) Equation
7-1 Mineral Requirements and Maximum Tolerable Concentrations (Dry Matter Basis)
7-2 Maximum Tolerable Concentrations of Mineral Elements Toxic to Cattle
7-3 Sulfur Concentration (%) in Common Feedstuffs
7-4 Calculated Influence of Water Sulfate Concentration and Distillers Grains Addition to Finishing Diets on Total Dietary Sulfur Content (%)
8-1 Definitions and Relationships of International Units (IU) and Retinol Equivalents (RE) as Related to Vitamin A
8-2 Factors for Converting International Units (IU) of Vitamins E to α-Tocopherol in Milligrams
9-1 Approximate Total Daily Water Intake (Liters) of Beef Cattle
9-2 Guidelines for Total Soluble Salts (TSS) in Water for Cattle
9-3 Water Hardness Guidelines
9-4 Nitrate in Water
9-5 Generally Considered Safe Concentrations of Some Potentially Toxic Nutrients and Contaminants in Water for Cattle
10-1 Forage Intake Guidelines for Beef Cows
12-1 Relationship of Stage of Growth and Rate of Gain to Body Composition, Based on NRC (1984) Medium-Framed Steer
12-2 Standard Reference Weights for Different Final Body Compositions
13-1 Description of Cow Body Condition Score (BCS)
13-2 Cow Body Condition Score (BCS) Decision Tree
13-3 Estimated Shrunk Body Weights for Cows Differing in Body Condition Score (BCS) and Weight
13-4 Estimated Body Energy Reserves for Cows Differing in Body Condition Score (BCS) and Weight
13-5 Energy Reserves (Mcal) for Cows with Different Body Weights and Condition Scores to Change One Body Condition Score
13-6 Estimated Birth Weight of Calves of Different Breeds or Breed Crosses (kg)
13-7 Estimates of NEm (Mcal/d) Required for Pregnancy
13-8 Estimates of Available Net Protein Required for Pregnancy by Beef Cows for Several Stages of Gestation
13-9 Net Energy (NEm, Mcal/d) Required for Milk Production
13-10 Net Protein (g/d) Required for Milk Production
14-1 List of Anabolic Implants Available for Use in Beef Cattle
15-1 Dry Matter Intake of Newly Arrived Calves (% of BW)
15-2 Suggested Nutrient Concentrations for Stressed Calves (Dry Matter Basis)
16-1 Empirical and Mechanistic Models Developed to Estimate Enteric CH4 Emissions from Cattle
16-2 Equations Used in the Beef Cattle Nutrient Requirements Model to Predict Enteric Methane Production from Beef Cattle
17-1 Byproduct Energy and Protein Feeds Used in Beef Cattle Diets
17-2 Amino Acid Composition of Corn Grain and Dried Distillers Grains plus Solubles (DDGS) from Corn, Sorghum, and Wheat
17-3 Meta-Analysis of Finishing Steer Performance When Fed Different Dietary Inclusions of Corn Wet Distillers Grains Plus Solubles (WDGS), Modified Distillers Grains Plus Solubles (MDGS), or Dried Distillers Grains Plus Solubles (DDGS) Replacing Dry-Rolled and High-Moisture Corn
18-1 Means and Standard Deviations for the Composition Data of Feeds Commonly Used in Beef Diets
18-2 Energy, Fiber (NDF), and Protein (CP) Content of Forage Samples from Different Regions
18-3 Compositions of Common Macromineral Sources on a 100% Dry Matter Basis
18-4 Inorganic Sources and Estimated Bioavailabilities of Trace Minerals
19-1 Maintenance Requirement Multipliers for Breeds and Physiological Stages, Calf Birth Weight, Peak Milk Production and Milk Composition, and Expected Body Weight at Conception as a Percentage of Mature Body Weight
19-2 Energy Reserves for Cows with Different Current Shrunk Body Weights (SBW) and Body Condition Scores (BCS)
19-3 Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements and Maximum Tolerable Concentrations (g/d)
19-4 Other Mineral (DMI Basis) and Vitamin (DMI and SBW Bases) Requirements and Maximum Tolerable Concentrations
19-5 Amino Acid Composition of Tissue and Milk Protein (g AA/100 g Protein) and Partial Efficiency of Use of Absorbed Amino Acids for Pregnancy and Lactation
19-6 Dry Matter Intake Adjustment Factors for Anabolic Implant and Feed Additive
19-7 Amino Acid Composition (%) of Bacterial Cell-Wall and Non-Cell Wall Protein
19-8 Postruminal Starch (CB1) Digestibilities (% of flow to the intestine)
19-9 Equations to Compute Mass Fraction of Lactate, Acetate-to-Propionate Ratio (Ac:Prop), and Butyrate from Sugar, Starch, and Fiber
19-10 Estimated peNDF Requirements
19-11 Mean, SD, and Spearman Correlations of Environmental Variables Used in the Sensitivity Analysis
19-12 Mean, SD, and Spearman Correlations of Dietary Variables Used in the Sensitivity Analysis
20-1 Nutrient Requirements (left) and Diet Evaluation (right) for Growing and Finishing Cattle
20-2 Nutrient Requirements (left) and Diet Evaluation (right) for Growing Bulls
20-3 Nutrient Requirements for Replacement Heifers
20-4 Diet Evaluation for Replacement Heifers
20-5 Nutrient Requirements for Lactating Cows
20-6 Diet Evaluation for Lactating Cows
FIGURES
2-1 The digestive system of the beef cow
2-2 The reticulum, rumen, omasum, and abomasum of the bovine
2-3 Schematic diagram of the major pathways of fermentation in the rumen
3-1 The idealized flow of energy through an animal
3-2 Representation of the relationship of ME to DE
3-3 Representation of the relationship between RE and NE
4-1 Simplified fractionation of plant carbohydrates
4-2A Cellulose strands surrounded by hemicellulose and lignin
4-2B Structural organization of the plant cell wall
4-3 Linkages between lignin and polysaccharides
5-1 Major biohydrogenation pathways of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid in the rumen
5-2 Synthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from the two essential FA (C18) precursors
6-1 Relationship between N recycled to the rumen or urea N used for anabolism (g N/d) and nitrogen intake (g N/d) using the equations developed by the NRC (1985) (urea N recycled to the rumen, dashed lines), Reynolds and Kristensen (2008) (urea N used for anabolism, UUA, solid lines), and the current beef committee (UUA, dotted lines) for (A) DMI = 5 kg/d and (B) DMI = 10 kg/d
10-1 Dry matter intake predicted for a 550-kg beef cow at day 160 of gestation using the guidelines in Table 10-1, the NRC (1996, 2000) equation (Eq. 10-5), and the equation for dry cows of Coleman et al. (2014)
10-2 Dry matter intake predicted for a 550-kg beef cow at week 6 of lactation using the guidelines in Table 10-1, the NRC (1996, 2000) equation (Eq. 10-5 with adjustment for milk yield), and the equation for lactating cows of Coleman et al. (2014)
12-1 Relationship between empty body weight (kg) and body fat (kg) in male castrates of British beef breeds
12-2 Relationship between empty body weight (kg) and body fat (%) in Angus and Holstein heifers, steers, and bulls; composition differs even when weight is the same
12-3 Use of the NRC (1984) medium-framed steer as a standard reference base to predict retained energy (A) and retained protein (B) in growing cattle across wide variations in cattle breed, body size, implant, and nutritional management systems
12-4 Use of the NRC (1984) medium-framed steer as a standard reference base to predict net energy requirements for growth across wide variations in cattle breed, body size, implant, and nutritional management systems
12-5 Use of the NRC (1984) medium-framed steer as a standard reference base to predict net energy requirements for growth across wide variations in cattle breed, body size, implant, and nutritional management systems
12-6 Use of the NRC (1984) medium-framed steer as a standard reference base to predict net energy requirements for growth across wide variations in cattle breed, body size, implant, and nutritional management systems
13-1 Relationships between body condition score (BCS) and empty body percentage of fat, protein, water, and ash (NRC, 1996, 2000)
13-2 Relationship of calf birth weight to cow condition score in mature cows of nine breeds (NRC, 1996, 2000)
13-3 Relationship of fetal weight to day of gestation in cattle (NRC, 1996, 2000)
13-4 Generalized lactation curves for cows producing 5, 8, 11, or 14 kg of milk at peak milk production (NRC, 1996, 2000)
17-1 Schematic of the dry milling industry with the feed products produced
17-2 Ethanol production by year in the United States
17-3 Effect of dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) supplementation on ADG for growing cattle supplemented DDGS
17-4 Effect of dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) supplementation on intake for cattle fed in confinement studies
18-1 Normal distribution of a population based on observed values
19-1 Comparison of the previous NRC (2000) and the current model’s predicted (A) metabolizable energy (ME) or (B) metabolizable protein (MP) allowable gain, using data of steers and heifers from 20 feedlot studies (n = 2,539 animals)
19-2 Effect of the variation in environmental factors on the distribution of predicted ME required for maintenance (A) and predicted ME available for growth (B), and influential variables affecting the change of predicted ME for maintenance (C) and predicted ME available for growth (D)
19-3 Effect of the variation in dietary nutrients on the distribution of predicted ME required for maintenance (A) and predicted ME available for growth (B), and influential variables affecting the change of predicted ME for maintenance (C) and predicted ME available for growth (D)
19-4 Effect of the variation of dietary nutrients (constant DMI) on the distribution of predicted methane production (CH4 g/d) (A), standardized regression coefficients (B) and Spearman rank (C) of influential variables affecting methane production (CH4g/d) and methane yield (g/kg ruminally degraded carbohydrate, (D)
Preface
This eighth revised edition of the Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle reflects an effort by the Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, commissioned by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, to substantially update and expand the previous National Research Council beef cattle publications.1Although many approaches used to calculate nutrient requirements in the seventh revised edition and the Update 2000 remain unchanged (e.g., energy requirements for maintenance and growth), extensive analyses of published data were used to update several other areas (e.g., estimation of microbial growth, nitrogen recycling, changes in body energy and protein reserves in beef cows relative to body condition score, and effects of ionophores on energy requirements). A major effort was made to update and expand feed composition data using extensive analysis of samples analyzed at commercial laboratories to provide information on average composition and associated variability of nutrients in common feedstuffs used in beef cattle production. All chapters were updated (with some rearrangement of original material into separate chapters—e.g., maintenance and growth) to reflect relevant literature published since the release of the seventh revised edition and the Update 2000, and a large amount of new information has been added as additional chapters that were not part of the previous edition and the Update 2000. New areas include in-depth reviews of beef cattle production systems, beef quality, and safety; ruminant physiology, digestion, and metabolism; carbohydrates and lipids; compounds that modify ruminant digestion and metabolism; nutrition and the environment (including new prediction equations for methane); and nutritional value of byproduct feeds. In addition, the computer software has been updated in a more intuitive and user-friendly format. Consistent with the Statement of Task, the committee also has identified research areas needed to fill the significant gaps in knowledge that remain as a challenge for subsequent revisions.
Similar to other NRC reports in the animal nutrient requirements series, the committee did not change requirements established by the previous edition and the Update 2000 unless sufficient evidence in the published literature or analyses of published and unpublished data suggested a change was justified. Whenever possible, recommendations were evaluated with independent data.
Establishing nutrient requirements for beef cattle poses significant challenges. Beef cattle production systems vary considerably across North America and around the globe, and the wide variety of feedstuffs used in beef production, along with diversity in breeds, environmental conditions, and management strategies make it virtually impossible to define all possible scenarios that might affect nutrient requirements. Despite these challenges, the eighth revised edition reflects a significant step forward in our understanding of the nutrient requirements of beef cattle, and it should serve as an important resource to scientists and beef cattle producers for many years to come.
___________________
1NRC (National Research Council). 1996. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, 7th Rev. Ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; NRC. 2000. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, Update 2000. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Acknowledgments
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Steve Armbruster, Steve Armbruster Consulting, Stillwater, OK
John Arthington, University of Florida, Ona
Antonello Cannas, University of Sassari, Sardinia, Italy
Ed Charmley, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
Tony Bryant, JBS Five Rivers Cattle Feeding, Greeley, CO
George Fahey, Jr., University of Illinois, Urbana
Mary Beth Hall, U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI
David Harmon, University of Kentucky, Lexington
Kristen Johnson, Washington State University, Pullman
John McKinnon, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
James Oltjen, University of California, Davis
Eric Scholljegerdes, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Dale E. Bauman, Cornell University. Appointed by the National Academies, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
The committee wishes to thank the Illinois Corn Marketing Board, Illinois Beef Association, Iowa Corn Promotion Board and Iowa Corn Marketing Association, Minnesota Corn Growers/Minnesota Corn Research and Promotion Council, Nebraska Corn Board and Nebraska Corn Growers Association, Institute for Feed Education and Research, Canadian Beef Cattle Research Council, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, American Society of Animal Science Foundation, and the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association. Support from the Plains Nutrition Council, Amarillo, TX, in providing meeting facilities and a meal for the committee at a meeting in San Antonio, TX, is greatly appreciated. The assistance of the National Animal Nutrition Program (NANP), a National Research Support Project (NRSP-9) administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture was vital to the completion of this project. In particular, the effort by Phil Miller of the NANP Feed Composition Committee and Huyen Tran to summarize feed composition data was essential to the committee’s mission.
The committee is indebted to Camilla Yandoc Ables, Program Officer for this project. Her commitment to producing a report of the highest quality in a timely manner was the “glue” that held this project together, and her pleasant personality and helpful approach to the job were inspirational throughout the process. Likewise, the committee appreciates the guidance and support of Austin Lewis, Consultant to the Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources (BANR), whose wisdom, sound advice, and encouragement were vital to producing the report. The committee also thanks Robin Schoen, Director of BANR, for the support and guidance she provided during the preparation of the report.
