Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
2 of re s i dual conta inments in s crap ; deve lopment and improvement of near-net-shape forming technique s such as electromagneti c casting, spray cast ing, and twin roll casting ; deve lopment of proce s s e s ; deve lopment and demonstrat ion of improved instrumentation and contro l procedure s to ident i fy and e l iminate de fects in cold-rolled and hot-ro l led s l ab s and sheets ; deve lopment of cost-e ffective techno logies for the recovery o f energy i n waste streams ; and the deve lopment of low-co st, high-temperature metal l ic or ceramic materials for use in recuperators . In addition to the se, the committee fee l s it i s part icularly important to deve lop proce s s e s to produce s te e l s low in nitrogen and carbon in an electr ic arc furnace to expand the use of scrap . The petrochemical industry is one of the largest energy consumers in the nat i on, us ing in recent years s ome 6.1 quads annual ly . Although only a few projects relat ing to th i s indus try have been funded by OIP, the industry its e l f has addressed energy cons ervation through its heavy inve s tment in proprie tary proc e s s e s for a cons tantly expanding l ine of products . The committee reviewed techno logy needs in the pe trochemical indus try with respect to was te reduc tion and recyc l ing. It conc luded that the industry fo l l ows energy-c ons erving practices to a commendab le de gree; approx imate ly 95 percent o f the energy content o f the feedstocks used can be recovered or recycled within a given plant. The treatment and disposal of hazardous was tes i s the mo s t c r i t ical prob l em fac ing the petrochemical indus try . S ince inc inerat ion i s the preferred me thod of dispos al, and s ince the dispo sal of hazardous was tes i s an impor tant prob lem fac ing the nat i on as a whole, the comm i ttee conc luded that there i s a need for further research and deve lopment on the sc ienc e base unde rly ing the inc inerat ion proce s s. The comm i ttee rec ommends that rese arch on th i s s c i enc e base be pursued b y the Environmental Protec t ion Agency, the Depar tment of Defens e, and o ther o ffices within the Depar tment of Energy .
Chap ter 1 INtRODUCTION In July 1978 the U . S . Department of Energy ' s Office of Indus trial Energy Cons ervation Programs was direc ted to examine and take appropr iate ac t ion concern ing ⢠Ex i s t ing but underut i l ized technologies who s e impl ementation could be s t imulated by an identifiable federal ac t i on ; ⢠New technologies from research , de s ign , and deve lopment (RD&D) that provide advanced concep ts with proven economic and technical feas ib i l i ty in indus trial operat ing environments; ⢠Economic �ncent ive s , such as tax credits , that reward indus trial ac t ions in the nat ional intere s t ; ⢠Other ac t i ons that have been legi slated to e s tab l i sh requirements and mo t ivation for indus try ; and ⢠A marke t - oriented commerc ial izat ion e ffort to ensure acce lerated trans fer o f techno logies to spec ific related indus trial us ers and the maximum imp lementation of the s e techno logies with regard to fo s te r ing energy cons ervat ion by the indus trial s e c tor . S ince thi s program was ini tiated , the federal government ' s cumulat ive inve s tment has been more than $200 mill ion , and more than 200 projec ts have been undertaken by DOE ' s Office of Indus trial Programs (OI P) . The s e projec t s have been carried out b y indus trial companies , consult ing firms , research ins t i tute s , univers i t ie s , and government laborator i e s . In 1980 the Nat i onal Re search Counc i l was asked by DOE to evaluate the Indus trial Energy Cons ervat ion Program . The Comm i t tee on As s e s sment of the Indus trial Energy Cons ervat ion Program , appo inted within the Nat ional Materials Advisory Board , performed a series of evaluations dur ing the period 1980-1985 and documented its findings in five reports : 3
