Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
REFERENCE COPY FOR LIBRARY USE ONLY Agricultural Development and Environmental Research: American and Czechoslovak Perspectives Proceedings of a Bilateral Workshop April 7-10, 1987 South Bohemian Biological Center Ceske BudSjovice, Czechoslovakia Editors Anna S. Phillips Glenn E. Schweitzer AUG15'90 Order Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences ki^»;Ari_i T^. TT D TVT j.' i i j e o ⢠' tnonai lecnnicti U.S. National Academy of Sciences ,_. .. ⢠J Information Springfield, V*. 22161 Ord«r No..
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for this report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating soci- ety of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council. Available from: Soviet and East European Affairs National Research Council 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418 Printed in the United States of America
Preface A bilateral workshop jointly sponsored by the National Acad- emy of Sciences (NAS) and the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (CSAV) was held in Czechoslovakia April 6-16, 1987. Entitled "Agricultural Development and Environmental Research," the workshop was the first to be held within the framework of the NAS- CSAV interacademy exchange program begun in 1966. Dr. Charles E. Hess, Dean of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences at the University of California, Davis, and Academician Vladimir Landa, Director of the CSAV South Bohemian Biological Center and a mem- ber of the Presidium of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, served as workshop co-chairmen. A full list of participants appears in Ap- pendix 1. The workshop sessions were held in Ceske Budejovice at the CSAV South Bohemian Biological Center. Because of heightened awareness of the possible environmental consequences of increased agricultural productivity, the workshop discussions were lively and covered a wide variety of topics. The diversity of these topics is reflected in the following partial list of research priorities identified by workshop participants: ⢠Development and application of systems analysis techniques in managing natural and altered ecosystems; ⢠Investigation of nutrient transformations and losses in ecosys- tems; iii
⢠Development and application of exposure assessment techniques, including estimating human exposure to pesticides and other toxic chemicals; ⢠Development of techniques for minimizing waste generation; ⢠Expansion of research on genetic engineering to develop plant species resistant to diseases and pests; ⢠Investigation of interspecies relationships in weed/crop systems as a basis for reducing herbicide use; ⢠Increased understanding of the biology and microstructure of soils; ⢠Determination of effects of acid deposition on biological systems. The complete list compiled at the workshop of research problems and priorities, as well as of possible themes and modes for cooperation, appears in Appendix 2. After the workshop, further discussions were held between Amer- ican and Czechoslovak specialists during associated visits to collective farms at Chelfice and SluSovice and to various governmental and re- search institutions in Prague and Bratislava. A complete list of visits appears in Appendix 3. The workshop and visits served to stimu- late interest in future bilateral collaboration in the agricultural and environmental sciences. The NAS expresses its appreciation to the Czechoslovak and Slovak Academies of Sciences (SAV) for organizing the workshop. Financial support from the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and the Ford Foundation is also gratefully acknowledged. The views expressed in the individual presentations which follow are those of the authors and do not represent the views of any official organization or agency. iv
Table of Contents PREFACE MAIN ISSUES OF AGRICULTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE STRATEGY OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT l Alois Slaby A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYZING AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 5 C. Vernon Cole LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY AS A SCIENCE 15 Vaclav Skopek LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY IN THE AGRICULTURAL FRINGE OF URBAN AREAS 20 Dean S. Rugg BASIC PREMISES IN LANDSCAPE/ECOLOGICAL PLANNING 30 Milan Ru2iCka LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH PROGRAM 39 Jan DrdoS SCIENTIFIC TOOLS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 44 David N. McNelis
SCIENTIFIC TOOLS FOR ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN AGRICULTURAL AREAS 59 Jan Van£k ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION PROBLEMS IN AGRICULTURAL AREAS 65 Lee A. Mulkey PROBLEMS OF WATER POLLUTION RELATED TO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 76 Imrich Daubner LOW-INPUT SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 80 William C. Liebhardt PROTECTION OF SOIL ORGANISMS AND IMPROVEMENT OF BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL 89 Josef Rusek RESOURCE DEPLETION AND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 97 Duane Chapman and Randy Barker TRANSFER OF RESEARCH RESULTS INTO PRACTICE IN CZECHOSLOVAK AGRICULTURE 112 Alois Slaby AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH: NEAR-TERM AND LONG-TERM RESEARCH PRIORITIES 117 Charles E. Hess IMMEDIATE AND LONG-TERM RESEARCH PRIORITIES 131 Jaromir PospiSil RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 137 Frank G. Zalom
