National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1985. Building Damage in South Carolina Caused by the Tornadoes of March 28, 1984. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19291.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1985. Building Damage in South Carolina Caused by the Tornadoes of March 28, 1984. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19291.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1985. Building Damage in South Carolina Caused by the Tornadoes of March 28, 1984. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19291.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1985. Building Damage in South Carolina Caused by the Tornadoes of March 28, 1984. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19291.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1985. Building Damage in South Carolina Caused by the Tornadoes of March 28, 1984. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19291.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1985. Building Damage in South Carolina Caused by the Tornadoes of March 28, 1984. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19291.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1985. Building Damage in South Carolina Caused by the Tornadoes of March 28, 1984. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19291.
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Building Damage in South Carolina Caused by the Tornadoes of March 28,1984 Prepared by: Peter R. Sparks, Department of Civil Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina For: Committee on Natural Disasters Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS NAS'NAE Washington, D.C. l985 APR 2 5 1985 LIBRARY

85• 003(0 C.I NOTICE: The Committee on Natural Disasters project, under which this report was prepared, was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in l9l6 to associate the broad community of science and tech- nology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of l863, which establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in l964 and l970, respec- tively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences. This study was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. CEE-82l9358 to the National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this report are the authors' and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation, the National Research Council, or the authors' organizations. A limited number of copies of this report are available from: Committee on Natural Disasters National Academy of Sciences 2l0l Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 204l8 Also available from: National Technical Information Service Attention: Document Sales 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 22l6l Report No.: CETS-CND-03l Price Codes: paper A04, mf A0l

COMMITTEE ON NATURAL DISASTERS (l983-84) Chairman JOHN F. KENNEDY, Institute of Hydraulic Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City Vice Chairman KISHOR C. MEHTA, Institute for Disaster Research, Texas Tech University, Lubbock Immediate Past Chairman ANIL K. CHOPRA, Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley Member s ROBERT G. DEAN, Department of Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville JOSEPH G. GOLDEN, Environmental Research Labs—NOAA, Boulder, Colorado PAUL C. JENNINGS, Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena T. WILLIAM LAMBE, Consultant, Longboat Key, Florida RICHARD D. MARSHALL, Structural Engineering Group, Center for Building Technology, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. JAMES K. MITCHELL, Department of Geography, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey LESLIE E. ROBERTSON, Robertson, Fowler & Associates P.C., New York, New York THOMAS F. SAARINEN, Department of Geography, University of Arizona, Tucson METE A. SOZEN, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois T. LESLIE YOUD, Research Civil Engineer, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California iii

Staff 0. ALLEN ISRAELSEN, Executive Secretary STEVE OLSON, Consultant Editor LALLY ANNE ANDERSON, Secretary JOANN CURRY, Secretary Liaison Representative WILLIAM A. ANDERSON, Program Director, Societal Response Research, Division of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. iv

FOREWORD The Committee on Natural Disasters of the National Research Council was formed to study the impact of natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, tornadoes, and hurricanes on engineered structures and systems. The objectives of the committee's work are to improve protection against disasters by providing factual reports of the consequences of these extreme events of nature and to stimulate research needed to understand the hazards posed by natural disasters. When the tornadoes of March 28, l984, struck a number of small towns in South Carolina, Peter Sparks of the Department of Civil Engineering, Clemson University, was asked by the committee to survey the damage to engineered structures and prepare a report. Professor Sparks is one of several structural engineers who had previously volunteered to make postdisaster studies for the committee. Following the field survey, a structural analysis and a wind tunnel test of one of the damaged commer- cial buildings were completed at Clemson University. This report to the Committee on Natural Disasters covers Professor Sparks' field survey immediately following the tornadoes and the subsequent analyses and wind tunnel test. Kishor C. Mehta, Chairman Committee on Natural Disasters

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The initial cost of this damage survey was borne by the Committee on Natural Disasters of the National Research Council. Subsequently, the College of Engineering, Clemson University, provided funds to enable a structural analysis and wind tunnel test to be made for one of the damaged buildings. The support of these organizations and of the two graduate students, Vipul Desai and David Wright, who assisted with these investigations is gratefully acknowledged. In addition, the assistance of Drake Rogers in providing details of buildings in Bennettsville, South Carolina, and James Altman in providing information about the implementation of building codes in South Carolina is gratefully acknowledged. vi

CONTENTS l INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY l 2 SINGLE-FAMILY DOMESTIC DWELLINGS AND MOBILE HOMES 4 3 MULTIPLE-FAMILY DOMESTIC DWELLINGS l0 4 PUBLIC BUILDINGS l6 Load-Bearing Masonry l6 Steel-Framed Buildings 2l Hybrid Steel and Masonry Construction 2l 5 GENERAL COMMENTS 36 6 POSTSCRIPT 40 REFERENCES 4l APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE AUTHOR 42 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL REPORTS OF POSTDISASTER STUDIES, l964-l984 43 vii

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