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Structural Uses for Ductile Ordered Alloys (1984)

Chapter: CURRENT RESEARCH ON ORDERED ALLOYS

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Suggested Citation:"CURRENT RESEARCH ON ORDERED ALLOYS." National Research Council. 1984. Structural Uses for Ductile Ordered Alloys. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19385.
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Suggested Citation:"CURRENT RESEARCH ON ORDERED ALLOYS." National Research Council. 1984. Structural Uses for Ductile Ordered Alloys. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19385.
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Suggested Citation:"CURRENT RESEARCH ON ORDERED ALLOYS." National Research Council. 1984. Structural Uses for Ductile Ordered Alloys. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19385.
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Suggested Citation:"CURRENT RESEARCH ON ORDERED ALLOYS." National Research Council. 1984. Structural Uses for Ductile Ordered Alloys. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19385.
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Suggested Citation:"CURRENT RESEARCH ON ORDERED ALLOYS." National Research Council. 1984. Structural Uses for Ductile Ordered Alloys. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19385.
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Suggested Citation:"CURRENT RESEARCH ON ORDERED ALLOYS." National Research Council. 1984. Structural Uses for Ductile Ordered Alloys. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19385.
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Page 46
Suggested Citation:"CURRENT RESEARCH ON ORDERED ALLOYS." National Research Council. 1984. Structural Uses for Ductile Ordered Alloys. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19385.
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Page 47
Suggested Citation:"CURRENT RESEARCH ON ORDERED ALLOYS." National Research Council. 1984. Structural Uses for Ductile Ordered Alloys. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19385.
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3 CURRENT RESEARCH ON ORDERED ALLOYS U.S. EFFORTS Research efforts in the United States to develop ordered alloys for structural applications are currently being sponsored by several government agencies (i.e., ONR, NSF, DOE, NASA, and Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories). A compilation of research programs, sources of support, and principal investigators appears in Table 6. Most of these are on-going programs, although one or more may have recently terminated. Other companies that have been involved in research on titanium aluminides are TRW, Inc., Rockwell International Corporation, and Battelle-Columbus Laboratories. Noteworthy by its low level of support is the National Science Foundation, which is currently funding only two basic research efforts on aluminides, on the flow stress peak in Ni3Al, at the University of Pennsylvania, and some work on NiAl as part of a program at Case Western Reserve University to evaluate the effects of surface coatings on ductility of refractory metals. With the exception of some very innovative applications of alloying principles to produce fcc ordered alloys at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, there is no current effort to broaden our fundamental knowledge of structure, ordering kinetics, and mechanisms of plastic deformation in ordered alloys. Consequently, the current, largely applied, research programs are utilizing basic research results of the past or those of overseas workers, thereby jeopardizing the leadership position of the United States in this field. The significant number of universities listed in Table 6 does not represent a completely accurate picture of the apportionment of research effort, since many of these programs are small. Also, several groups at universities that previously have had significant programs on basic research on structure and properties of ordered alloys no longer are active in this field (e.g., Iowa State University-Ames Laboratory, the University of Maryland, and the University of California- Los Angeles). Other research programs on using ordered alloys as strengthening phases in multiphase eutectic composites have been carried out in the United States at United Technologies Research Center, General Electric Company, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, largely under DOD sponsorship. Reviews of the status of such programs recently have been published (McLean 1982, Stoloff 1979). 41

42 TABLE 6 Compilation of Research Efforts on Ordered Alloys in the United States Source Laboratory of Funding System Studied Principal Investigators NASA-Lewis NASA FeAl D. Whittenberger AFWAL AF Fe3Al,TiAl,Ti3Al H. Lipsitt Systems Res. Lab AT Fe3Al,FeAl,Fe3Si M.G. Mendiratta Gen. Elec. R&D Center AF Ni3Al+B S.C. Huang Pratt and Whitney E. Hartford - Ni3Al D. Duhl W. Palm Beach AF Fe3Al+B,TiAl E. Slaughter E. Hartford AF TiAl M. Blackburn Oak Ridge National Lab DOE (FeNi)3V, C.T. Liu Ni3Al+B ONR Fe3Al C.T. Liu Olin Corp. Internal Fe3Al — Marko Materials DARPA/AMMRC FeAl+B R.V. Ray Univ. of Pennsylvania NSF Ni3Al D.P. Pope DOE-ORNL (FeNi)3V D.P. Pope Dartmouth Univ. DOE-ORNL Ni3Al,Fe3Al E. Schulson NASA NiAl E. Schulson Vanderbilt Univ. DOE-ORNL (FeNi)3V, J.J. Wert Ni3Al Case Western Univ. AF Fe3Al+B K. Vedula NASA FeAl, NiAl K. Vedula Stanford Univ. NASA CoAl.NiAl W. Nix Texas A&M Univ. NASA NiAl.CoAl.FeAl A. Wolfenden Rensselaer Polytech. DOE-ORNL (FeNi)3V, N.S. Stoloff Inst. Ni3Al+B ONR Fe3Al,Ni3Al N.S. Stoloff Case Western Univ. NSF NiAl R. Gibala Northwestern Univ. NSF Au-Ni J. B. Cohen JAPANESE EFFORTS Research on ordered alloys continues at a fast pace in Japan. The report of a Japanese committee currently assessing the future of ordered alloy research is to be completed soon; however, it is likely that the report will have restricted distribution. Names associated with Japanese research in the field over the past several decades include S. Ogawa, D. Watanabe, H. Hirabayashi, S. Yamaguchi, and H. Iwasaki. An early review of order-disorder behavior was authored by Muto and Takagi (1955). Recent Japanese work on ordered alloys covers much of the field. Some examples of the nature of this work will be cited here and other specific references will be made throughout this report.

43 An active area of research has been concerned with the so-called anomalous temperature dependence of the flow stress of LI 2 superlattice structures. Wee and co-workers (Wee and Suzuki 1979, Wee et al. 1980) have interpreted their results for a variety of materials in terms of the stability of the LI 2 structure relative to the closely related D(>22 and DOjg structures. In related work, Takeuchi and Kuramoto (1973) have developed a cross slip theory to explain the temperature dependence. The effect of stoichiometry on the flow stress of Ni3Al and Ni3Ga at 77°K and room temperature has been studied by Noguchi and co-workers (1981). The flow stress increases with changes in composition on both sides of stoichiometry, but the increase is greater on the excess aluminum or gallium side. Whether this effect is caused by changes in dislocation behavior and/or the development of defect solid solutions is not clear. Hanada and co-workers (1981) have related the high-temperature deformation behavior of Fe3Al in both the B2 and 003 forms to composition, degree of order, and ease of cross slip. The degree of order and cross slip are thought to explain the peak in strength below Tc; above Tc the cross slip of B2 superlattice dislocations is thought to be controlling, with the differences in various peak temperatures cited in the literature caused by slight variations in compositions. The pioneering work by Aoki and Izumi (1979), which laid the foundation for the extensive work at Oak Ridge has established that normally brittle polycrystalline Ni3Al can be ductilized by boron additions. Finally, creep in AgMg has been studied recently by Murakami and co-workers (1978) and Yamaguchi and Umakoshi (1979). In the area of structural work, the order-disorder transformation and the ordering kinetics in Fe-Al alloys have been studied with x-ray diffraction (XRD) by Oki and co-workers (1973 and 1974), with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) by Sagane and co-workers (1977), and with Mossbauer techniques by Oki and co-workers (1979). The equilibrium phase diagram for the Fe-Al system has been approximated recently by Hasaka (1980) using calculations based on a pair-wise interaction model using interactions out to third neighbors. In summary, ordered alloys are being very actively researched in Japan. High-quality structural and chemical characterization is an important strength of the Japanese research. It appears that the goal is to develop additional useful alloys in the near future and that a coordinated program is evolving to accomplish that goal. SOVIET EFFORTS Soviet research on ordered alloys began with the early work of Kurnakov and co-workers (1916). Extensive research since that time has involved such we11-published researchers as W. Gorsky, A. Smirnov, M. Krivoglaz, N. Golosov, I. Seliisky, Y. Lifshits, L. Landau, A. Khachaturyan, L. Popov, V. Danilenko, E. Nesterenko, I. Kornilov, and V. Heychenko. The recent Soviet research is broad in scope and only some representative recent works will be cited here to give indications of current emphases.

There has been a continuing effort to calculate phase equilibria for various ordering systems, usually on the basis of a pair-wise interaction energy. For example, Danilenko and Nesterenko (1980) have calculated the ordering for an AC-BC quasi-binary for ternary alloys with the B2 structure. The results were compared to experiment for NiAl-FeAl. The energies of mixing for Fe-Ni-Al alloys have been calculated on the basis of sublattice occupancies (Zalutsky and Nesterenko 1979). The calculated ordering energies for atoms in the first- and second-neighbor positions increased with silicon content for alloys along Fe3Al - Fe3Si (Katsnelson and Polishchuk 1974). A calculation of the Fe-Al equilibrium diagram based on a model with tetrahedral clusters has given qualitative agreement with experimental results in the literature (Golosov et al. 1976). In related work, the Ni-Al diagram has been calculated using a pseudopotential method (Portnoy et al. 1979) as has the ordering behavior of interstitial phases based on an hcp structure (Dmitriev et al. 1980). The electronic structures of alloys with LRO and SRO (Yegorushkin and Kulmentyev 1979) and partial order (Alyshev et al. 1981) also have been calculated. A study of the kinetics of ordering in FeAl has shown that the rate decreases as the composition is changed from stoichiometric and that addition of silicon, copper, and chromium decreases the effect (Kucherenko and Troshkina 1980). Germanium has been found to increase the range over which Fe3Al exists (Elyutin and Khachaturyan 1972). In the Fe-Al-Si system, the occurrence of multiple phases of Fe3(Al,Si), Fe(Al,Si), and solid solution caused broadening of high-angle diffraction lines (Glezer et al. 1972). Calorimetry and magnetic susceptibility have been used to study atomic and magnetic disordering in Fe3Al (Kravtsova et al. 1980 and 1982). Work also has been done on the Heusler type alloy Fe2MnAl (Zalutsky et al. 1976). Phase diagram sections for additions of zirconium, tungsten, and molybdenum to Ti-alloys have been examined (Nartova et al. 1982). The general approach to studying phase equilibria based on TiAl and Ti ^Al has been discussed (Glazunov 1981). Mossbauer spectroscopy has been used to relate the strength of Ni-Al alloys to structure (Dorofeyev et al. 1979) and positron annihilation was used to study vacancies in off-stoichiometric CoAl and FeAl (Dekhtyar et al. 1979). Several studies have examined SRO in Fe-Al alloys (Dorofeyev and Litvinov 1978, Iveronova et al. 1973). The temperature dependence of yield stress of Fe-Si and Fe-Al alloys has been related to the superlattice dislocation type, with this type thought to be dependent on the alloy composition (Glezer and Molotilov 1979). Popov and co-workers (1979) have examined the flow stress of Ni3Fe as a function of temperature. The relation of various superlattice dislocation configurations to plastic behavior has been considered (Grinberg 1978, Kgornostyrev et al. 1981, Nosova 1981). Related to these deformation studies have been attempts to calculate diffraction contrast for TEM imaging of various APB configurations (Pikus and Glezer 1978). There have also been TEM studies of APB and dislocation mobility (Kozlov and Koneva 1978) and the causes of preferred orientation of APBs (Pushkareva et al. 1979). The formation of precipitates by heterogeneous nucleation on periodic APB in modified Cu3Au has been studied by Sukhanov and co-workers (1980). The modification of Ni .^A) by alloying for structural use at high temperature (above 1100°C) has been reported by Portnoy and co-workers (1980 and 1981).

45 Other recent published works describe the effect of silicon on diffusion in Ni-Al alloys, where the interdiffusion coefficient increases toward pure nickel and with addition of 6 at% Si (Kositsyn et al. 1980), and the effect of titanium, hafnium, tantalum, niobium, and molybdenum on the sublimation of and diffusion in Ni3Al (Bronfin and Drugova 1978). All elements decreased both the rate of evaporation and the diffusivity. Neutron irradiation of FegAl has been studied by Ibragimov and co-workers (1982), and the optical properties of ordered and disordered Fe-45Al have been investigated by Kudryavtsev and Lezhnenko (1977). Finally, work on the synthesis of six different aluminides by high-temperature chemical reaction has been reported by Podergin and co-workers (1975). There is considerable research activity on ordered alloys in the Soviet Union. Calculational approaches appear to be popular and some of this type of work appears good. EUROPEAN RESEARCH ON ORDERED ALLOYS The current research effort in Europe is now quite small. The main programs are at the University of Poitiers, France, under Rabier, at the University of Science and Technology in Lille, France, under Escaig, and at the University of Groningen, Holland, under DeHosson. In all three programs, the emphasis is on obtaining a scientific understanding of the deformation properties of complicated ordered alloys. None of these investigators has, to our knowledge, published work on the development of ductile polycrystalline ordered alloys. In addition, there is a program on titanium aluminides being carried out at the National Gas Turbine Establishment at Farnborough in the United Kingdom. CONCLUDING REMARKS Based on the information available in the open literature, the committee has concluded that coordinated efforts aimed at the development of new ordered alloys for structural applications are under way only in the United States and Japan. The two major efforts in the United States, at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, are, at present, the most productive and most highly successful. However, based on the quantity and quality of the publications from Japan, it is clear that substantial results also will soon come out of Japanese efforts. REFERENCES Alyshev, S., V. Yegorushkin, A. Kulmentyev, and V. Fadin. 1981. Doklady Akademii 258:71. Aoki, K., and 0. Izumi. 1979. Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi. 43:1190. Bronfin, M., and I. Drugova. 1978. Konstruksionyye I Zharoprochnyye Materialy Dlya Novoy Tekhniki 138.

46 Danilenko, V., and Y. Nesterenko. 1980. Phys. Met. Metal 1. 46:82. Dekhtyar, I., R. Fedehenko, and S. Sakharoya. 1979. Phys. Stat. Solid! 91:77. Dmitriev, V., Y. Gufan, V. Popov, and G. Chechin. 1980. Phys. Stat. Solid! A57:59. Dorofeyev, G., and V. Litvinov. 1978. Phys. Met. Metall. 44:183. Dorofeyev, G., V. Litvinov, and V. Ovchinnikov. 1979. Izvestiya Akademii 2:201. Elyutin, 0., and A. Khachaturyan. 1972. Steel in the USSR 2:583. Glazunov, S. 1981. Fazovyye Ravnoyesiya V. Metallicheskikh Splavakh 105. Glezer, A., and B. Molotilov. 1979. Izvestiya Akademii Seriya Fizicheskaya 43:1426. Glezer, A., B. Molotilov, V. Polishchuk, and Y. Seliisky. 1972. Phys. Met. Metall. 32:39. Golosov, N., A. Tolstik, and L. Pudan. 1976. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 37:273. Grinberg, B. 1978. Byulleten Vysshey Attestatsionnoy 6:28. Hanada, S., S. Watanabe, T. Sato, and 0. Izumi. 1981. Scripta Met. 15:1345. Hasaka, M. 1980. Trans. JIM 21:660. Ibragimov, Sh., V. Melikhov, and M. Skakov. 1982. Radiation Effects 62:73 and 203. Iveronova, V., A. Vlinayer, and V. Silonov. 1973. Phys. Met. Metall. 33:72. Katsnelson, A., and V. Polishchuk. 1974. Phys. Met. Metall. 36:86. Kgornostyrev, Y., B. Grinberg, and L. Yakovenkova. 1981. Fiz. Met. Metalloved 51:867. Kositsyn, S., V. Litvinov, V. Sorokin, and M. Gervasyev. 1980. Fiz. Met. Metalloved. 49:163. Kozlov, E., and N. Koneva. 1978. Kristallicheskaya Struktura I Svoystva Metallicheskikh Splavov 110. Kravtsova, 0., A. Evdokimova, and V. Troshkina. 1980. Moscow Univ. Chem. Bui. 21:58.

47 Kravtsova, 0., A. Evdokimova, and V. Troshkina. 1982. Moscow Univ. Chem. Bu1. 23:56. Kucherenko, L., and V. Troshkina. 1980. Moscow Univ. Chem. Bu1. 21:79. Kudravtsev, Y., and I. Lezhnanko. 1977. Opt. Spectroscopy 42:290. Kurnakov, N., S. Zemczuzny, and M. Zasedaklev. 1916. J. Inst. Metals 15:305. McLean, M. 1982. Mechanical behavior of eutectic superalloys. In-Situ Composites IV. Ed. by F. D. Lemkey and co-workers. New York: North Holland, Division of Elsevier Press. Murakami, K., Y. Umakoshi, and M. Yamaguchi. 1978. Phil. Mag. 37A:719. Muto, T., and Y. Takagi. 1955. Solid State Phys. 1:194. Nartova, T., M. Volkova, Y. Stepanov, and Y. Meleshko. 1982. Splavy Titana S. Osobymi Svoystvami 51. Noguchi, 0., Y. Oya, and T. Suzuki. 1981. Met. Trans A 12A:1647. Nosova, G. 1981. Byulleten Vysshey Attestatsionnoy 6:16. Oki, K., M. Hasaka, and T. Eguchi. 1973. J. Appl. Phys. 12:1522. Oki, K., M. Hasaka, and T. Eguchi. 1974. Trans. JIM 15:143. Oki, K., A. Yamamura, K. Kudo, and T. Eguchi. 1979. Trans JIM 20:451. Pikus, Y., and A. Glezer. 1978. Tr Gruz Politekhn 9:9. Podergin, V., V. Neronov, V. Yarrvoy, and M. Malanov. 1975. Protsessy Goreniya V. Khimicheskoy Tekhnologii I Metallurgi 118. Popov, L., V. Starenchenko, V. Kobytev, and E. Kozlov. 1979. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy Fizika 5:86. Portnoy, K., V. Bogdanov, A. Mickalov, and D. Fuks. 1979. Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya 12:65. Portnoy, K., V. Buntushkin, and 0. Melimevker. 1981. Metalloved. I Termicheskaya Obratotka Metallov. 6:23. Portnoy, K., V. Buntushkin, V. Bogdanov, and D. Fuks. 1980. Doklady Academii 252:149. Pushkareva, G., V. Yemelyanov, Y. Martymov, T. Golubenko, and E. Kozlov. 1979. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavednenry Fizika 3:59. Sagane, H., K. Oki, and T. Eguchi. 1977. Trans. JIM 18:488.

48 Schulson, E. R., and D. R. Barker. 1983. A brittle to ductile transition in NiAl of a critical grain size. Scripta Met. 17:519. Slaughter, E. R., D. K. Das, R. G. Bordeau, and W. K. Forrester. 1979. Application of Superplastic Steels. AFML TR-79-4167 (November). Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratory. Stoloff, N. S. 1979. Mechanical Behavior of High Temperature Composites, p. 357. Lexington, Massacusetts: Ginn Custom Publ. Sukhanov, V., 0. Shashkov, and V. Syutkina. 1980. Phys. Met. Metall. 49:123. Systems Research Laboratories. 1980. Interim Technical Report, Contract No. F33615-78-C-5037 to Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratory. Dayton, Ohio: Systems Research Laboratories. Takeuchi, S., and E. Kuramoto. 1973. Acta Met. 21:415. Wee, D. M., 0. Noguchi, Y. Oya, and T. Suzuki. 1980. Trans. JIM 21:237. Wee, D. M., and T. Suzuki. 1979. Trans. JIM 20:634. Yamaguchi, and Umakoshi. 1979. Phil. Mag. 39A:33. Yegorushkin, V., and A. Kulmentyev. 1979. Fiz. Metall. Metalloved. 48:437. Zalutsky, V., and Y. Nesterenko. 1979. Phys. Met. Metall. 46:97. Zalutsky, V., Y. Nesterenko, and I. Osipeuko. 1976. Phys. Met . Metall. 39:113.

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