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STUDY PROJECT ON SOC1AL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT VOLUME 2 The Funding of Social Knowledge Production and Application: A Survey of Federal Agencies Mark A. Abramson Study Project on Social Research and Development 'Assembly of Behavioral and Social Sciences National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY OF Washington, D.C. 1978 OCT5 1978 LLBRARY
J/J l^ NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing 1 â¢' «⢠Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the Councils of ' **/ J the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Insti- A 3 *J tute of Medicine. The members of the Committee responsible for the report were chosen * for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. (tf *J 0 This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to proce- dures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National . i J Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publicalion Dala Abramson, Mark A. 1947- The funding of social knowledge production and application. At head of title: Study Project on Social Research and Development, volume 2. 1. Social science researchâUnited States. 2. Federal aid to researchâUnited States. 3. Policy sciencesâUnited States. 4. Evaluation research (Social action programs)âUnited States. I. National Research Council. Study Project on Social Re- search and Development. II. Title. H62.5.U5A27 300'.7'2073 78-15423 ISBN 0-309-02780-2 Available from: Office of Publications National Academy of Sciences 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418 Printed in the United States of America
STUDY PROJECT ON SOCIAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DONALD E. STOKES (Chairman), Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University ROBERT MCC. ADAMS, Oriental Institute, University of Chicago (member until July 1975) FREDERICK O'R. HAYES, Lexington, Massachusetts LESTER B. LAVE, Graduate School of Industrial Administration, Carnegie-Mellon University LAURENCE E. LYNN, JR., John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University GUY ORCUTT, Department of Economics, Yale University MICHAEL D. REAGAN, University of California, Riverside GEORGE TANHAM, Rand Corporation ROBIN M. WILLIAMS, JR., Department of Sociology, Cornell University in
Foreword This report was prepared by the National Research Council for the National Science Foundation (NSF). At the request of NSF'S Science and Technology Policy Office in 1974, the National Research Council agreed to undertake a study of the organization and management of social research and development throughout the federal government. To carry out this task, the Study Project on Social Research and Development was established within the Assembly of Behavioral and Social Sciences of the National Research Council. The work of the Study Project includes six volumes, to be published in 1978-1979: Volume 1: The Federal Investment in Knowledge of Social Problems (Study Project Report) Volume 2: The Funding of Social Knowledge Production and Appli- cation: A Survey of Federal Agencies Volume 3: Studies in the Management of Social R&D: Selected Pol- icy Areas Volume 4: Studies in the Management of Social R&D: Selected Is- sues Volume 5: Knowledge and Policy: The Uncertain Connection Volume 6: The Uses of Basic Research: Case Studies in Social Science
Preface As one cornerstone for its work, the Study Project on Social Research and Development needed a comprehensive account of spending for social research and development (R&D) throughout the federal gov- ernment. We therefore undertook a special survey of all federal spend- ing on activities designed to acquire and use knowledge of social prob- lems, the first nongovernmental survey of its kind. This proved to be a long and difficult task, but it gave us a unique insight into the pattern of federal support for social R&D. The findings of the survey contributed to the Study Project's general report and are detailed at a finer level in the pages that follow. A great many individuals assisted us in this work. In the front lines were the survey's interviewers: Bruce Craig, Patricia P. Koshel, John McCann, Joshua Minkove, Pamela Neff, Jeffrey Nesvet, Diane Rothberg, Howard Simons, and Jan Solomon. Several of these assisted in other ways as well. Patricia Koshel supervised the collection of data from agencies of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Wel- fare and played a major role in the planning and conduct of the survey; Jan Solomon was responsible for the attendant computer work; Pam Neff helped to prepare the chapter on the Department of Transporta- tion; and Diane Rothberg helped to prepare the chapter on the Depart- ment of Defense. Jill Klaskin, beyond her other responsibilities for the Study Project, ably served as the survey's administrative assistant. Several other people on the staff of the Study Project and of the Assembly of Behavioral and Social Sciences played key roles in the vii
viii Preface survey. Our staff director, Thomas K. Glennan, Jr., gave a great deal of time to organizing the survey and guiding its course. Much of the groundwork was laid by Vincent P. Rock, the Study Project's first executive secretary, who conducted a trial survey of federal spending for social R&D during the first months of our research. Sara B. Kiesler, former study director of the National Research Council's Committee on Social Sciences in the National Science Foundation, wrote the sec- tion on the National Science Foundation. Lester P. Silverman, former associate executive director of the Assembly, made invaluable sugges- tions on the preparation of this volume. Christine L. McShane edited the volume with great skill. We ought also to record our debt to the individuals throughout the federal government who assisted in the collection of data on social R&D obligations. We had, without exception, excellent cooperation from the departments and agencies of the government. Benjamin L. Olsen and Eleanor Stoddard of the National Science Foundation and James McCullough of the Office of Management and Budget deserve special mention for their assistance during the planning stages of the survey. Ernest F. Powers of the Science and Technology Policy Office in the National Science Foundation also provided critical assistance during the planning stages, quite apart from his role in launching the Study Project as a whole. But our greatest debt is to Mark A. Abramson, who has had pri- mary responsibility for the survey and for the preparation of this de- tailed report of its findings. He carried the survey through all of its many stages, from design to data analysis. He wrote the vast bulk of this volume. And he kept a watchful eye on its production after leaving the Assembly to join the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation in the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Without his tireless efforts, this account could not have ap- peared. Donald E. Stokes, Chairman Study Project on Social Research and Development
Contents PARTI SCOPE OF THE SURVEY 1 INTRODUCTION Purpose of the Volume, 3 Limitations on the Survey, 5 Procedures Used in the Survey, 8 2 THE FRAMEWORK OF SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION 10 Why a New Framework?, 10 Definitions of Categories Used in the Survey, 15 Summary Analysis of Study Project Categories, 21 Classification by Policy Areas, 22 Classification by Organizational Location, 25 Classification by Goals or Audience, 26 Additional Sources of Information, 27 3 THE SCOPE OF THE FEDERAL INVESTMENT 29 Knowledge Production and Application Categories, 29 ix
Contents Policy Areas, 31 Major Agency Funders of Social Knowledge Production and Application, 33 Funding Patterns, 36 PART II SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES 4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 41 Agricultural Marketing Service, 49 Economic Research and Statistics Service, 50 Economic Research Service, 51 Farmer Cooperative Service, 55 Statistical Reporting Service, 56 Farm and Rural Development Administration, 58 Farmers Home Administration, 58 Rural Development Service, 59 Food and Agriculture Science and Education Administration, 60 Agricultural Research Service, 60 Cooperative State Research Service, 62 Extension Service, 64 Food and Nutrition Service, 68 Forest Service, 69 Other Agencies, 71 Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, 71 Rural Electrification Service, 71 Soil Conservation Service, 72 5 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 73 National Technical Information Service, 80 Bureau of the Census, 80 Bureau of Economic Analysis, 85 Domestic and International Business Administration, 87 Economic Development Administration, 89 Maritime Administration, 91 National Bureau of Standards, 92 National Fire Prevention and Control Administration, 95 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 97
Contents xi Office of Minority Business Enterprise, 99 Office of Telecommunications, 100 U.S. Travel Service, 102 6 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 104 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 110 Defense Civil Preparedness Agency, 112 Department of the Air Force, 114 Department of the Army, 116 Department of the Navy, 119 Office of the Secretary, 121 7 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 123 Energy Research and Development Administration, 125 Federal Energy Administration, 128 Federal Power Commission, 130 8 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE: INTRODUCTION 132 Social Knowledge Production and Application Activities, 133 Organization of the Department, 134 Policy Areas, 136 9 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE: HEALTH AGENCIES 139 Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, 142 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 144 National Institute on Drug Abuse, 145 National Institute of Mental Health, 148 Assistant Secretary for Health, 150 Center for Disease Control, 152
xii Contents Bureau of Health Education, 153 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 154 Food and Drug Administration, 155 Health Resources Administration, 157 Bureau of Health Manpower, 158 National Center for Health Services Research, 160 National Center for Health Statistics, 163 Other Agencies, 165 Bureau of Health Planning and Resources Development, 165 Office of Planning, Evaluation, and Legislation, 166 Health Services Administration, 167 Bureau of Community Health Services, 168 Bureau of Medical Services, 171 Other Agencies, 173 Health Standards and Quality Bureau, 173 Indian Health Service, 174 Office of Planning, Evaluation and Legislation, 174 National Institutes of Health, 175 National Cancer Institute, 176 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 181 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 182 National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, 184 National Library of Medicine, 185 Other Agencies, 188 Fogarty International Center for Advanced Study in the Health Sciences, 188 National Eye Institute, 189 National Institute on Aging, 189 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 190 National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases, 191 National Institute of Dental Research, 191 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 192 National Institute of General Medical Sciences, 193 Office of the Director, 193
Contents xiii 10 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE: EDUCATION AGENCIES 195 Assistant Secretary for Education, 197 Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education, 198 National Center for Education Statistics, 200 Office of the Assistant Secretary for Education, 203 National Institute of Education, 204 Basic Skills Group. 206 Dissemination and Resources Group, 207 Education and Work Group, 208 Educational Equity Group, 210 Finance and Productivity Group, 211 School Capacity for Problem Solving Group, 213 Other Activities, 214 Office of Education, 214 Bureau of Education for the Handicapped, 217 Bureau of Elementary and Secondary Education, 222 Bureau of Higher and Continuing Education, 227 Bureau of Indian Education, 230 Bureau of Occupational and Adult Education, 232 Office of the Commissioner of Education, 236 Office of Planning, Budgeting, and Evaluation, 240 11 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE: WELFARE AGENCIES 243 Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 245 Office of Human Development Services, 250 Administration on Aging, 252 Administration for Children, Youth and Families, 254 Office of Child Development, 255 Office of Youth Development, 261 Administration for Handicapped Individuals, 262 Rehabilitation Services Administration, 263 Office for Developmental Disabilities, 265 Administration for Native Americans, 266 Social and Rehabilitation Service, 267 Social Security Administration, 270
xiv Contents 12 DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT 275 Office of Policy Development and Research, 279 Community Development, 281 Housing, 283 Product Dissemination and Transfer, 287 Program Evaluation, 288 State and Local Government, 289 Statistics, 292 13 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 294 Bureau of Indian Affairs, 298 Bureau of Land Management, 300 Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration, 301 National Park Service, 302 Office of Water Research and Technology, 303 Other Agencies, 304 Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, 304 Bureau of Reclamation, 305 Office of Mineral Policy Development, 305 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 306 14 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 307 Bureau of Prisons, 312 Office of Research, 312 National Institute of Corrections, 312 Federal Bureau of Investigation, 313 Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, 314 National Criminal Justice Information and Statistics Service, 317 National Institute of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 319 National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, 320 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 325 Other Agencies, 327 Drug Enforcement Administration, 327
Contents xv Immigration and Naturalization Service, 327 Departmental Activities, 328 15 DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 329 Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 334 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 335 Employment Standards Administration, 338 Employment and Training Administration, 339 Labor Management Services Administration, 345 Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 347 Office of the Secretary, 350 16 DEPARTMENT OF STATE 353 Agency for International Development, 358 Bureau of Population and Humanitarian Assistance, 359 Bureau for Technical Assistance, 362 Other Agencies, 365 Bureau of Intelligence and Research, 365 Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, 367 17 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 368 Federal Aviation Administration, 372 Federal Highway Administration, 374 Federal Railroad Administration, 377 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 380 Office of the Secretary, 384 U.S. Coast Guard, 389 Urban Mass Transportation Administration, 390 18 DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY 3% Internal Revenue Service, 400 U.S. Customs Service, 402 Departmental Activities, 403
xvi Contents 19 INDEPENDENT REGULATORY AGENCIES 405 Civil Aeronautics Board, 407 Consumer Product Safety Commission, 408 Federal Communications Commission, 409 Federal Home Loan Bank Board, 410 Federal Trade Commission, 412 Interstate Commerce Commission, 413 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 415 Securities and Exchange Commission, 416 U.S. International Trade Commission, 418 20 INDEPENDENT AGENCIES 420 ACTION, 421 Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, 424 Appalachian Regional Commission, 426 Commission on Civil Rights, 429 Community Services Administration, 431 Environmental Protection Agency, 433 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 435 Executive Office of the President, 437 Council of Economic Advisers, 439 Council on Environmental Quality, 440 Council on Wage and Price Stability, 442 Office of Telecommunications Policy, 443 Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, 445 Federal Reserve System, 446 General Services Administration, 448 National Center for Productivity and Quality of Working Life, 449 National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities, 450 National Endowment for the Arts, 451 National Endowment for the Humanities, 452 National Science Foundation. 457 Directorate for Biological, Behavioral and Social Sciences, 458 Directorate for Applied Science and Research Applications, 461 Directorate for Science Education, 464
Contents xvii Directorate for Scientific, Technological, and International Affairs, 466 Directorate for Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences, 468 Small Business Administration, 469 Smithsonian Institution, 470 Tennessee Valley Authority, 472 U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 474 U.S. Civil Service Commission, 475 U.S. Information Agency, 477 Veterans Administration, 479 APPENDIX: RECENT FEDERAL COMMISSIONS 481 INDEX OF AGENCIES 483
