Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
14 Department of Justice The U.S. Department of Justice was the eighth-largest departmental funder of social knowledge production and application in fiscal 1977, obligating more than $60 millionâan impressive figure, considering that in 1966 the Justice Department reported no R&D funding. The growth of the department's social knowledge production and applica- tion activities has occurred almost entirely in the past decade. Prior to the creation of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) in 1968, the Department of Justice had little, if any, research capability. Historically, the only knowledge production and application activity of the department has been the Federal Bureau of Investiga- tion's Uniform Crime Reports. The research capability of the department has continued to grow in recent years. In 1974, the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act created two new R&D agencies in the department: the National Institute of Corrections and the National Institute of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. In the attorney general's office, the re- sponsibilities of the Office of Policy and Planning have been increased and the office is expected to fund a limited number of extramural research projects in the future. LEAA is clearly the dominant knowledge production and application agency within the department. LEAA and its component agencies ac- counted for nearly 85 percent of the department's total knowledge production and application obligations in fiscal 1977. Within LEAA, the 307
308 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice is the largest knowledge production and application funder. With the creation of LEAA, the Department of Justice became a major funder of third-party research. Since criminal justice and crime control have long been a state and local responsibility, the role of the federal government has been limited. In 1967, the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice recommended that the federal government should support research and development activities on criminal justice; one year later, LEAA was created. A more detailed discussion of LEAA in general, and the National Institute of Law En- forcement and Criminal Justice in particular, is presented in the final report of the Committee on Research on Law Enforcement and Crimi- nal Justice of the National Research Council, titled Understanding Crime: An Evaluation of the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION ACTIVITIES Table 14-1 presents the distribution of the department's diverse social knowledge production and application activities. Research, primarily supported by the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ, part of LEAA), is the largest activity. General purpose statistics is the second-largest activity. The growth in policy formulation demonstrations between fiscal 1975 and fiscal 1977 is accounted for by the creation of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (part of LEAA) and its special em- phasis program. The increase in dissemination between fiscal 1975 and fiscal 1977 is accounted for by the creation of the National Institute of Corrections (part of the Bureau of Prisons) and its dissemination ac- tivities aimed at correctional officers. ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT Figure 14-1 presents an organizational chart of the department, with the agencies that fund social knowledge production and application activities indicated. With the exception of the Office of Policy and Planning and the U.S. Parole Commission, all the agencies funding social knowledge production and application are either bureaus or of- fices.
Department of Justice 309 TABLE 14-1 Department of Justice Social Knowledge Production and Application Activities ($millions) Activity Fiscal 1975 Fiscal 1976 Fiscal 1977 Knowledge production Research 23.2 28.3 25.0 (48.7)" (43.8) (41.0) Policy formulation demonstrations 0.4 0.3 (0.5) (0.4) Program evaluation 3.4 4.8 4.3 (7.1) (7.4) (7.0) General purpose statistics 13.8 13.3 12.3 (28.8) (20.6) (20.2) Total 40.4 46.8 41.8 Knowledge application (84.6) (72.4) (68.7) Policy implementation demonstrations 2.0 11.6 8.7 Development of materials (4.2) (17.8) (14.2) Dissemination 5.4 6J 10.4 (11.2) (9.8) (17.1) Total 7.4 17.9 19.1 (15.4) (27.6) (31.3) TOTAL 47.7 64.7 60.9 (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) Numbers may not total due to rounding. "Numbers in parentheses are column pereentages. Table 14-2 lists the agencies in the Department of Justice that fund social knowledge production and application activities. As noted, LEAA is the dominant social knowledge production and application agency in the department. The other six agencies in the Department of Justice support relatively small amounts of social knowledge production and application, yet even the small amount of social knowledge production and application currently funded by these agencies represents an in- crease over previous expenditures. POLICY AREAS IN THE DEPARTMENT The social knowledge production and application activities of the De- partment of Justice are all classified as law enforcement and justice.
310
Department of Justice 311 TABLE 14-2 Department of Justice Agencies that Support Social Knowledge Production and Application: Profile (fiscal 1977, ^millions) Predominant Organizational Location of Total Social Social Social Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge Production Production Production and and and Application Application Application Primary Goal Agency Obligations Activity Activity or Audience" Law Enforcement 50.9 Research Mixed Mixed Assistance Administration Bureau of 5.7 Dissemination Operating Improvement of Prisons agency/R&D federal agency programs/ knowledge for third parties Federal Bureau 2.6 General purpose Operating Collection of of Investigation statistics agency statistics Departmental 04 Research Policy-making Improvement of Activities office federal policies Drug Enforcement 0.7 General purpose Operating Collection of Administration statistics agency statistics Immigration and 0.1 Research Operating Improvement of Naturalization agency federal Service programs TOTAL 60.9 Numbers may not total due to rounding. "See Chapter 2 for a more detailed discussion. 'Office of Policy and Planning and U.S. Parole Commission. For Further Information For a discussion of criminal justice research and development in the federal government, see CriminalJustice Research and Development, Task Force on Criminal Justice R&D, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1975; Joint Hearings on the Fed- eral Role in Criminal Justice and Crime Research, Committee on the Judiciary and Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, 95th Congress, 1st session, 1977; Report on the Federal Role in Crime and Justice Research, Subcom- mittee on Domestic and International Scientific Planning, Analysis, and Cooperation, Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, 95th Congress, 1st session, 1977; and Special Oversight Hearings: The Application of Science and Technology to Crime Control, Subcommittee on Domestic and International Scientific Planning and Analysis, Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, 94th Congress, 1st session, 1975, or write Office of Public Information, Department of Justice, Constitution Avenue and Tenth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20530.
312 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES BUREAU OF PRISONS Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tau'on Dem- men t of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Tottl TOTAL 1975 635 635 as I'l'i. 9tt 942 942 1977 1.926 1.926 3.805 3.805 5.731 The Bureau of Prisons is responsible for the care and custody of those persons convicted of federal crimes and sentenced to serve time in a federal penal institution. The bureau operates a nationwide system of halfway houses and maximum, medium, and minimum security pris- ons. The bureau's research and dissemination activities are carried out in the Office of Research and the National Institute of Corrections. OFFICE OF RESEARCH The fiscal 1975 and fiscal 1976 research figures above represent obliga- tions by the Office of Research. The fiscal 1977 obligations are split between the office and the institute. The office's research activity is primarily concerned with improved prison practices. Research has been supported on narcotic addiction rehabilitation programs, work release and community treatment centers, and furlough practices of institutions. The office is supporting a longitudinal study of previously released prisoners to determine where future emphasis should be placed. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CORRECTIONS The National Institute of Corrections was created in 1974 by the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act. Fiscal 1977 was its first full year of operation. The institute is an R&D agency concerned with the development of a more effective, more humane correctional system that will safeguard offenders. The institute was established to provide leadership at the federal level for upgrading a very fragmented state and local correction network. Because the institute's emphasis is on developing correctional staff capability at the state and local level, a variety of dissemination ac-
Department of Justice 313 tivities are supported. Training sessions and seminars are funded across the nation in order to implement new correctional management programs; train correctional trainers; facilitate changes in corrections; improve the skills of correctional personnel; and provide training on specialized topics. Another dissemination mechanism is the support of a clearinghouse to serve as a resource to state and local correction agencies. Technical assistance will also be provided via direct and referral services to state and local correctional agencies. Only a limited amount of research is funded by the institute, which focuses on identifying new approaches to effect correctional changes in manpower, jail operation, the restructuring of field services, and the screening and classification of offenders for level of risk. For Further Information See NIC Status Report: September 7,1974-October 1,1975 (October 1975), a publication of the National Institute of Corrections. For information about the Bureau of Prisons, write Bureau of Prisons, 320 First Street, N.W., Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. 20534. FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations ($ thousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 197? 2.222 2.222 2.222 1976 2.842 2.842 2.842 B77 2.558 2.558 2.558 The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the principal investigative arm of the Department of Justice. It is charged with gathering and reporting facts, locating witnesses, and compiling evidence on matters that involve the federal government. With the exception of statistics collection, no other social knowledge production and application activ- ity was found in the bureau. General Purpose Statistics The FBI'S Uniform Crime Report program provides a nationwide view of crime statistics. The data are collected through the voluntary coop-
314 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES eration of city, county, and state law enforcement agencies. The pur- pose of the program is to produce a reliable program of crime statistics for the administrative and operational use of law enforcement agencies, while providing meaningful data for those interested in crime problems. The Uniform Crime Report reports on seven classes of offenses as well as the age, sex, and race of persons arrested, disposition of persons charged, and the value of loss of property. The data are provided by geographic divisions, such as states, standard metropolitan statistical areas, and urban and rural areas. Only reported offenses are included in the data. In addition to the Uniform Crime Report program, the FBI collects data on the number of law enforcement officers killed or assaulted in the line of duty and on the number of bombings; incidences in which explosive or incendiary devices were used are analyzed. For Further Information Write Federal Bureau of Investigation, Department of Justice. Ninth Street and Pennsyl- vania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20535. LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE ADMINISTRATION Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 21.887 1976 25.626 350 1977 22.172 250 3.35I 10.800 36.038 2.000 4.770 9.771 40.517 11.550 4.248 9.029 35.699 8.650 5.360 7.360 43.398 6.324 17.874 58-391 6.600 15.250 50.949 The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) assists state and local governments in strengthening and improving law enforce- ment and criminal justice. LEAA was created by the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, which was the first major effort of the federal government to provide large-scale financial and technical assistance to state and local governments to improve the criminal jus- tice system and reduce and prevent crime and juvenile delinquency. Table 14-3 lists the component agencies of LEAA that fund social knowledge production and application activities.
Department of Justice 315 TABLE 14-3 Law Enforcement Assistance Administration Agencies that Support Social Knowledge Production and Application: Profile (fiscal 1977, Smillions) Organizational Predominant Location of Total Social Social Social Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge Production Production Production and and and Application Application Applicalion Primary Goal Agency Obligations Activity Activity" or Audience" National 24.9 Research R&D agency Knowledge for Institute of third parties Law Enforce- ment and Criminal Justice National 14.0 General purpose Stalistical Collection of Criminal statistics agency statistics Justice Infor- mation and Statistics Service Office of 7.0 Policy Operating Knowledge for Juvenile implementalion agency third parties Justice and demonstrations Delinquency Prevention National 4.5 Research R&D agency Knowledge for Institute of third parties Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention* Office of 0.5 Technical Operating Knowledge for Regional assistance agency third parties Operations^ TOTAL 50.9 "Sec Chapter 2 for a more detailed discussion. 'While the National Institute of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention is technically under the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, they have been presented and discussed separately in this chapter. ⢠1 he" Office of Regional Operations (ORO) coordinates the implementation of the I.EAA block grant program. ORO provides technical assistance to the state planning agencies and regional planning units. A small part of those technical assistance activities were judged to be knowledge based and thus included in our survey. Due to its small size, no detailed discussion is presented concerning the OROS.
316 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES LEAA supports a wide range of activities aimed at assisting state and local governments to reduce and prevent crime: grants to state and local governments for the development and implementation of com- prehensive plans; matching grants for action programs to improve and strengthen law enforcement; aid for correctional institutions and pro- grams; technical assistance to all levels of state and local government; research, evaluation, and technology transfer activities; educational assistance and special training programs; data systems and statistical services; and juvenile justice and delinquency programs. Of these ac- tivities, however, only a portion are knowledge production and appli- cation activities. LEAA is composed of national programs and the block grant program. The national programs are directed by the LEAA administrator and consist of several program offices; among them are the National Insti- tute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. LEAA'S social knowl- edge production and application activities are funded primarily by the national programs. With the exception of $500,000 in technical assistance activities that were judged to be knowledge-based, no knowledge production and application activities were found in the block grant program. The block grant program distributes funds to the states in lump sums on the basis of populations. Funds are allocated to each state contingent upon its annual comprehensive state plan, which must be approved by LEAA before funds are disbursed. The funds are subsequently distributed to the various state and local governments through the State Planning Agencies that administer the LEAA program in individual states. LEAA is an example of a third-party funding agency (see Table 14-3). Over 70 percent of LEAA'S funds goes toward producing knowledge for third parties. The remainder of the agency knowledge production and application funds are for the collection of statistics, which are fre- quently used by third parties as well. For Further Information Write Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Department of Justice, 633 Indiana Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20531.
Department of Justice 317 NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN FORMATION AND STATISTICS SERVICE Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 5.000 10.800 15.800 15.800 1976 5.000 9.771 14.771 14.771 am 5.000 9.029 14.029 14.029 The National Criminal Justice Information and Statistics Service (NCJIS) is responsible for generating criminal justice data at the national level. Previously, several agencies of the federal government were re- sponsible for providing criminal justice statistics. The legislation creat- ing LEAA gave it the responsibility for maintaining a criminal justice statistics program. Research NCJIS also supports activities that the Study Project felt were more appropriately labeled research than statistics. Studies have been funded on the self-reporting of crime, social indicators of personal harm, and the development of "seriousness" scales for crimes based on public perceptions. The most well-known activity of the NCJIS, which we have classified as research, is the National Crime Panel Victimization Survey, the purpose of which is to measure continuously the amount and nature of the assaultive violence and common theft in the United States, regardless of whether the crimes are reported to the police. The study includes a national sample of households and busi- nesses that are interviewed monthly and independent city samples that are collected once to provide annual city-level estimates. The survey provides measures of the incidence of serious crime and the character- istics of victims and events. Surveying Crime, by the National Re- search Council's Committee on National Statistics, Panel for Evalua- tion of Crime Surveys, published by the National Academy of Sci- ences, is an evaluation of the National Crime Surveys series.
318 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES General Purpose Statistics Since its creation, NCJIS has developed over a dozen periodic statistical series that cover all aspects of the criminal justice system. CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM-WIDE STATISTICAL PROGRAMS While many of the NCIIS statistics are limited to a specific sector of the criminal justice system, the agency supports several programs that transcend sectional boundaries. The most prominent activities are the Directory of Criminal Justice Agencies and the Annual Survey of Criminal Justice Expenditures. LEAA also sponsors a nationwide survey of the charac- teristics of criminal justice employees. In addition, a source book of criminal justice statistics is prepared by NCJIS. CORRECTIONAL STATISTICS LEAA sponsors several programs that pro- duce nationwide correctional statistics, one of which is the National Prisoner Statistics (NFS) program. NFS is one of the federal govern- ment's oldest continuing statistical series and has been expanded to include several additional surveys and censuses. Data are now col- lected on: the number and background of jail inmates; prison popula- tion movements, providing gross trends of persons moving in and out of the system; characteristics of admission and release data; census of correction facilities; uniform parole reports; and juvenile detention and correctional facilities data. JUDICIAL STATISTICS LEAA has completed a feasibility study to de- velop a national data correction program that will describe certain aspects of state and local courts. A publication was produced describ- ing courts and summary statistics on the organization and types of state and local courts and their jurisdictions. LEAA hopes to provide periodi- cally updated statistics on courts to include court caseloads and the numbers of dispositions by types and trial outcomes. The principal periodic reports of NCJIS are presented in Table 14-4. For Further Information Write National Criminal Justice Information and Statistics Service, Department of Jus- tice, Room 504, Safeway Building, 521 Twelfth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20530.
Department of Justice 319 TABLE 14-4 Principal Periodic Reports of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration National Criminal Justice Information and Statistics Service National Crime Panel Survey San Jose Methods Test of Known Victims of Crime Report of the Dayton-San Jose Pilot Survey of Victimization Report on National Crime Panel Surveys of Crime in Atlanta, Baltimore, Cleveland, Dallas, Newark, Portland, and Saint Louis Report on National Crime Panel Surveys of Crime in Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York, and Philadelphia Criminal Victimization in the United States: January-June 1973 Expenditure and Employment Data for the Criminal Justice System (Annual) Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics (Annual) Juvenile Detention and Correctional Facilities (Annual) Jail Statistics (Periodic) Directory of Criminal Justice Agencies (Periodic) Court Statistics (Periodic) SOURCE: Statistical Policy Division, Office of Management and Budget, Statis- tical Services of the United States Government. 1975, U.S. Government Print- ing Office, Washington, D.C., 1975. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JUVENILE JUSTICE AND DELINQUENCY PREVENTION Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1976 3.200 350 1.700 5.250 500 660 1.160 6.410 1977 2.125 250 1.200 3.575 400 560 960 4.535 In enacting the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, Congress enlarged LEAA'S mandate by establishing the Office of Juvenile Justice and creating a second research institute, the National Institute of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (NIJJDP) within the office and the LEAA structure. Fiscal 1976 was the first year of the institute's operation, which is charged with conducting research, demonstrations, and evaluation and training projects on topics of rele- vance to juvenile involvement in the criminal justice system. NIJJDP is responsible for the development of standards for the administration of
320 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES juvenile justice at the federal, state, and local levels. Since the creation of the institute, the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Crimi- nal Justice (NILECJ) has largely withdrawn from the sponsorship of research on juvenile delinquency. Research NUJDP supports a wide range of research relating to all aspects of juvenile justice and delinquency. The institute has supported projects on youth gang violence, intervention programs designed to reduce crime in schools, the relationship between delinquency and learning disabilities, and the impact of the legal process and formal legal sanc- tions on juvenile delinquents. Other studies have looked at the diver- sion of offenders from the juvenile justice system and the reduction of serious crime committed by juveniles. Program Evaluation The institute has undertaken several cooperative efforts with the Na- tional Evaluation Program in NILECJ to evaluate juvenile justice pro- grams. Evaluation projects have examined youth service bureaus, the impact of alternatives to juvenile incarceration, delinquency preven- tion projects, alternatives to custodial detention, police juvenile units, and juvenile court intake units. For Further Information See Programs to Prevent Juvenile Delinquency (November 1976), a publication of NUJDP, or write National Institute of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, De- partment of Justice, 633 Indiana Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20531. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- men t of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstretions Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 16.887 3.35I 20.238 2.000 4.910 6.910 27.148 1976 16.426 3.070 19.496 2.250 5.184 7.434 26.930 1977 14.047 3.048 17.095 2.250 5.540 7.790 24.885
Department of Justice 321 The National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ) is the research and development arm of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration. The institute supports R&D programs and projects to improve and strengthen the law enforcement and criminal justice systems. NILECI also evaluates and disseminates the results of the various programs supported with LEAA funds. In addition, the insti- tute acts as a national and international clearinghouse for the exchange of criminal justice information. Research Research is the largest activity of NILECJ. Social research is funded on five topics: community crime prevention, police, courts, corrections, and evaluation. The advanced technology program was excluded from this survey because it is largely technological. The education and man- power program in the Office of Research was also excluded. The fol- lowing research programs support social research. COMMUNITY CRIME PREVENTION This research is designed to reduce both the incidence and fear of crime. To accomplish this goal, the institute devised a comprehensive strategy that involves physical and urban design, community organization and citizen action, and new criminal justice practices and procedures. Projects have been funded on: environmental design, victimization, forcible rape, robbery, fenc- ing, gambling, white collar crime, and weapon ownership and use. The program seeks to address the needs and problems of citizens as both victims of crime and clients of the criminal justice system. POLICE The institute supports a wide range of research activities on police and law enforcement. Research projects have been funded on: patrol tactics, discipline, corruption, the exercise of discretion, per- formance measures, criminal investigation, and the role of unions in police management. The emphasis of the program is on analyzing al- ternatives for improving criminal investigation, procedures, and ser- vices and on strengthening police management practices. COURTS The institute court program has continually focused on devel- opment of new procedures and other mechanisms to reduce court delay and increase efficiency. Emphasis has been placed on improving pros- ecutorial and judicial consistency as well as developing performance measures for courts. Research has been funded on: plea bargaining, sentencing disparities, lower court management, prosecutorial decision
322 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES making, and sentencing. The court program also evaluates the impact of current laws and practices. CORRECTIONS The corrections program has emphasized studies on the reintegration of offenders into the community, improvement of opera- tions management systems, and research on special offender types. Basic research has been supported to increase the knowledge base on which future needs will be measured and policy decisions made. Other research includes: strategies for treatment, alternatives to incarcera- tion, opportunities for prisoners, parole, and the effectiveness of deter- rence. EVALUATION RESEARCH While the Office of Evaluation operates this program, the type of studies funded was more appropriately classified research than program evaluation. The evaluation research program is attempting to develop methods for assessing the effectiveness of the criminal justice system. Three activities are emphasized: o methodological developments to obtain more sensitive and reli- able evaluation methodologies, including improved mathematical tech- niques for analyzing and predicting crime rates. o methodological standardization that will develop and test systems of objective measures for assessing changes in the performance of the total criminal justice system. o deterrence effectiveness studies that will develop methodologies for assessing, with required sensitivity and reliability, the deterrent effectiveness of various crime prevention and control efforts. Program Evaluation While evaluation research was classified as research, there are several NILECJ programs that were appropriately categorized as program evaluation. The first is the National Evaluation Program, which spon- sors evaluation studies of specific approaches and programs already operating within the criminal justice system, including those supported under the LEAA block grant program. Another evaluation program examines LEAA programs. Evaluations of the LEAA High Impact and Pilot Cities programs have been com- pleted. Another evaluation has examined the effectiveness of the im- plementation of criminal justice standards and goals in participating states. The results of these program evaluations are intended to aid state and local decision makers who allocate resources for program
Department of Justice 323 implementation, LEAA planners, and others concerned with criminal justice evaluations. Other evaluations have examined the management and performance of LEAA assistance programs and several individual LEAA-funded projects. Policy Implementation Demonstrations NILECJ supports demonstration projects, now called field tests, to showcase the most promising criminal justice techniques. Not only can people read and hear about these projects, but they can also see them in action, meet the clients, and talk with project staff. Field test proj- ects that are supported in several cities help to broaden awareness, increase credibility, encourage investigation, and stimulate technology transfer. Field test projects have been funded on the following topics. COMMUNITY-BASED CORRECTIONS This project demonstrates effective alternatives to traditional incarceration through four basic services: a pretrial release screening unit, a pretrial community-supervised release program, a countywide administration probation unit, and a commu- nity correction facility. IMPROVED LOWER-COURT CASE HANDLING TTlC field tCStS bllUd UpOH and combine a number of procedures to minimize formal processing of minor offenders and focus attention on the high-risk misdemeanant. FULL-SERVICE NEIGHBORHOOD TEAM POLICING ThCSC pTOJCCtS COm- bine the institute's team policing guidelines with the concept of full- service police operation. Full-service policing recognizes the variety of skills demanded of the police officer. FAMILY CRISIS INTERVENTION These projects teach police officers to deal effectively and safely with family disturbances, one of the police- man's most hazardous assignments. Dissemination The institute has three major programs of dissemination. EXEMPLARY PROJECTS This program systematically identifies outstand- ing criminal justice projects throughout the country, verifies their ac- complishment, and disseminates information about them. Descriptive program brochures and detailed instructional manuals are prepared on
324 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES each project selected as exemplary, summarizing the project and high- lighting the results and particular innovative program elements. Manu- als provide considerable detail on operating methods, budget, staffing. training requirements, potential problems, and measures of effective- ness. Examples of exemplary projects include a community-based correction project in Des Moines, Iowa; a citizen dispute settlement service in Columbus, Ohio; neighborhood youth resource centers in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and a public defender service in Washington, D.C. PRESCRIPTIVE PACKAGES Whereas exemplary projects focus on single outstanding projects, prescriptive packages focus on promising innova- tive approaches. The most promising new techniques on a given crimi- nal justice topic are compiled in a single handbook presenting model program guidelines; the guidelines are based on a synthesis of the most successful operating practices and the best available information on that particular topic. Prescriptive packages have focused on prosecutor case screening; residential treatment in lieu of incarceration; correc- tional programs for women; the use of paraprofessionals in probation and parole; solutions to school violence problems; neighborhood team policing; improving police/community relations; and grievance mecha- nisms in correctional institutions. NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFERENCE SERVICE INTERNATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE In offering a wide range of reference and referral services to criminal justice personnel, the National Criminal Justice Reference Service serves as a federal resource center for criminal jus- tice researchers and practitioners. The service has the following fea- tures: selective notification of information to individuals registered with the service in any of 68 subjects; personal reference assistance; document retrieval index; and library services. For Further Information See Directory of Grants, Contracts and Interagency Agreements 1969-1974 (December 1974), compiled by James M. Edgar, Reference Services, National Criminal Justice Reference Service; National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice: Annual Report FY 1975 (December 1975); and Program Plan FY 1976: Research, Evaluation, Technology Transfer (no date), which are publications of NILECJ, or write National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, Department of Justice, 633 Indiana Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C., 20531.
Department of Justice 325 OFFICE OF JUVENILE JUSTICE AND DELINQUENCY PREVENTION Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1976 1.000 1.000 8.800 8.800 9.800 1977 1.000 1.000 6.000 6.000 7.000 The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) was created by the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, which also created the National Institute of Juvenile Justice. OJJDP has three major operational responsibilities: (1) coordinating all federal juvenile delinquency efforts; (2) funding special emphasis grants designed to target its priorities and provide focus for the national effort; and (3) providing technical assistance to special emphasis grant- ees and state and local agencies and individuals. Fiscal 1976 was the first operational year of the office. Research The office funds a limited amount of evaluation research, which examines projects being supported by the special emphasis program. The special emphasis program has been developed within a research framework. The office has funded evaluation research projects on many of the priority topics that receive special emphasis funding. (Spe- cial emphasis projects are discussed below.) Policy Implementation Demonstrations The office supports a Special Emphasis Prevention and Treatment Pro- gram, which is designed to develop and implement new approaches, techniques, and methods concerning juvenile delinquency programs. Project grants are made to foster promising and innovative new ap- proaches. After having "demonstrated'' new approaches, OJJDP hopes that these programs will be adopted in other jurisdictions. Examples of Special Emphasis Projects follow. DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION OF STATUS OFFENDERS This program SUp- ports innovative projects that demonstrate ways to keep juvenile status
326 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES offenders out of correctional and detention facilities. Status offenders are juveniles whose offenses would not be considered criminal if com- mitted by adults, e.g., truancy. The goal of the program is to halt the incarceration of juvenile status offenders by developing community- based resources to replace correctional institutions. DIVERSION OF YOUTH FROM THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM ThJS prO- gram develops and demonstrates effective means of diverting juveniles from involvement with the traditional juvenile justice system at the critical point of penetration. The projects focus on specific alternatives to criminal justice processing, such as the provision of social services to juvenile offenders. The diversion process is intended to make use of the wide range of community resources for youth. PROGRAMS TO PREVENT JUVENILE DELINQUENCY ThJS program ops and implements new approaches to juvenile justice delinquency prevention through improving the capacity of agencies and organiza- tions serving youth. Projects are funded to implement new prograrns that might provide social, cultural, educational, vocational, or health services to young people. Other special emphasis programs have focused on the following issues: reduction of serious juvenile crimes in schools, prevention of delin- quency by correcting learning disabilities, reduction of serious crimes through programs for institutionalized violent offenders, prevention of delinquency by improving neighborhoods and their services, and re- duction of serious crimes committed by juvenile gangs. For Further Information Write Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Department of Justice. Room 442, Indiana Building, 633 Indiana Avenue. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20531.
Department of Justice 327 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE: OTHER AGENCIES DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL l»75 732 732 732 1976 735 735 735 1977 738 738 738 The Drug Enforcement Administration is the investigative, intelli- gence, law enforcement, and regulatory agency of the Department of Justice responsible for suppressing illicit traffic in narcotics and dangerous drugs. The agency conducts no social research but collects general purpose statistics on drug abuse incidents. Project DAWN is the largest and most comprehensive data collection concerned with abuse statistics. For Further Information Write Drug Enforcement Administration, Department of Justice, 1405 I Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20537. IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL l»76 1.025 1.025 1.025 1977 100 100 100 The Immigration and Naturalization Service is responsible for adminis- tering immigration and naturalization laws relating to the admission, exclusion, deportation, and naturalization of aliens. Little social re- search is conducted by the service, as its primary R&D concern is determining what existing or emerging technologies can assist the ser-
328 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES vice in its tasks. In fiscal 1976, however, it funded a large social re- search study on illegal aliens. In fiscal 1977, a much smaller study of aliens was funded. For Further Information Write Immigration and Naturalization Service, Department of Justice, 425 I Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20536. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE: DEPARTMENTAL ACTIVITIES Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 702 28 730 730 1976 749 32 781 781 1977 784 35 8W 819 There are two offices in the Department of Justice that perform social research. The Office of Policy and Planning, under the immediate di- rection of the attorney general, is responsible for the initiation and development of plans for improving the effectiveness and fairness of the federal system of justice, particularly the federal system of criminal justice. The office has performed policy analysis on sentencing provi- sions and sentencing alternatives, victim compensation, gun control, and white-collar crime. The Office of Research within the Board of Parole performs in-house research on various aspects of the parole process. The office assesses the effectiveness of the board's procedure and conducts research on: parole decision making, the effect of representation at parole hearings, the feasibility of developing explicit sentencing standards or guidelines, administrative review of parole decisions, and the relationship between time served and release performance. For Further Information Write Department of Justice, Constitution Avenue and Tenth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20530.
