The Funding of Social Knowledge Production and Application: A Survey of Federal Agencies (1978)

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6 Department of Defense The Department of Defense is the sixth-largest departmental funder of social knowledge production and application activities in the federal government. In fiscal 1977, the department obligated over $70 million in social knowledge production and application activities. Of the six defense agencies surveyed, the Department of the Army obligates the most money on social knowledge production and application activities; the Departments of the Navy and the Air Force are second and third. Military support of the social sciences dates back to World War I. The armed services then began to utilize behavioral sciences to serve some of their needs, for example, the development of psychological testing. The social and behavioral sciences were utilized again by the military during World War II. By the early 1950s, the Department of Defense accounted for ap- proximately 40 percent of the total federal support for the social sci- ences. The Department of the Navy's Office of Naval Research was then a major funder of the social sciences. With the appearance of new social agencies during the 1960s, the department's percentage of total federal support declined. It remains, however, a major funder of social science research and related activities. During recent years, the De- partment of Defense has been a major supporter of the development of individualized computer instructional programs. NOTE: This chapter was written with the assistance of Diane Rothberg. 104

Department of Defense 105 The six Department of Defense agencies surveyed support similar human resources activities, which are tailored to meet the needs of the individual agencies. A major goal of Department of Defense social research is to improve the effectiveness of armed services personnel. In addition, research is funded to find ways to lower the department's costs in training, operating equipment, and utilizing personnel. All De- partment of Defense agencies support research concerning manpower selection and training techniques that aim to improve the selection, classification, training, utilization, and effectiveness of military per- sonnel. All agencies also support some activities on human perform- ance and human factors research, which is geared to improving the individual performance and capabilities of armed services personnel. SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION ACTIVITIES Table 6-1 presents the distribution of the Defense Department's social knowledge production and application activities. Research is the largest activity, accounting for nearly three-fourths of the department's social knowledge production and application activities in fiscal 1977. The second-largest category, accounting for 20 percent of the depart- ment's total, is the development of materials. As noted above, the major activity in this category is the development of computerized instructional courses and materials. In addition to developing training materials, the department also supports the development of testing materials. The remaining social knowledge production and application activities are supported in small amounts. ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT Figure 6-1 is an organizational chart for the Department of Defense. As can be seen, social knowledge production and application activities are supported in a variety of department agencies and locations. Table 6-2 lists the six agencies in the Department of Defense that support social knowledge production and application activities. As has already been noted, the Department of the Army supported the largest amount of social knowledge production and application in fiscal 1977. The primary goal of the department's research is the improvement of programs and activities. In 1970, the Congress, via the Mansfield amendment, mandated that all of the Department of Defense's research

106 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES TABLE 6-1 Department of Defense Social Knowledge Production and Application Activities (Smillions) Activity Fiscal 1975 Fiscal 1976 Fiscal 1977 Knowledge production Research Policy formulation demonstrations Program evaluation General purpose statistics Total Knowledge application Policy implementation demonstrations Development of materials Dissemination Total TOTAL 39.1 40.1 53.5 (66.1)° (68.7) (75.5) 3.7 2.5 0.5 (6.3) (4.3) (0.6) 0.2 0.4 0.1 (0.3) (0.6) (0.1) 1.7 1.8 2.0 (2.8) (3.1) (2.8) 44.7 44.7 56.0 (75.6) (76.6) (79.0) 13.9 (23.6) 0.5 (0.8) 14.4 (24.4) 59.2 (100.0) 12.9 (22.1) 0.7 (1.3) 13.7 (23.4) 58.3 (100.0) 14.4 (20.3) 0.5 (0.7) 14.9 (21.0) 70.8 (100.0) Numbers may not total due to rounding. "Numbers in parentheses are column percentages. be mission-oriented research and development. Thus, the social knowledge production and application activities of the department are clearly aimed at supporting the mission of the department and improv- ing its performance. Within the Department of Defense, social knowledge production and application activities are supported in three different types of agencies. Four agencies (Army, Navy, Air Force, and the Civil Preparedness Agency) were classified as operating agencies. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency was classified as an R&D agency, since it is considered the R&D arm of the secretary of defense. Finally, the re- search supported in the offices of two assistant secretaries of defense is related to the information needs of the Office of the Secretary in estab- lishing departmental policy.

108 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES TABLE 6-2 Department of Defense Agencies that Support Social Knowledge Production and Application: Profile (fiscal 1977, Smillions) Predominant Organizational Location of Total Social Social Social Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge Production Production Production and and and Application Application Application Primary Goal Agency Obligations Activity Activity" or Audience" Department of 25.1 Research Operating Improvement of the Army agency federal programs Department of 17.7 Research Operating Improvement of the Navy agency federal programs Department of the 15.6 Research Operating Improvement of Air Force agency federal programs Defense Advanced 75 Research R&D agency Improvement of Research Projects federal programs Agency Office of the 4.0 Research Policy-making Improvement of Secretary office federal policies Civil Preparedness 0.5 Research Operating Improvement of Agency agency federal programs TOTAL 70.8 Numbers may not total due to rounding. °See Chapter 2 for a more detailed discussion. POLICY AREAS IN THE DEPARTMENT Table 6-3 presents the agencies that fund social knowledge production and application activities by policy area. The largest policy area in the Department of Defense is employment and training, accounting for over 80 percent of the total social knowledge production and applica- tion obligations in fiscal 1977. This area includes both research and the development of training materials, which has been discussed above. The second-largest area, accounting for over 10 percent of the total, is the natural resources policy area. The major funder of natural re- sources knowledge production and application activities in the De- partment of Defense is the Department of the Army. The Army Corps of Engineers supports social knowledge production and application activities in that area. For Further Information For a description of the Defense Department's human resources research, see Human Resources Research and Development Results Can Be Better Managed, FPCD 77-43. General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C., April 22, 1977. or write Department of Defense, The Pentagon, Washington, D.C. 20301.

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H0 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES DEFENSE ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 3.939 3.706 7.645 7.645 1976 4*47 2.141 6.988 6.988 1977 7.859 7.859 7.859 The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) was estab- lished in 1958 as an operating agency under the director of defense research and engineering. In 1972, DARPA became a separate agency of the Department of Defense under the authority and control of the sec- retary of defense. The agency provides for the conduct of basic and applied research and development for projects designated by the secretary of defense. The objective of the agency is to support advanced research and devel- opment and then transfer the results to the appropriate military service. In the conduct of its projects, DARPA uses the services of the military departments; other government agencies; private, industrial, and pub- lic entities; individuals; and educational and research institutions. Research Social research activities are supported in four major areas: human resources research; manpower research; forecasting and decision technology; and advanced training technology. HUMAN RESOURCES This research is designed to improve the effective- ness of armed forces personnel in accomplishing their mission respon- sibilities under the full range of conditions that bear on military opera- tions. Elements of the human resources research include studies on new learning strategies aimed at enhancing the acquisition of military job skills; studies on biocybernetics aimed at better military job per- formance based on improved human-computer communication; and performance studies aimed at developing more cost-effective meas-

Department of Defense 111 urements of military job performance. Human factors research is also supported. The goals of human factors research are to develop im- proved command, control, and communication systems by better de- sign practices that take into account current theories of psychology concerning memory, learning, reasoning, problem solving, and percep- tion. MANPOWER The manpower research program is directed at developing new methods for analyzing the Defense Department's manpower sys- tem and applying such methods to specific problem assessments in terms of expected impact on manpower systems effectiveness. The manpower research program emphasizes issues in manpower pro- curement, management requirements, and training. Recent studies have examined enlisted specialty training; bonus management; post- service earnings for former military employees; North Atlantic Treaty Organization manpower; future military manpower requirements; and alternative compensation systems. In fiscal 1977, a longitudinal study of performance, retention, and career patterns was begun. This study will measure, for the first time, a longitudinal profile of individual productivity and retention in the Armed Services. FORECASTING AND DECISION TECHNOLOGY This research program is aimed at enhancing the capability of national security planners and analysts in performing essential defense planning, forecasting, and in- telligence functions. DARPA does not focus on substantive issues on what U.S. policy should be in a given area but instead concentrates on the development of methodological decision tools and models. Re- search is heavily quantitative and makes heavy use of computer technology. A major topic of research has been national security crisis management. This program area has developed short- and long-term crisis forecasting techniques as well as models for estimating the im- pact of international events based on military postures and previous decisions and statements; optimal organizational arrangements for managing crisis have also been examined. ADVANCED TRAINING TECHNOLOGY In fiscal 1977, the computer-based instructional program shifted from a policy formulation demonstration emphasis to a research emphasis. Research is now being conducted on ways to produce high-quality instructional materials in a cost-effective manner. Research is also continuing to evaluate what has been learned about computer-based delivery training systems.

U2 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES Policy Formulation Demonstrations In fiscal 1975 and fiscal 1976, DARPA supported a series of policy formu- lation demonstrations on manpower policy and manpower training. The first policy formulation demonstration consisted of a controlled experiment on the effect of altered reserve enlistment tours. The re- sults of the experiment demonstrated that reducing the length of the enlistment tour would not provide enough additional enlistment to offset future man-year losses resulting from the shortened tour. A second series of policy formulation demonstrations tested the cost-effectiveness of a prototype computer-based instructional system. Preliminary results of the demonstration showed that the computer- based instruction was highly reliable, the system response time was good, performance of students was equal or superior to conventionally trained students, considerable time savings occurred, and students and instructors had positive attitudes toward the use of computers. For Further Information See Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency: Fiscal Year 1977 Research and De- velopment Program, Statement by George H. Heilmeier, Director, before the Subcom- mittee on Research and Development of the House Appropriations Committee, 94th Congress, 2nd session. 1976, or write Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of Defense, 1400 Wilson Boulevard. Arlington. Va. 22209. DEFENSE CIVIL PREPAREDNESS AGENCY Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- men t of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 1.097 1.097 30 30 1.127 1976 782 782 17U 170 912 1977 470 470 50 J0 520 The function of the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency (DCPA) is to coordinate and provide direction to the activities of federal, state, and local governments in developing and executing civil defense programs. The agency provides planning, technical training, and financial assist-

Department of Defense 113 ance and donates property to state and local governments for civil preparedness purposes. Research The major purpose of DCPA research is to produce information that will enable planners and policy makers to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of civil preparedness programs. Studies have focused on estimating the cost, effectiveness, and feasibility of alternative civil preparedness systems for the future. Research is funded in the follow- ing areas. RELOCATION PLANNING Research projects cover the economical, in- dustrial, governmental, safety, and human welfare aspects of reloca- tion during a crisis. Specific studies have analyzed public attitudes toward crisis relocation and assessed the economic viability of various local areas during crisis relocations. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS Research is funded to develop models to predict and evaluate warning and communication alternatives. Model devel- opment is also funded on emergency systems and resource systems at national and regional levels. A strategic assessment of the civil pre- paredness impact of SALT alternatives has also been funded. Development of Materials The development of curriculum materials for training in civil prepared- ness courses is supported by the agency. For Further Information See FY1975 Research Summaries (no date) and Taking Measure: Fourth Annual Report of the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency (June 1975), publications of DCPA, or write Defense Civil Preparedness Agency, The Pentagon, Washington, D.C. 20301.

114 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 3.240 3.240 6.608 6.608 9.848 1976 3.963 3.963 5.750 150 5.900 9.863 1977 9.103 9.103 6.250 200 6.450 15.553 The Department of the Air Force is responsible for providing an air force that is capable, in conjunction with other armed forces, of pre- serving the peace and security of the United States. Research Social research is funded by the Department of the Air Force on the following areas. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS This area includes funding for Project RAND, which has provided independent scientific, technical, and analytical advice and expertise to the air force decision-making process. RAND has studied the history of strategic arms competition, defense postures of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Warsaw Pact issues, and deterrence force capabilities. MANPOWER, PERSONNEL, AND TRAINING This JS the hllgCSl aTCB Of SO- cial research in the department. The departmental increase in research funding between fiscal 1976 and fiscal 1977 is found in this research area. Research has been supported on the following topics. Manpower Projections Simulation models have been developed to forecast future manpower requirements. Studies have also analyzed the Reserve Officers' Training Corps Program and the future of the Physician Corps under various volunteer options. The effect of the volunteer force on the retention of enlisted personnel has also been examined. Human Factors This research is geared to increasing the perform- ance, productivity, and motivation of air force personnel. Predictive models have been developed for anticipating human performance in various aerospace systems. Personnel Systems Research has been funded to improve the effec-

Department of Defense 115 tive utilization of air force personnel and improved personnel selection and classification systems. Studies have assessed the degree to which adaptability and career motivation varies as a function of personnel management policies. Psychological and environmental factors have also been analyzed to study reenlistement patterns. Training The Air Force Human Resources Laboratory is responsi- ble for analyzing the effective utilization of training and simulation procedures, techniques, and devices. The effectiveness of alternative training techniques are studied. Studies analyze the cost-benefit fea- tures of simulation training models. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND ENERGY A limited number of studies are funded in this area. Studies have examined alternative methods to enable the air force to meet national objectives in energy conservation and environmental quality. Environmental assessment models have also been developed. Development of Materials The air force supports the development of innovative training and edu- cational materials. The major purpose of this program is to improve the cost-effectiveness and quality of technical training. The air force de- velops instructional materials that will apply the latest training tech- niques to current operational programs. In addition, alternative train- ing methods and techniques are tested. An example of the development of instructional materials and techniques is the Advanced Instructional System. This was a major effort to develop and demonstrate the feasi- bility and effectiveness of a system of large-scale, computer-managed, self-paced, individualized instruction. In addition to the development of instructional materials, the air force supports the development of testing materials. The air force sup- ported the development of a nonverbal aptitude test aimed at eliminat- ing cultural bias in testing. Vocational Aptitude Battery Tests have also been developed by the air force. Dissemination The department supported the publication and distribution of a hand- book on energy conservation. For Further Information Write Department of the Air Force, The Pentagon, Washington, D.C. 20330.

116 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Formula- Program General Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total Policy Implemen- Deve lop- tation Dem- ment of Dissem- onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 16.552 40 200 1.676 18.468 4.468 490 4.958 23.426 1976 16.833 155 350 1.790 19.128 3.773 596 4.369 23.497 1977 18.212 250 50 1.963 20.475 4.379 290 4.669 25.144 The mission of the Department of the Army is to organize, train, and equip active-duty and reserve forces for the preservation of peace, security, and the defense of the nation. The army's major mission is on-land operations. In addition to its military responsibilities, the De- partment of the Army administers programs aimed at protecting the environment, improving waterway navigation, flood and beach con- trol, water resource development, and providing civil defense assist- ance. Research Of the six Department of Defense agencies included in this survey, the Department of the Army has the largest social research obligations. The army's research activities are focused in the following areas. PERSONNEL AND TRAINING Much of the work in this area is done in- house by the Army Research Institute for Behavioral and Social Sci- ences. Some work is also done by universities and private research organizations. Research is conducted on the following topics. Manpower and Personnel Manpower studies have been performed concerning the volunteer force, enlistee attitudes, and future man- power goals. Research has also looked at the role of women in the army and the range of military jobs that they can perform effectively. Army career patterns have also been studied. Education and Training Research is performed on improved methods for training individuals in the army. Some research is ex- pected to lead to development of training systems, such as field training

Department of Defense 117 simulations for commanders. Other research is supported to predict the effectiveness of training devices at an early stage in their development. Human Factors This research is aimed at preparing the U.S. army soldier to adapt and perform within the broad range of environments required by the army. Research has examined human perceptual limits, the human-machine interface, methods to enhance human perform- ance, and methods to sustain performance while taking into account stress and fatigue factors. Manpower Systems Management Research is supported on man- power systems management and technology in order to increase soldier productivity. Research is funded on ways to improve enlistee person- nel selection and classification systems. Research examines techniques to sustain motivation and morale as well as to improve military effi- ciency in the volunteer environment. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY The Army Corps of Engineers supports so- cial research to assess the environmental effects of proposed facilities. In its environmental technology program, the army supports research aimed at developing methods for quantitatively describing environmen- tal conditions, developing noise prediction models, and developing en- vironmental standards for soil contamination and hazardous waste dis- posal. In addition, the Army Corps of Engineers has an environmental quality program concerned with the effects of its own construction and water resource projects on the environment. Social research is also carried out on environmental impact assessment, reservoir water qual- ity, and wastewater management. WATER RESOURCES PLANNING The Army Corps of Engineers conducts water resources planning studies. These studies are concerned with developing methods and analytical techniques for use in water re- sources planning and management activities. The corps has a policy research program that analyzes how to determine equity in distributing costs and benefits in water resource projects. The planning methodol- ogy program supports studies on the effect of water resource projects on regional development and the supply and demand for urban non- reservoir recreation. MILITARY CONSTRUCTION AND ENGINEERING TllC ODJCCtiVe Of thlS TC- search is to improve the methods for planning and designing military power systems by developing a decision process for evaluating power system performance, reliability, and life cycle cost in terms of the capability of power systems to fulfill user requirements.

118 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES MILITARY PSYCHIATRY Prior to fiscal 1976, a major thrust of the ar- my's military psychiatry program was drug and alcohol abuse research. This program has been discontinued. Current emphasis is given to the study of the mental health of soldiers. Research has developed indica- tors of stress and predictors for the reduction of manpower losses and personnel turnover due to psychiatric and psychosomatic illnesses. Policy Formulation Demonstrations A small number of demonstrations are funded to test new training procedures. Program Evaluation A major evaluation was funded to ascertain the effectiveness of race relations improvement programs in the U.S. army. General Purpose Statistics The Army Corps of Engineers collects general purpose statistics on the movement of commodities and vessels in the ports, harbors, water- ways, and canals of the United States and its territories and posses- sions. Development of Materials As in two other armed services, the navy and the air force, many resources have been devoted to the development of testing materials and training materials. The army supported the development of a cost- effective, equitable, and realistic performance-based test in lieu of writ- ten tests for measuring levels of skill in army jobs. In the area of training, a major program has been the development of the Training Extension Course (TEC), which is a multimedia individualized instruc- tion system. A wide variety of individualized training courses have been prepared, ranging from various military skills (operating a gun, etc.) to the fundamentals of leadership. The army expects TEC to be- come its main instructional method, replacing instruction by human trainers. Studies have shown that soldiers trained by TEC performed significantly better and at less cost than those trained under the con- ventional human instructor program.

Department of Defense 119 Dissemination The army has prepared handbooks in a variety of areas, including ways to improve race relations in the army, dealing with alcohol and drug abuse problems in the army, and environmental impact analysis (for the Army Corps of Engineers). For Further Information Write Department of the Army, The Pentagon, Washington, D.C. 20301. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 I1.347 11.347 2.831 2.831 14.178 1976 10.337 200 10.537 3.212 3.212 13.749 1977 13.851 200 14.051 3.698 3.698 17.749 The primary mission of the Department of the Navy is to protect the United States at sea during a time of war, support the forces of all military departments of the United States, and maintain freedom of the seas. Research The Department of the Navy supports research similar to that of the Departments of the Air Force and the Army. Social research is sup- ported in the following areas. MANPOWER, PERSONNEL, AND TRAINING As is the CaSC With the partment of the Air Force, this is the largest area of social research in the Department of the Navy. Research focuses on the following topics. Organizational Effectiveness These studies are concerned with the morale, motivation, leadership, and organizational unity within the

120 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES navy. Research is funded to develop future improvements in the pro- ductivity and morale of the navy and attachment to the naval organiza- tion. Research is supported to better understand the psychological process by which individuals become attached to, or identified with, an organization. Specific aspects of the organizational environment that influence military effectiveness are examined. Job satisfaction is analyzed as well. Personnel This group of studies is concerned with the recruitment, selection, classification, assignment, retention, and performance evaluation of navy personnel. Research is funded to analyze the factors or variables that affect the interaction between individuals and their jobs. More reliable techniques to improve selection, classification, and promotion decisions are also sought. Training Research on training is directed at developing new tech- niques to improve navy training methodologies and procedures. Re- search is supported to identify training variables that will reduce train- ing school attrition. Research also measures the proficiencies neces- sary for various jobs. Manpower This group of studies is concerned with the develop- ment of future manpower projections. The impact of the all-volunteer force concept has been studied. Modeling is used to assist in decision making related to manpower planning. Indicators of attrition, reten- tion, and manpower costing have also been developed. ENERGY PLANNING Research is supported to determine the pattern of energy use and fuel consumption in the navy in order to provide a basis for projected navy energy requirements. Alternative energy sources have also been analyzed as well as the potential of comprehensive energy conservation in the navy. The navy has also supported an eco- nomic analysis of the pricing of natural and synthetic crude oil. HEALTH SERVICES DELIVERY Research is funded to analyze health maintenance systems in the navy and marine corps. New methods of medical and dental care are also being analyzed. Research has examined the potential of improving medical screening to enhance per- sonnel performance in naval aviation and shipboard and field environ- ments. Studies have also examined automated medical and dental re- cord keeping processes and computer-assisted health care delivery. Alcoholism rates among second enlistment sailors have also been examined.

Department of Defense 121 Development of Materials As with the Departments of the Army and the Air Force, the Depart- ment of the Navy has supported the development of computer-assisted training methods. Mini-computers for training have also been devel- oped. These projects are aimed at improving training efficiency and management. In addition to the development of individualized computer-assisted training packages, the navy also supports the development of spe- cialized testing techniques to enhance individualized testing of trainees with varying background experience. Tests have been developed that minimize cultural bias in word and picture analogy tests. For Further Information Write Department of the Navy, The Pentagon, Washington, D.C. 20350. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- Develop- Fiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem- Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 2.950 2.950 2.950 1976 3.300 3.300 3.300 1977 4.000 4.000 4.000 The Office of the Secretary of Defense consists of the director of de- fense research and engineering, nine assistant secretaries of defense, the general counsel, and several other staff offices. The heads of each office within the Office of the Secretary are civilian staff advisers to the secretary. Research Social research is conducted by the offices of two assistant secretaries for defense.

122 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE—INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS This office is responsible for the development and coordination of Department of Defense positions, policies, plans, and procedures in international, political-military, and foreign affairs. In support of that mission, the office supports a foreign affairs research program that focuses on an assessment of international trends and military affairs for their particular bearing on long-range defense policy and planning. Specific areas of research have included: Soviet policies and perceptions, national security policy, long-range U.S.-U.S.S.R. competition, the implications of the military buildup in nonindustrial states, and the political and military situation in Portugal. OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE—MANPOWER AND RESERVE AFFAIRS The office is responsible for manpower and person- nel plans, policy, and management; manpower requirements; military and civilian compensation; reserve components and Reserve Officers' Training Corps affairs; and education and individual training. The of- fice supports policy-related research on a series of manpower issues. Specific areas of concern are an analysis of manpower programs, methodologies for training programs, the effectiveness of civilian armed forces, and future manpower requirements. For Further Information Write Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (International Security Affairs), De- partment of Defense. The Pentagon, Washington, D.C. 20301, or Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower and Reserve Affairs), Department of Defense. The Pentagon. Washington, D.C. 20301.