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Elements of a National Materials Policy (1972)

Chapter: Front Matter

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1972. Elements of a National Materials Policy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/20463.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1972. Elements of a National Materials Policy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/20463.
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NAS-NAE SEP 1419721 LIBRARY ELEMENT S OF A NA T I ONAL MATER I AL S POL I CY NAT I ONAL MATER I AL S A DV I S O RY BO A R D DI V I S I ON O F ENG I NEER I NG - NAT I ONAL RE S E A RCH CO UNC I L Pu b l i ca t i o n NMA B 2 9 4 Na t i o n a l Aca d emy o f S c i e n ce s - Na t i o n a l A ca d e my o f Eng i n e e r i ng 21 01 Co n s t i t u t i o n A ve n u e W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . 2 0 418 A u gus t 1 9 7 2

NOTI CE T h e s t u d y r e p o r t e d h e r e i n wa s u n d e r ta k e n u n d e r t h e a e g i s o f t h e Na t i o nal Re s ea r c h Co u n c i l w i t h t h e e x p r e s s a p p r o va l o f t h e Go v e r n i n g B oa r d o f t h e NRC . S u c h a p p r o v a l i n d i ca t e d t h a t t h e B o a r d c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h e p ro b l em i s o f n a t i o n a l s i g n i f i ­ c a n ce; t h a t e l uc i d a t i o n o r s o l ut i o n o f t h e p r o b l em r e q u i r e d s c i e n t i f i c o r t e c h n i c al c o m p e t e n c e a n d t ha t t h e r e s ource s o f NRC w ere p a r t i cula r l y su i t a b l e t o t h e c o n duc t o f t h e p r oje c t . T h e i n s t i tu t i o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e NRC w e r e t h e n d i s ch arg e d i n t h e fo l l o w i n g ma n n e r: T h e me m b ers o f t h e s tudy comm i t t e e w ere s e l e c t e d f o r t h e i r i n d i v i dua l s c h o l a r l y c o m p e t e n c e a n d jud g m e n t w i t h due c o n s i d era t i o n f o r t h e b ala n c e a n d t h e b r e a d t h o f d i s c i p l i n e s . Re s p o n s i b i l i ty f o r a l l a s p e c t s o f t h i s r e p o r t r e s t s w i t h t h e s t u dy c o mm i t t e e , t o w h o m s i n c ere a p p r e c i a t i o n i s e x p r e s s e d . A l t h oug h t h e r e p o r t s o f our s t u dy c o mm i t t e e s are n o t s u b ­ m i t t e d for a p pro va l t o t h e Ac a d emy m e m b e r s h i p o r t o t h e C ou n ­ c i l , e a c h r e p ort i s re v i e w e d by a s e c o n d g r o u p o f a p p r o pr i a t e l y qua l i f i e d i n d i v i dua l s ac c o r d i n g t o p r o c e dure s e s ta b l i s h e d a n d mo n i t o r e d b y t h e A c a d emy's R e p o r t R e v i e w C o mm i t t e e . Suc h r e v i e w s a r e i n t e n d e d t o d e t e r m i n e , i n t e r a l i a , w h e t h e r t he majo r que s t i o n s a n d re l e va n t p o i n t s o f v i ew h a v e b e e n a d d r e s s e d a n d w h e t h e r t h e r e p o r t e d f i n d i n g s , c o n clus i o n s , a n d r e c o mm e n da­ t i o n s a r o s e f r o m t h e av a i l a ble data a n d i n fo rma t i o n . D i s t r i ­ but i o n o f t h e r e p o r t i s ap p r o v e d , b y t h e Pre s i d e n t , o n l y af t e r sa t i s fac t o ry c o m p l e t i o n o f t h i s r e v i e w p r o c e s s . T h i s s tudy by t h e Nat i o na l Ma t e r i al s Ad v i s o ry B oard , was c o n ­ d u c t e d u n d e r a c o n t rac t w i t h t h e Na t i o nal C o mm i s s i o n o n M a t er­ i a l s Po l i cy . M em b e rs o f t h e Na t i o nal M a t e r i al s Ad v i s o ry B oard s tudy g r ou p s s e r v e a s i n d i v i d u a l s c o n t r i b u t i n g t h e i r p e r s o n a l k n o w l e d g e a n d jud g m e n t s an d n o t a s r e p r e s e n ta t i v e s o f any o r ga n i za t i o n i n w h i c h they a r e e m p l o y e d o r w i th wh i ch they may b e a s s o c i a t e d . The qua n t i ta t i v e data p u b l i shed i n th i s r e p o r t a r e i n t e n d e d o n l y t o i l l us t r a t e the sco p e a n d s u b s ta n c e o f i n fo rma t i o n c o n ­ s i d e r e d i n the s tudy , a n d sho u l d n o t b e u s e d f o r any o t h e r p u r ­ p ose , such a s i n s p e c i f i ca t i o n s o r i n d e s i g n , un l ess s o s ta t e d . R e que s t s f o r p e rm i s s i o n t o r e p r o duc e th i s r e p o r t i n who l e o r i n part shou l d b e ad dre s s e d t o the Na t i o na l Ma t e r i al s A d v i s o ry B oard . i i

N AT I O N AL A C A D E MY O F S C I E N C E S - NAT I ON AL R E S E A R C H C O UN C I L N AT I O N AL MAT E R I ALS A D V I S O RY B O A R D A D H O C C OMM I TTEE O N MAT E R I ALS POL I CY Cha irm a n: D r . Pr e s to n C l o u d Profe s s o r o f B i o g e o l o gy_ U n i v e r s i ty of C a l i fo r nia San t a B a r b ara , C a l i fo r nia 9 3106 M E MB E R S Pr o f . Mic hae l B . B e v e r D e p t . o f M e ta l l u r g y a n d Ma t eria l s S c i e n c e Mas s a c h u s e t t s I n s t i t u t e of Techno l o gy C a m b rid g e , Mas s . 021 3 9 Dr . Eu g e n e N . Came r o n D e par tme n t o f Ge o l o gy U n i v e r s i ty o f W i s c o n s i n M a d i s o n , W i s c o n s i n 5 3 711 D r . Earl F . C o ok Dean , C o l l e g e o f Ge o s cie n c e s Te x a s A&M U n i v e r s i ty C ol l e g e S ta t i o n , Texas 7784 3 1 1 1 D r . Kar l L . Fe t t e r s C o n s u l tan t 2 O ak D r i v e Po l an d , Ohio 4 4 514 M r . D e a n F . Fras c h e C o n s u l t a n t 36 Park A v e n u e Gr e e n w i c h , C o n n . 068 30 Pr o f . Ar t h u r D . Has l er Lab ora t o ry o f Lim n o l o gy U n i v er s i ty of Wis c o n sin M a dis o n , Wis c o n s i n 5 3 7 06 D r . Fre d r i ck C . K r u g e r Dean o f R e s earch S c h o o l of Ear t h S c i e n c e s S t a nfo rd U n i v e r s i ty S tanfo rd , C a l ifo r n i a 9 4 3 0 5

L I A I S O N R E P R E S E N T AT I V E S D ep a r tm e n t o f Comme rc e M r . J a m e s M . Ow e n s , D i r e c t o r O f f i c e o f B a s i c M a t e r i al s B ur e a u o f D o m e s t i c Comme r c e U . S . D epa r tm e n t o f Comm e r c e W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . 2 0 2 3 0 D ep a r tm e n t o f t he I n t e r i o r D r . P h i l i p W . G u i l d U . S . G e olo g i c a l S u r v ey 18 t h a n d F S t r e e t s , N . W . W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . 20 2 4 2 Dr . J o h n D . M o r g a n , J r . A s s t . D i r e c t o r fo r M i n e r a l P o s i t i o n A n a l y s i s U . S . B ur e a u o f M i n e s W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . 2 0 2 4 0 E n v i r o n m e n t al P r o t e c t i o n Age n cy D r . D . R . K u r o d a E n v i ro n m e n tal P r o t e c t i o n A g e n c y 4 01 M S t r e e t , S . W . W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . 2 0 46 0 N a t i o n al C o mm i s s i o n o n M a t e r i al s P o l i c y M r . G e o r g e A . W a t s o n , J r . N a t i o n a l Comm i s s i o n o n M a t e r i al s P ol i c y 2 0 2 5 M S t r e e t , N . W . W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . 2 0 5 0 6 O f f i c e o f E m er g e n c y P r epa r e d n e s s Mr . C h ar l e s Kl a t t O f f i c e o f E m e r g e n cy P r epa r e d n e s s E x e c u t i v e O f f i c e o f t h e P r e s i d e n t W a s h i n g to n , D . C . 20 5 0 4 N MA B S t a f f M e m b er D r . J o s ep h R . L a n e S t a f f M e t a l l ur g i s t N a t i o n a l M a t er i a l s A d v i s ory B o a rd N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l N A S - N A E 21 0 1 C o n s t i t u t i o n A v e n u e W a s h i n g to n , D . C . 20418 iv

P A N E L R O S T E R S A D H O C C O M M I TT E E O N MAT E R I A L S P O L I C Y PA N E L N o . 1 - A b u n d a n c e s o f Commo d i t i e s a n d P r o ble m s A f f e c ti ng F u t ur e P r i ma ry S u p pl i e s C h a i rma n: D r . E u g e n e N . C a m e ro n D e p a r tme n t o f G e ol o g y U n i v e r s i ty o f W i s c o n s i n M a di s o n , W i s c o n s i n 5 3 7111 Mr . P a u l A . B a i l ly P r e s i d e n t M E M B E R S O c c i d e n t a l M i n e r a l s Co rpor a t i o n 6 0 7 3 W e s t 4 4 t h A v e n u e W h e a t R i d g e , C o l ora d o 80 0 3 3 D r . J . 0 . K a l l i o k o s k i D ep t . o f G e o l o gy a n d G e o l o g i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g M i c h i g a n T e c h n o l o g i c a l U n i v e r s i ty H o u g h t o n , M i c h i g a n 4 9 9 31 P r o f . B r i a n J . S k i n n e r C h a i rm a n , D e p a r tme n t o f G e ol o g y a n d G e o p h y s i c s Y ale U n i v e r s i ty B o x 21 61 Y ale S t a t i o n N e w H a v e n , Co n n . 0 6 5 2 0 P A N E L N o . I I - I mpl i c a t i o n s o f E n v i ro n m e n t al P r o t e c t i o n P ol i cy fo r a N a t i o n a l M a t e r i al s P o l icy C h a i rm a n: P ro f e s s or A r t h u r D . H a s l er L a b o r a t o ry o f L i m n o l o gy U n i v e r s i ty o f W i s c o n s i n Ma d i s o n , W i s c o n s i n 5 3 7 0 6 Dr . T . S i c c a m a S c h o o l o f Fo r e s t ry G r e e l ey M e mo r i a l L a b o r a t ory Ya l e U n i v er s i ty New H a v e n , C o n n . 06 51 1 D r . J o h n M . T e a l S e n i o r S c i e n t i s t M E M B E R S D r . B oy d R . S tra i n A s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s o r D e p ar tm e n t o f B o t a ny D u k e U n i v e r s i ty D u r h a m , N . C . 2 7 7 0 6 W o o d s H o l e O c ea n o g rap h i c I n s t i t u t i o n W o o d s H o l e , M a s s . 0 2 5 43 v

PANEL No . I I I - Re cyc l i n g , Su b s t i t u t i o n , Sy n thes i s , a nd D e s i g n Cha i rma n: Pr o f . M i cha e l B . B e v e r D e p t . o f M e t a l l u r gy a n d Ma t e r i a l s S c i e n c e Ma s s a c h u s e t ts I n s t i t u t e o f T e chn o l o gy C a m b r i d ge , Mas s . 02139 MEMBERS M r . W . Fu l ke r s o n O RNL- N SF En v i r o n m e n tal Pro g ram O a k R i d g e Nat i o na l La b o r a t ory Po s t O f f i c e Bo x X Oak R i d g e , T e n n ess e e 3 78 30 M r . A l b e r t M . H a l l A s s t . Man a g er , P ro c e ss a n d Ph y s i c a l Me ta l l u r g y Ba t t e l l e Memor i a l I n s t i t u t e 50 5 K i n g A v e n u e C o l u m b u s , O h i o 4 3201 D r . Ma t t h ew W . S a g a l D i re c t or , Ma t e r i a l s & C h e m i c a l Pro c e s s e s W e s t e r n E l e c t r i c C o m p a ny , I n c . P . 0 . B o x 9 0 0 P r i n c e t o n , New Je r s ey 08 5 4 0 vi Mr . G . A l a n S ta rr C h i e f o f T e ch n i c a l Re s earch a n d D e v e l o pme n t V o u gh t A ero nau t i c s C o m pany P . 0. B o x 5 907 Da l l a s , Te xas 7 5222 Mr . F r e d e r i ck J . W e l l s Re s o u r c e s f o r the Fu t ure , I n c . 1 7 5 5 Massa chu s e t t s A v e . , N . W . W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . 200 36

PANEL No . I V - Ex t r a c tive Me t a l l u rgy a n d Minera l Pro ce s s i n g C h a i rm a n: Dr . Ka r l L . Fe t te r s , P.E . Co n s u l ta n t Two O a k Drive Po l a n d , O hio 44514 MEMBERS Pr o f . H e r ber t H . Ke l l o g g De p a r tme n t o f Me t a l lu r gy C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i ty New Y o r k , N . Y . 10027 Pro fe s s o r Pa u l E . Que nea u The T h a y e r Sc h o o l o f E n g i n eer­ i n g Da r tmo u t h C o l l e g e H a n o v er , N e w Ham p sh i r e 037 5 5 Pr of. R . Sch u h ma n n , Jr . Ross Pro f e s s o r of E n g i n e e r i n g Sch o o l o f Ma teria l s Sc i e n ce & Me t a llu r g i cal En g i nee r i n g Pu r d ue U n i ve r s i ty L a f a y e t te , I n d i a n a 47907 PA NEL N o . V - G o v e r n men t a l I n ce n t i v e s a n d C o n t r ol s C h a i rma n: Dr . Ea r l F . C o ok De a n , C o l l e g e o f G e o s c i e n ce s T e x a s A&M U n i v e r s i ty C o l l e g e S t a tio n , Te x a s 77843 MEMBE R S Mr . Jo h n A . C a r v e r , Jr . Memb e r , C o mm i t t e e o n I n t e r i o r a n d I n s u l a r A f f a i r s H o u s e o f Re p r e s e n t a t i v e s Wash i n g t o n , D . C . 20 51 5 ( fo rme r l y C o mm i s s i o n e r , Fe d e ra l Po w e r C o mmis s i o n Washin g t o n , D . C . 20426 ) v i i D r . Fra nkl i n P . H u d d l e S p e c i al i s t , S c i e n ce a n d T e ch n o l o g y Sc i e n c e Po l icy R ese a r c h D i v . L i b rary o f C o n gre s s Wash i n g t o n , D . C . 20 5 40 D r . H u b e r t E . R i sse r O f f i c e of t h e D i r e c t o r U . S . G e o l o g i c a l Surv ey D e p a r t m e n t o f the I n t e r i o r Wa s h i n g t o n , D . C . 20242

PA N EL N o . VI - I n t e r n a t i o n al I m pl i c a t i o n s o f M a t e r i al s P ol i c y I s s u e s . C h a i rma n : M r . D e a n F . F r a s c h e C o n s u l t a n t 36 P a r k A v e n u e G r e e n w i c h , Co n n . 06830 M E M B E R S M r s . J e a n M a r b u r g C o mm o d i ty E c o n o m i s t O f f i c e o f E c o n o m i c R e s e a r c h a n d A n aly s i s B u r e a u o f I n t elli g e n c e a n d R e s e a r c h U. S. D e p a r tm e n t o f S t a t e W a s hi n g t o n , D . C . 20520 D r . Jo h n D . M o r g a n , J r . A s si s t a n t D i r e c t o r f o r M i n e r al P o s i t i o n A n aly s i s U . S . B u r e a u o f M i n e s D e p a r tm e n t o f t h e I n t e r i o r W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . 20240 PA N E L N o . V I I - M a n p o w e r a n d Fa c i l i t i e s C h a i rma n: D e a n F r e d r i c k C . K r u g e r D e a n o f R e s e a r c h S c h o ol o f E a r t h S c i e n c e s S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i ty S t a n fo r d , Cal i f o r n i a 94303 M E M B E R S M r . C arl Bo r g m a n Fla g s t a f f S t a r R o u t e Bo uld e r , C ol o r a d o 80302 D r . T . V . Fa l k i e H e a d , M i n er al E n g i n e e r i n g D e p t . Colle g e o f E a r t h a n d M i n e ral S ci e n c e s T h e P e n n s yl v a n i a S t a t e U n i v . 118 M i n e r al I n d u s t r i e s Bld g . U ni v e r s i ty P a r k , P a . 16802 M r . H a rold E . Jo h n s o n , M a n a g e r R e c r u i tm e n t a n d D e v e l o p m e n t Ke n n e c o t t Co p p e r Co r p o r a t i o n M e t al M i n i n g D i v i s i o n 161 E a s t 42 n d S t r e e t N e w Y o r k , N . Y . 10017 v i i i D r . T r u ma n H . K u h n V i c e P r e s i d e n t , Ad m i n i s t r a ­ t i v e A f fa i r s C o l o r a d o S c h o ol o f M i n e s G o l d e n , Co l ora d o 80401 ��. D a v i d A . P o r t n e r D i r e c to r , O f f i c e o f Pla n n i n g a n d E v a l u a t i o n Ma n p o w e r A d m i n i s tra t i o n U . S . D e p a r tme n t o f L a b o r W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . 20210 M s . B e t ty M . V e t te r E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r S c i e n t i f i c M a n p ow e r Comm i s s i o n 210 1 Co n s t i t u t i o n A v e n u e , N . W . W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . 20418

I N V I T E D A N D C O N T R I B U T I N G G U E S T S a t O r g a n i z a t i o n al M e e t i n g o f A p r i l 13 , 1972 Mr . R a l ph E . B u r r Dep u ty D i r e c t o r N a t i o n a l C omm i s s i o n o n M a t e r i a l s P ol i c y W a s h i n g t o n, D . C . 20506 M r . H a rry C a l lo w a y U . S . D e p a r tme n t o f C o mme r c e W a s h i n g to n, D . C . 20242 M r . R u be n B r o w n E n v i r o n m e n t a l S t u di e s B o a r d N a t i o n a l A c a d emy o f S c i e n ce s W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . 20418 D r . S t er l i n g B . H e n d r i c k s A g r i c u l t ur a l B o a r d N a t i o n a l A c a d emy o f S c i e n c e s W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . 20418 i x D r . S t a n l ey V . M a l c u i t C h i e f E c o n o m i s t Al u m i n u m C o m p a ny o f Am e r i c a P i t t s b u r g h, P a . 15219 D r . G o t t f r i e d P er b i x N a t i o n a l C o mm i s s i o n o n M a t er i al s P ol i c y W a s h i n g t o n, D . C . 20506 M r . B r e n t U p s o n D i r e c t o r, E c o n o m i c R el a t i o n s G e n e r a l M o t o r s C o r p o r a t i o n D e tr o i t , M i c h i g a n 48200

P REFA CE T h i s r e p o r t r e p l i e s t o a r equ e s t from t h e N a t i o n a l C o mm i s s i o n o n Ma t e r i a l s P o l i c y fo r e a r l y i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f i s s u e s a n d p r o b l e m s t o w h o s e r e s o l u t i o n a n a t i o n a l m a t e r i a l s p o l i c y s h o u l d b e d i r e c t e d, a n d to r e c o m m e n d s u c h p o s s i b l e s o l u t i o n s, c o n s t r u c t i v e a c t i o n s, a n d n e e d e d s t u d i e s a s c o u l d b e r e a s o n a b l y fo r m u l a t e d w i t h i n t h e t i m e a l l o w e d . T h e l i m i t a t i o n s o f o u r i nqu i ry w e r e f i xe d b y t h e time a v a i l a b l e b e tw e e n r e c e i p t o f c h a r g e s a n d t h e d e a d l i n e d a t e fo r t h e r e p o r t . W e m e t o n t h e 13 t h o f A p r i l t o d e fi n e t h e c e n t r a l i s s u e s a n d i d e n t i fy p e r s o n s qu a l if i e d a n d a v a i l a b l e to s e r v e o n a f f i l i a t e d s tu d y p a n e l s . W e m e t a g a i n o n t h e 19 t h a n d 20 t h o f May t o e n g a g e i n s e v e n s i m u l t a n e o u s p a n e l wo rk s h o p s ( 19 t h o f Ma y o n l y ) , a n d t o d i s c u s s i n p l e n a ry s e s s i o n t h e p a n e l c o n t r i b u t i o n s ( m o r n i n g o f 20 t h o f Ma y ) , a n d r o u g h o u t t h e f i n a l r e p o r t ( a f t e r n o o n o f 20 t h o f Ma y ) . t h e r e s t o f o u r wo rk w a s d o n e b y m a i l a n d t e l e p h o n e . By d i r e c t i o n o r n e c e s s i ty, w e h a v e c o n f i n e d o u r c o n s i d e ra t i o n t o m i n e ra l m a t e r i a l s exc l u d i n g w a t e r, a n d h a v e c o n s i d e r e d t h e s e p r i ma r i l y i n g e n e r a l t e r m s exc e p t b y w a y o f exe m ­ p l i f i c a t i o n o r a s s p e c i f i c i s s u e s a r o s e . T h u s o u r r e s p o n s e s a r e n o t t h e f r u i t s o f l o n g d e l ib ­ e r a t i o n t o g e t h e r a n d t h ey d o n o t c o v e r a l l f i e l d s o f m a t e r i a l s s c i e n c e a n d e n gi n e e r i n g . Ra t h e r t h ey r e p r e s e n t t h e p o o l e d xi

ju d g m e n t s o f s e v e r a l g r o u p s o f p e o p l e w h o h a v e b e e n c o n c e r n e d a b o u t qu e s t i o n s a n d i s s u e s b e l i e v e d c e n t r a l t o t h e fo rmu l a­ t i o n o f a c o h e r e n t a nd wo rka b l e ma t e r i a l s p o l i c y, a n d w h o w e r e w i l l i n g t o i n t e r a c t w i t h o t h e r g r o u p s a n d r e s p o n d t o t h eir c r i t i c i s m s, a l l o n s h o r t n o t i c e . Be c a u s e o f t h e w a y i t wa s p u t t o g e t h e r, t h e s ty l e o f t h i s r e p o r t i s i n e v i t a b l y u n e v e n; b u t w e h a v e t r i e d t o c o n f r o n t t h e i s s u e s squ a r e l y a n d t o r e s p o n d t o t h em h o n e s tly . W h i l e w e a r e p a i n f u l l y a w a r e t h a t mo r e t i m e w o u l d h a v e p r o d u c e d a s mo o t h e r a n d mo r e b ala n c e d r e p o r t, w e h o p e w e h a v e c o m e c l o s e t o o u r g o a l o f i d e n t i fy i n g a s u b s t a n t i a l n u m b e r o f t h e s i g n i f i c a n t e l e m e n t s i n v o l v e d i n t h e fo rm u l a t i o n o f a n a t i o n a l , o r e v e n a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l , ma t e r i als p o l i c y . F i n a l l y , i t m u s t b e a d d e d t h a t t h i s r e p o r t p r e s e n t s t h e c o n s e n s u s o f a d i v e r s e g r o u p w i t h b a ckg r o u n d s i n i n d u s t ry, g o v e r n m e n t , a n d a c a d e m i a . I t i s u n l i ke l y t h a t a ny p a r t i c i p a n t i s i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h a l l s t a t e m e n t s i n t h e r e p o r t . I t i s i n t e r ­ e s t i n g, n e v e r t h ele s s, t h a t t h e r e w a s b u t s m all s u p p o r t f o r t h e v i e w t h a t ma rke t f o r c e s a l o n e w i l l s olv e t h e fo r e s e e a ble p r o b­ le m s . Ev e n i n t h e a r e a s i n w h i c h t h e r e wa s c o m ple t e a g r e em e n t, m o r e e x t e n s i v e s t u d y wi l l b e e s s e n t i a l t o t h e fo rm u l a t i o n o f a t r u ly c o m p r e h e n s i v e a n d d u r a b l e n a t i o n a l ma t e r i als p o l i cy . P RES T ON CLOUD, C h a i rma n A d H o c C o mm i t t e e o n Ma t e r i als P o l i cy x i i

ABSTRACT Se v e n m a jo r i s s u e are a s are cons i d ered as c e n tra l t o t h e f ormu l a t i o n o f a co h e r e n t a nd d ura b l e na t i ona l ma t er i a l s p o l i cy . T h ey a r e: 1 . Ab u n d a nce s o f m i n era l commo d i t i es a nd pro b l ems a f fect­ i n g f u t u r e pr i mary su p p l i e s 2 . I m p l i ca t i o n s o f e n v i ro nme n t a l pro t ec t i o n po l i cy for n a t i o n a l m a t er i a l s p o l i cy 3 . Recyc l i n g, s u b s t i t u t i o n , sy n t h es i s, a nd d e s i g n 4. Ex tra c t i v e m e ta l l urgy and m i n era l pro c ess i ng 5 . Go v e r nm e n t a l i n c e n t i v es a n d c on tro l s 6 . I n t er n a t i o n a l i m p l i ca t i o ns o f ma t er i a l s p o l i cy i ssu e s 7 . Ma n p o we r a n d fa c i l i t i e s T h e i s s u e a r e a s a r e t h e s u bje c t o f se p a r a t e ske l e t a l c h a p t er s r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e p o o l e d v i ew s o f s p e c i a l p a n e l s c onv e n e d t o i d e n t i fy, i n t h e i r b are e s s e n t i a l s, t h e m o r e exp l i c i t i ss u e s a n d pro b l e m s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e i r r e s p ec t i v e are a s . D e mo­ g r a p h i c, e c o n om i c, e n v i ro nme n t a l , ed uca t i o n a l , a n d i n t er­ n a t i o n a l i s s u e s a n d v ar i a b l es a r e c o n s i d e r e d a s a p p r o p r i a t e to t h e c o n t e n t o f a l l c h a p t er s e v e n t h o u g h t h e s e w e r e i n p art t h e m a jo r c h arg e s o f i n d i v i d u a l p a n e l s . C r u c i al t o a l l s e v e n i s s u e s i s a n e i g h th o n e , n o t t h e s u b­ je c t o f s e p a r a t e s t u dy - - t h e c o n t i n u i n g gro w t h o f p o p u l a t i o n s x i i i

a n d d emands f or ma t er i a l s . Any v i a b l e ma t er i a l s p o l i c y m u s t rec ogn i ze a n d c ope w i t h t h e pre ssure s cre a t e d b y i n c r e a s i n g p e r ca p i t a co n s um p t i o n o f ma t er i a l s , i n cre a s i n g n u m b e rs o f co nsumer s , a n d gro w i n g nee d for co n tro l o f b o t h . x i v

- 1- SUMMARY T h e ma i n t e n a n c e o f a h e a l t hy a n d mo ra l i n d us t r i a l s o c i e ty d e p e n d s o n a co n t i n u i n g a n d v ar i e d f l o w o f ra w a n d r e f i n e d ma t e r i a l s, o b t a i n e d a n d p r oc e s s e d w i t h d u e r e g a r d t o e n v i r o n m e n ta l qu a l i ty a n d fo r f u n d a m e n t a l equ i ty a m o n g p e o p l e a n d n a t i o n s . T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d t h e wor l d i n g e n e r a l are a t a p o i n t o f g r o w i n g p r e s s u r e w i t h r e s p e c t to a v a i l a b i l i ty o f raw ma t e r i a l s, t h e i r h a rmo n i o u s appo r t i o n­ m e n t a m o n g n a t i o n s a n d s o c i a l gro u p s, a nd t h e i m p a c t o n o u r e c o s y s t e m a n d s o c i e ty o f t h e i r p r o d u c t i o n, r e f i n em e n t, a n d d i s p o s a l . S t u d y o f a s e l e c t e d g r o u p o f key m i n e r a l r a w ma t e r i a l s o v e r r e c e n t d e c a d e s by E . N . C a m e r o n o f t h i s C o mm i t t e e, r e v e a l s t h a t d o m e s t i c p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e U n i t e d S ta t e s h a s d e c r e a s e d f r o m a b o u t 40 p e r c e n t o f w o r l d pro d u c t i o n i n 1940 t o le s s t h a n 20 p e r c e n t i n 1971 , a n d i s s t i l l t r e n d­ i n g d o w nw a r d . W e a r e n o w a l mo s t c o m p l e t e l y d e p e n d e n t o n fo r e i g n s o u r c e s fo r 2 2 o f t h e 74 n o n -e n e r gy m i n e r a l c o mmo d i ­ t i e s c o n s i d e r e d e s s e n t i al fo r a mo d e r n i n d u s tr i a l s o c i e ty . T h e F i r s t A n n u a l R e port o f t h e S e c r e t a ry o f t h e I n t e r i o r u n d er t h e M i n i n g a n d M i n e rals P o l i cy Ac t o f 1970 { Marc h 1972, T a b l e 10, F i g . 1 1 ) s h o w s t ha t, a c r o s s t h e b o a rd, i n 1970, t h e U n i t e d

- 2 - States i m p o r ted abo u t 20 pe rcent o f i ts t o t a l pri m ary m i nera l req u i remen ts , w hi l e using abo u t 3 5 percent o f t he g l oba l m i n­ era l pro d uct . Me anw hi l e , cons u m p t i on is p us h e d u p ward bo t h by g r ow i n g p o p u l a t i o n s a n d by incre asing per ca pit a dem ands . I t esca l a tes in su c h a way under these pressures th a t , even w i th subst antia l l y en l arged d o mest i c pro d uc tion and recyc l i ng , an end-o f-cen t ury de fic i t o f 54 percent o f o ur pri m a ry raw m a ter­ ia l s dem an d i s forecast i n t h e Secret ary•s rep ort . T h us our dependence on i m p orts is g r o wing, and at t h e ve ry t i me t h a t g ene r a l worl d demand h as a l so beg un t o r i se m ore ra p i d l y , for- e i gn so urce s gro w incre as i ng l y precari o us , and "Third Wo r l d" v oic es for an equ i t a b l e sh are in E a r t h •s m a te r i a l g o o ds gro w e ver m o re i ns i s t en t. Th e t rends a re exp l i c i t i n th e graphs , t ab l e s , and c o mm o d i ty su mmar i es o f the re p or t re fe rre d t o, as wel l a s i n the " I n t e r i m Re p ort" o f A pr i l 1972 by t he N a t i ona l Comm i s s i o n on M a te r i a l s P o l i cy . I t i s cle a r t h a t a fresh an d f l e x i b l e m a t er i a l s p o l i cy m u s t be fo rm u l a t e d and con t i nu e t o e v o l v e i f we are t o cope • w i t h present c h a l l en g e s �nd exp e c t e d ch an g es . Th e c o n cep t o f con t i nu i n g m a t er i a l g ro w t h as an axi o m a n d key s t one o f su c h a p o l i c y need s t o be r e - exa m i n e d , p a r t i c u l arl y w he re i t d oe s n o t d e m onst rabl y a d d t o qu a l i t y o f l i f e i n t e rm s o f v a r i e ty a n d f l ex i b i l i ty o f o p t i ons for l i v i ng g enera t i o ns and a v o i d - a n c e o f t h ei r f o r e c l osure f o r f u t u r e o n e s . Env i ronm en t al , s o c i al, a n d e n e rgy c osts m u s t be cou n t e d, a l ong w i t h o b v i o us f i sca l c o s t s , a s t h e t o t a l p r i c e w e p a y for c on t i nu i ng rna - t e r i a l a f f l u e n c e . Pe r c ep t i v e a nd s u s ta i n ed a t t e n t i o n m u s t be p a i d t o t h e n e t o f i n t e ra c t i o n s a m o ng all t h e v a r i ed

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