Index
A
Academic research, see University research
Adhesives, 90
Adsorption, 59
Aerobic microorganisms, 70
Agricultural applications, 72, 73-74, 81-82, 93
see also Pesticides;
Plants
AIDS, 87
Air pollution, 95
Amplification, 62
see also Mammalian host systems
Antibody engineering, 62, 89, 91
Approval, government, see Regulation and approval
Arsenate, 27
Automation technologies, 39, 59, 62, 65-66
Azadirachtin, 67
B
Bacillus thuringiensis (BT), 67
Baculovirus, 86-87
Bioaugmentation, 70
Biodegradation systems, 69, 70, 95, 97-98
Biological weapons, 98
Biomass, see Cellulosic products;
Ethanol
Biopharmaceuticals, see Pharmaceuticals
Bioprocess engineering, definition of, 1, 9, 45-46
Biopulp International, France, 25
Bioregenerative life-support systems, see Life-support systems
Bioremediation, 4, 8, 23, 45, 69, 70-72, 91, 95, 98
Biosensor technologies, 39-40
Bioseparation, see Separation
Biotechnology in a Global Economy, 21, 70
Blood cells, 90
C
Carbohydrates, 99
see also Fermentation;
Starches
Carbon dioxide (CO2), 92
''Cartapip'' fungal inoculum, 25
insect, 86-87
transplantation of, 88-90
Cell sorting, 99
Cellulosic products, 23-24, 25-26, 81
see also Ethanol
Chemicals, industrial, 3, 24, 50, 66-68, 91
Chemical weapons, 98
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, 57
Chymosin, 93
Clinton Corn Processing Co., 27
Clonal propagation, 94-95
Coal and coal conversion products, 26, 91
Committee on Life Sciences and Health, FCCSET, 33-34, 82
Competitive grant programs, 7, 80
Competitiveness, 10-12
international, 1-2, 5, 6, 11, 48, 85
Composting, 69
Computer-assisted design, 59, 65
Cooperative education programs, 7, 78-79
Copper leaching, 26
Corn, 23, 24, 26, 27-29, 31, 81
Costs, see Economics of production;
Pricing
Coupled synthesis gas, 29
Cross-disciplinary research, see Multidisciplinary research
Cyanobacteria, 67
D
Deliberate release, 72
Department of Agriculture, 81-82
Department of Defense, 97-98
Department of Energy, 81-82, 97
Design integration, 100
Detergents, 67
Developing countries, 98-99
DNA, see Polymerase chain reaction;
Recombinant DNA
Drugs, see Pharmaceuticals
E
Economics of production, 10-12, 13-14, 30, 31-32, 47, 84
mining, 74
specialty products, 68-69
see also Investment in enterprise;
Pricing;
Sales of biotechnology products;
Scaleup to production
Education, see Training and education;
University research
Embryogenesis, 94-95
Engineering Research Center Initiative, NSF, 7-8, 31, 78
Enhanced oil recovery, 26, 29-30, 74-75
Environmental applications, 4, 10, 23, 50, 69-75, 95
military sites, 97-98
research needs, 5, 8, 71, 75, 82, 91
training specialties, 80
Environmental Protection Agency, 70-71
Enzymes, 24-28 passim, 62, 67, 69, 89, 92
Equipment engineering, 79
Erythropoietin (EPO), 18-19
Escherichia coli, 39, 51, 55-58 passim, 62, 81-82, 93
Ethanol, 24-25, 28-29, 81-82, 92
Extremophiles, 91
Exxon Corp., 70-71
F
Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET), 2, 33-34, 82
Federal government, laboratories, 7-8, 30-31
R&D support, 2, 5, 6, 7, 33-34, 46-48, 82, 83, 100
regulation, 11-12, 14, 40, 71, 82, 100
see also Department of Agriculture;
Department of Defense;
Department of Energy;
Environmental Protection Agency;
Food and Drug Administration;
National Aeronautics and Space Administration;
National Institutes of Health;
National Science Foundation
Fermentation, 24, 26, 28, 61-62, 68-69
Fiber, see Cellulosic products
Filamentous fungi, 58
Filtration technologies, 59, 95
Food and Drug Administration, 40, 47-48
Formulation of products, 63-64
Fraunhofer institutes, Germany, 42-43
see also Ethanol
Fusion proteins, 59-60
G
Gene expression, 51, 55-56, 58, 61, 62, 86
Generic applied research, 4-5
industrial products, 30-31
Global competitiveness, see Competitiveness
Glucose isomerase, 13, 14, 27-28
Government-industry relations, 45-48, 83
in Japan, 38-39
see also Regulation and approval
Grants, competitive programs, 7, 80
Greenhouse effect, 92
H
Heat-shock proteins, 57
Heterologous proteins, 55-61 passim, 64
High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), 14, 24, 26, 27-28
Hot start, 62
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 87
Human-resources development, see Staffing;
Training and education
Hybridoma technology, 16, 17-19, 57
Hybrid proteins, 59-60
Hydrocarbons, 3
I
Inclusion bodies, 56-57
Industrial chemicals, see Chemicals, industrial
Insect-cell cultures, 86-87
Integrated manufacturing systems, 65-66, 100
Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Training Grant Program, NIH, 7, 78
International competitiveness, see Competitiveness
Investment in enterprise, 12, 31, 84, 85
Isolation processes, 58, 88-89
Israel, 68
J
global competitiveness, 2, 6, 48
L
Laboratories, government, 7-8, 30-31
weapons, 97-98
Leaching and leachates, 26, 70, 72, 74
Life-cycle environmental responsibility, 95
Life Sciences Division, NASA, 97
Life-support systems, space applications, 32-33, 96-97
"Liftase" pulp drainage aid, 25
Lignocellulose, 23-24, 25-26, 81
Liquid formulations, 63-64
Lymphocytes, 89
Lyophilized proteins, 63-63
M
Mammalian host systems, 57, 61, 87, 99
Mammary gland system, transgenic, 63
Mars colony, 32
Medicine, see Pharmaceuticals
Metabolic engineering, 61–62
Microbial processes, 81-82, 91
bioremediation, 70-72
coal conversion, 26
enhanced oil recovery, 29, 74-75
Microgravity environments, 96, 97
Microgravity Science and Applications Division, NASA, 97
Miles Laboratory, 43
Military bases, hazardous waste on, 97-98
Milk bioprocessing, 63
Mineralization, 70
Molecular chaperones, 57
Monoclonal antibodies, 62, 89, 91
Moon colony, 32
Moths, 86
Multidisciplinary research, 5, 7, 12, 20-21, 77-78
N
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 33, 97
National Cancer Institute, 67
National Institute of General Medical Sciences, 7, 78
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 21-22, 81
Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Training Grant Program, 7, 78
National Research Center for Biotechnology, Germany, 43
National Science Foundation (NSF), 47, 81
Engineering Research Center Initiative, 7-8, 31, 78
Nonrenewable-resource conversion, 23, 26
research needs, 30-32
Nucleotides and nucleotide analogues, 87, 99
O
Oil, see Petroleum
Oligosaccharides, 60
Organ transplants, see Transplants
Organic gases, 95
P
Pacific yew tree, 68
Paper, see Pulp and paper
Personnel, see Staffing;
Training and education
enhanced recovery, 26, 29-30, 74-75
ethanol industry and, 28-29
spills, 70-71
Pharmaceuticals, 3, 14, 16-20, 33, 47-48, 50-64, 87, 94
approved bioproducts (list), 52-53, 55
pricing, 19-20
research needs, 4, 20-22, 64-66, 80-81
training specialties, 80
Phototropic microalgae, 67
somatic embryogenesis, 94-95
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 62
Polypeptide tails, 59-60
Protein engineering, 17-19, 59-60, 64
Protein pharmaceuticals, 2, 16-20, 47-48, 51, 55-64, 81
Proteolysis, 56
Protozoa, 67
Purification technologies, 4, 47, 58-60, 65, 81
Q
Quality control and testing, 4, 5, 47
R
Radioisotopes, 98
Recombinant DNA (rDNA), 13, 63
pharmaceutical applications, 17-19, 20, 43, 51, 55-56
Regulation and approval, 11-12, 14, 40, 71, 82, 100
pharmaceuticals, 51, 52-53, 55, 63, 91
Renewable-resource conversion, 3, 23-26, 91-93, 98-99
training specialties, 80
Repligen-Sandoz Research Corp., 25
Research and development, 4-5, 30-31, 80-82
environmental applications, 5, 8, 71, 75, 82, 91
equipment, 79
federal support, 2, 5, 6, 7, 33-34, 46-48, 82, 83, 100
industrial chemicals, 4, 68-69
in Germany, 42-43
in Japan, 38-41
nonrenewable resources, 30-32
pharmaceuticals, 4, 20-22, 64-66, 80-81
renewable resources, 30-32, 81-82
specialty bioproducts, 4, 68-69
see also Technology transfer
Ribozymes, 89
Roche Holdings, Switzerland, 16
S
Sales of biotechnology products, 44
corn-based, 26
pharmaceuticals, 10, 16, 20, 51, 52-53
Scaleup to production, 14-16, 31, 43, 65
Seeds, artificial, 94-95
Separation, 4, 28, 47, 58, 59, 65, 80, 81, 97
Soil treatment, 70
Somatic embryogenesis, 94-95
Specialty bioproducts, 3, 30, 50, 66-67, 91
Standards, manufacturing, 5
Starches, 24
Sugars, see Fermentation;
Glucose isomerase
Surface cultures, 81
Synthesis gas, 29
T
Taq DNA polymerase, 62
Tax incentives, 84
Team research, see Multidisciplinary research
Technology transfer, 31, 83-85
in Japan, 39
Therapeutic drugs, see Pharmaceuticals
Tissue engineering, 63, 89-90, 91, 96
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), 18-19
Tobacco, 91
Training and education, 6, 7, 12, 44-45, 47, 77-80, 99
in Germany, 41-43
in Japan, 40
Transgenic organisms, 63, 90-91
Transplants, of cells, 88-90
of transgenic animal tissue, 63, 91
U
Ultrafiltration, 59
University research, 2, 12, 44-45, 78-79, 84-85
cooperation with industry, 31, 40, 78-79, 83, 84-85
in Germany, 42-43
in Japan, 40
Uranium, 74
U.S. government, see Federal government
V
Valdez oil spill, 70-71
W
Waste treatment, 26, 69, 70-72, 93
Weapons laboratories, 97-98
Wet milling, 23, 24, 26, 27-29
X
Xylose isomerase, 27-28
Y
Yew tree, 68
