National Academies Press: OpenBook

Issues in Risk Assessment (1993)

Chapter: ANNEX C: ADJUSTMENT OF POTENCY VALUES FOR LESS THAN LIFETIME EXPOSURE

« Previous: ANNEX B. SHRINKAGE ESTIMATORS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF CARCINOGENIC POTENCY
Suggested Citation:"ANNEX C: ADJUSTMENT OF POTENCY VALUES FOR LESS THAN LIFETIME EXPOSURE." National Research Council. 1993. Issues in Risk Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2078.
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"shrinking" the Yi toward the mean . The estimators of µi have the correct dispersion in that

In fitting the Weibull model in (A.1), we found that the estimate of the variance of the log10TD*50 based on (A.9) appeared to be excessively large in a small number of cases. In order not to underestimate the between-study variability based on (B.2), we used a trimmed mean S*si2/n*, in which the largest and smallest 10% of the observed values of si2 were omitted (Hampel et al., 1986, p. 79). Specifically, the summation S* covers only those n* = 153 observations falling in the central 80% of the distribution of the si2.

Annex C: Adjustment of Potency Values for Less than Lifetime Exposure

In order to ensure that TD50 values for different chemicals are comparable, some adjustment for differences in the duration of the experimental period is desirable. Gold et al. (1984) adjusted TD50 values by a multiplicative factor of f2, where f represents the fraction of a two year period encompassed by the study period. This effectively scales the TD50 values to a standard two year rodent lifetime. Specifically, we have

where the TD50 denotes the estimate of carcinogenic potency based on the observed data for the actual experimental period, and denotes the standardized value.

To motivate the use of the adjustment factor f2, consider the extended Weibull model

Suggested Citation:"ANNEX C: ADJUSTMENT OF POTENCY VALUES FOR LESS THAN LIFETIME EXPOSURE." National Research Council. 1993. Issues in Risk Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2078.
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depending on both dose d and time t. Under this model, the TD50(t) evaluated at time t is given by

Thus, the ratio of TD50's at two distinct times t1 and t2 is

where f = t1/t2. In the CPDB, Gold et al. (1984) use a one-stage model with k = 1 and set p = 2 based on empirical observations reported by Peto et al. (1984), leading to their adjustment factor f2. In our applications of the Weibull model in (A.1), we will use a similar adjustment factor of f2/k to standardize TD50 values to a two year rodent lifetime.

For a multi-stage model of the form

allowing for the effects of both dose d and time t, the TD50 at time t is obtained as the solution of the equation

It follows that the standardized value of the TD50 is obtained as the solution of the equation

As with the Weibull model, we set p = 2 in the applications considered in this paper.

Suggested Citation:"ANNEX C: ADJUSTMENT OF POTENCY VALUES FOR LESS THAN LIFETIME EXPOSURE." National Research Council. 1993. Issues in Risk Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2078.
×
Page 164
Suggested Citation:"ANNEX C: ADJUSTMENT OF POTENCY VALUES FOR LESS THAN LIFETIME EXPOSURE." National Research Council. 1993. Issues in Risk Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2078.
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Page 165
Next: ANNEX D: CORRELATION BETWEEN TD50 AND MTD »
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The scientific basis, inference assumptions, regulatory uses, and research needs in risk assessment are considered in this two-part volume.

The first part, Use of Maximum Tolerated Dose in Animal Bioassays for Carcinogenicity, focuses on whether the maximum tolerated dose should continue to be used in carcinogenesis bioassays. The committee considers several options for modifying current bioassay procedures.

The second part, Two-Stage Models of Carcinogenesis, stems from efforts to identify improved means of cancer risk assessment that have resulted in the development of a mathematical dose-response model based on a paradigm for the biologic phenomena thought to be associated with carcinogenesis.

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