Technology: Processes of Assessment and Choice (1969)

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RE FERENCES AND NoTEs 1 . An insightful discussion of these (and other) oversimplified views about technology may be found in Emmanuel G. Mesthene, "The Role of Technology in Society : Some General Implications of the Program's Research," in Harvard University Program on Technology and Society, Frn�rth Annual Report, 1967-1968, Cambridge, Mass . , 4 1 -43 ( 1 968 ). 2. See, e.g., H.R. 1 4605, 90th Cong., 2nd Sess . ( 1 968 ) ; H.R. 1 32 1 1 , 90th Cong., l st Sess . ( 1 967 ). See also S. 303 1 , 90th Cong., 2nd Sess . ( 1 968 ) ; S. 2805, 90th Cong., 1 st Sess . ( 1 96 7 ) ; H.R. 7796, 90th Cong., lst Sess . ( 1 967). 3 . Executive Order 1 1472, May 29, 1 969. See United States Law Week, 37, 2688 Qune 1 0, 1 969). 4. See, e.g., Joint House-Stnllte Colloquium to Discuss a National Polic for the y Environment, Hearing before the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, U.S. Senate, and the Committee on Science and Astronautics , U.S. House o f Representatives, 90th Cong., 2nd Sess . , U . S . Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 6 1 , 68-69 Quly 1 7, 1 968 ). 5. See, e.g., H.J. Res. 1 32 1 , 90th Cong., 2nd Sess . ( 1 968). 6. S. Res. 68, 90th Cong., 1st Sess . ( 1 967). 7 . See, e.g., Panel on Social I ndicators, Toward a Social Report, U.S. Depart­ ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. ( 1 969). 8. See, e.g. , S. 843, 90th Cong. , l st Sess . ( 1 967 ) ; H.R. 1 026 1 , 90th Cong . , 1st Sess . ( 1 967). 9. For the former, see, e.g., National FoundiJtion for Social Sciences, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Government Research, Committee on Government Operations, U.S. Senate, 90th Cong., l st Sess . (parts I , 2, and 3 ), U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. ( 1 967). For the latter, see, e.g., Advisory Committee on Government Programs in the Behavioral Sciences, National Research Council, The Behavioral Sciences and the Federal Government, NAS Publ. 1 680, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 12 ( 1 968). 1 0. See, e.g., Erich Jantsch, Technological Forecasting in Perspective, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris ( 1 967). I I . See Amitai Etzioni, "Agency for Technological Development for Domestic Programs," Science, 164, 43 ff. (April 4, 1 969). 12. See, e.g., James A. Shannon, "Science and Social Purpose," Science, 163, 769, 773 (February 2 1 , 1 969 ) ; Herbert Roback, "Do We Need a Depart­ ment of Science and Technology?" Science, 165, 36 ff. Quly 4, 1 969 ) . 1 3. See, e.g., H . R . 1 229 1 , 90th Cong., 1 st Sess . ( 1 967). 1 4 . Na tional Planning Association, Program Planning for National Goals, A Joint Statement, Washington, D.C. Quly, 1 968 ). 1 5. See, e.g. , S. 1 305, 90th Cong., 1 st Sess. ( 1 967). 1 19 Digitized by Goog Ie 

1 6. The proposal is that of Nicholas E. Golovin. See John Lear, "A Fourth Dimension for Democracy-Public Policy and the Study of Man," Saturda Review, 51, 59 ff. (September 7, 1 968 ). y 1 7. H.R. 6698, 90th Cong., 1 st Sess . ( 1 967). 18. Hon. Emilio Q. Daddario, "Technology Assessment-A Legislative View," The George Washington Law Review, 36, 1 044 , 1 046 Ouly, 1 968). 1 9. Technology Assessment Seminar, Proceedings before the Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Development of the Committee on Science and Astronautics, U.S. House of Representatives, 90th Cong., 1st Sess . , U.S . Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. (September 2 1 and 22, 1 967 ) . 20. See, e.g., Jacques Ellul, Th e Technological Society, tr. b y John Wilkinson, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York ( 1 964 ). See generally Victor C. Ferkiss, Techn&­ /ogical Man: The M yth and the Reality, George Braziller, New York ( 1 969). 2 1 . See, e.g., National Commission on Health Science and Society, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Government Research of the Committee on Government Operations, U.S. Senate, 90th Cong., 2nd Sess . , on S.J . Res. 145, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. (March 7, 8, 2 1 , 22, 27, and 28 ; April 2, 1 968 ). See also "Symposium : Reflections on the New Biology," U.C.L.A. Law Review, 15, 267 ff. (February, 1 968 ). 22. Emmanuel G. Mesthene, op. cit., 5 1 . 23. See Alfred E . Kahn, "The Tyranny of Small Decisions : Market Failures, Imperfections, and the Limits of Economics," KYKLOS: International Review for Soc ial Sciences, 19, 23 ff. (Fasc. I, 1 966). 24. Hans H. Landsberg, "The U.S. Resource Outlook : Quantity and Quality," Daedalus, 96, 1 034, 1 047 (Fall, 1 967 ). 25. Testimony of Herbert A. Simon in S. Res. 78 to Establish a Select Senate Committee on Technology and the Human Environment, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Intergovernmental Relations of the Senate Committee on Government Operations, U.S. Senate, 9 I st Cong., 1st Sess . , U.S . Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. (March 6, 1 969). 26. See Clifton R. Wharton, Jr., "The Green Revolution : Cornucopia or Pandora's Box," Foreign Affairs, 47, 464 ff. (April, 1 969). See also "De­ velopment in the Poor Nations : How to Avoid Fouling the Nest," Science, 163, 1 046 ff. (March 7, 1 969). 27. Kenneth J. Arrow, for example, long ago demonstrated that, given certain natural conditions, there can exist no method of deriving social choices by aggregating individual preference patterns. In at least this sense, the Benthamite concept of the "greatest good for the greatest number'' is a logical impossibility. See K. J. Arrow, "A Difficulty in the Concept of Social Welfare," Journal of Political Economy, 58, 328 ff. (August, 1 950). 28. Harold Gilliam, "The Fallacy of Single-Purpose Planning," Daedalus, op. cit., 1 142, 1 143. 29. See the discussion of the general welfare, supra, pp. 29-32. 30. Testimony of Simon, op. cit. 3 1 . See Robert E. Light, "Unanticipated Environmental Hazards," Science, 161, 1 365 (September 27, 1 968). 32. See generally Paul Brodeur, "The Magic Mineral," The New Yorkn, 44 , 1 1 8 ff. (October 1 2, 1 968). 33. See, e.g., Secretary's Advisory Committee on Traffic Safety, "The Impac t of Traffic Accidents on the Legal System," Report of Secretar ys Adoisory 1 20 Digitized by Goog Ie 

Committee on Trqffic Sa fety, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 93- 1 03 ( 1 968 ) . 34. Ronald Ridker, Economic Costs of Air Pol/uJion, Frederick A . Praeger and Co . , New York, 1-2 ( 1 967 ). 35. Francis D. Moore, quoted in Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts an d Sciences, 22, 9 (February, 1 969). Moore is referring to ethical aspects o f experimentation with human subjects. 36. Alfred A. Marshall, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Macmillan, New York ( 1 936). 37. Gerald A. Wright, "The Cost-Internalization Case for Oass Actions," Stan ford Law Review, 21, 383, 385 Qanuary, 1 969). 38. Arthur C. Pigou, The Economics of Welfare, 4th ed., Macmillan, New York ( 1 932 ). 39. Gladwin Hill, "A-Tests in Nevada Face [Howard] Hughes Suit," New Tork Times, p. I , col. 4 (March 3 1 , 1 969). 40. See "News Notes : Anti-Pollution," United States Law Week, 37, 241 6 Qanu­ ary 2 1 , 1 969). 41. Gladwin Hill, op. cit., p. 38c, col. 1 . 42. New Hampshire v. AEC ( 1 st Cir., January 1 3, 1 969), reported in United States Law Week, op. cit., 2405. 43. Zabel v. Tabb (U.S.D.C., M.D. Fla., February 1 7, 1 969), reported in United States Law Week, 37, 2502 (March 1 1 , 1 969). 44. See generally the case history and analysis pre.,ared for the panel by Dean Louis H. Mayo, The National Highwa Program and Motor Freight Ca"ier y Development (March 22, 1 969). On file at the Program of Policy Studies in Science and Technology, The George Washington University, Wash­ ington, D.C. 45. Report to the President, A 10-Tear National Highwa Program, House Docu­ y ment No. 93, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 3 (February 22, 1 955). 46. Kahn, op. cit. 47. Testimony of Simon, op. cit. 48. See Albert 0. Hirschman, ''The Principle of the Hiding Hand," The Public Interest, no. 6, 1 0 (Winter, 1 967). 49. See, e.g., James R. Schlesinger, Planning-Programming-Budgeting: Uses and Abuses of Anal ysis, Memorandum Prepared at the Request of the Sub­ Committee on National Security and International Operations of the Committee on Government Operations, U.S. Senate, 90th Cong., 2nd Sess . , U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. ( 1 968). 50. See the discussion in Appendix A, in fra, pp. 1 2 3- 1 35. 51. See generally Michael Wollan, "Controlling the Potential Hazards o f Government-Sponsored Technology," The George Washington Law Review , op. cit., I I 05 ff. 52. The State of California has sued the Federal Government and four oi l companies for $ 1 .06 billion for damages caused by the Santa Barbara incident. See Robert H. Phelps, "Oil Concerns Sue U.S. for $230- Million," New Tork Times, p. 22, col. 4 (cont'd from p. I , col. 7) (April 1 0, 1 969). 53. Hill, op. cit. 54. Kahn, op. cit. 121 Digitized by Goog Ie