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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

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Appendixes

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

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TABLE A–1 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Starting and Growing Leghorn—Type Chickens

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
Protein, %
20	0–14	Growth	White Leghorn	Grau and Kamei, 1950
21.1	0–42	Growth	White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red	Edwards et al., 1956
14–20	84–140	Growth	White Leghorn	McNaughton et al., 1977b
15–18	0–42	Growth	White Leghorn	McNaughton et al., 1977b
12	0–56	Growth	White Leghorn	Leeson and Summers, 1979
16	56–84	Growth	White Leghorn	Leeson and Summers, 1979
19	84–104	Growth	White Leghorn	Leeson and Summers, 1979
14 and 21	56–140	Growth	White Leghorn	Douglas and Harms, 1982
12 or 13.6	0–42	Growth	Commercial brown-egg layers	Maurice et al., 1982
16 or 13.6	42–140	Growth	Commercial brown-egg layers	Maurice et al., 1982
18	0–28	Growth of muscle fiber	White Leghorn	Timson et al., 1983
18	0–42	Growth	White Leghorn	Keshavarz, 1984
12	42–140	Growth	White Leghorn	Keshavarz, 1984
16.5	140–504	Laying	White Leghorn	Keshavarz, 1984
22	0–28	Growth	White Leghorn	Leeson and Summers, 1984
18	0–140	Growth	White Leghorn	Chi, 1985
Isoleucine, %
0.5	8–18	Growth	White Leghorn	Mori and Okumura, 1984
Leucine, %
1.2	8–18	Growth	White Leghorn	Mori and Okumura, 1984
Lysine, %
0.9–1.1	0–42	Growth	White Leghorn	Edwards et al., 1956
0.94	1–21	Growth, feed efficiency	White Leghorn	Chung et al., 1973
0.70	35–49	Growth, feed efficiency	White Leghorn	Chung et al., 1973
<0.5	56–98	Growth	White Leghorn	Berg, 1976
<0.45	98–147	Growth	White Leghorn	Berg, 1976
0.68	0–504	Growth, egg production	White Leghorn	Keshavarz, 1984
Methionine, %
0.8	0–14	Growth	White Leghorn	Grau and Kamei, 1950
Methionine and cystine, %
0.8	0–14	Growth	White Leghorn	Grau and Kamei, 1950
0.59	0–504	Growth, laying	White Leghorn	Keshavarz, 1984
0.45	0–42	Growth	White Leghorn	Chi, 1985
Threonine, %
0.72	7–21	Growth, feed efficiency	White Leghorn	Davis and Austic, 1982
Valine, %
0.8	8–18	Growth	White Leghorn	Mori and Okumura, 1984
Requirements for essential amino acids described in review papers	Various	Growth	Primarily White Leghorn	Almquist, 1952
Requirements for essential amino acids described in review papers	Various	Growth	White Leghorn	Waldroup et al., 1980
Requirements for essential amino acids described in review papers	Various	Growth, egg production	White Leghorn	Harms, 1984
Calcium
0.78	0–153	Growth	White Leghorn	Hamilton and Cipera, 1981
3.19	154–439	Egg production	White Leghorn	Hamilton and Cipera, 1981
0.89	35–126	Growth	White Leghorn	Classen and Scott, 1982
2.08	12–154	Growth, subsequent egg production	White Leghorn	Classen and Scott, 1982
3.50	177–225	Egg production	White Leghorn	Classen and Scott, 1982
2.0–3.5	At 133 to 4th egg	Growth, bone development	White Leghorn	Leeson et al., 1986
0.8	98–140	Growth, subsequent egg production	White Leghorn	Keshavarz, 1987
3.5	98–140	Egg production	White Leghorn	Keshavarz, 1987
3.55	140–420	Egg production	White Leghorn	Keshavarz, 1987
4.0	>112	Egg production	White Leghorn	Leeson and Summers, 1987b
Nonphytate phosphorus, %
0.4–0.6	7–28	Growth	White Leghorn	Gillis et al., 1949
0.25–0.30	0–140	Growth	Brown-egg layers	Carew and Foss, 1980
0.31	112–140	Growth	White Leghorn	Douglas and Harms, 1986

Page 86 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
Potassium, %
0.20–0.24	0–28	Growth, bone calcification	White Leghorn	Gillis, 1948
Sodium, %
0.10–0.30	0–28	Growth	White Leghorn	Burns et al., 1953
0.13	0–21	Growth	White Rock	Hurwitz et al., 1973
0.15	0–140	Growth	White Leghorn	Manning and McGinnis, 1980
Chlorine, %
0.13	0–14	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler Strain	Nam and McGinnis, 1981
Sodium chloride, %
0.25	0–140	Growth, sexual maturity	White Leghorn	Leeson and Summers, 1980
Magnesium, mg/kg
300	0–28	Deficiency, neuropathy	White Leghorn	Bird, 1949
250	0–28	Growth	Broiler strain	Gardiner et al., 1960
594	0–21	Growth	White Rock	Nugara and Edwards, 1963
Manganese, mg/kg
50	0–140	Growth, perosis	New Hampshire	Gallup and Norris, 1939a
20	0–28	Growth	White Leghorn	Watson et al., 1971
Zinc, mg/kg
35	0–42	Growth, feathering, bone development	White Rock	O'Dell et al., 1958
20	0–42	Growth	White Rock	Edwards et al., 1959
20	To 1st egg	Growth, feed efficiency	White Leghorn	Rahman et al., 1961
78	0–7	Growth, feathering	White Leghorn	Sunde, 1972
52	7–21	Growth, feathering	White Leghorn	Sunde, 1972
Iron, mg/kg
40	0–56	Growth	Rhode Island Red	Hill and Matrone, 1961
4	0–56	Growth	Rhode Island Red	Hill and Matrone, 1961
56	0–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	Waddell and Sell, 1964
75–80	0–28	Growth	New Hampshire	Davis et al., 1968
Copper, mg/kg
4	0–56	Growth	Rhode Island Red	Hill and Matrone, 1961
Iodine, mg/kg
0.300	0–56	Growth, thyoid histology	White Leghorn and Broiler strains	Creek et al., 1957
0.400	0–56	Growth, thyoid histology	White Leghorn and Broiler strains	Creek et al., 1957
0.075	0–35	Growth	Broiler strain	Rogler and Parker, 1978
Selenium, mg/kg
0.01 to 0.05, depending on dietary concentration of Vitamin E	0–24	Growth	Plymouth Rock	Thompson and Scott, 1969
0.01 to 0.05, depending on dietary concentration of Vitamin E	0–14	Growth	Plymouth Rock	Gries and Scott, 1972c
Vitamin A, IU/kg
800–1600	0–56	Growth, absence of deficiency signs	White Leghorn	Record et al., 1937
1,200–2,000	70–84	Curative feeding	White Leghorn	Record et al., 1937
2,650	0–189	Growth	White Leghorn	Taylor and Russell, 1947
1,760–7,000	0–56	Growth	White Leghorn	Thornton and Whittet, 1962
4,400	0–113	Growth, E. acervulina resistance	White Leghorn	Coles et al., 1970
Vitamin D₃ IU/kg
180	0–84	Growth, bone development	Brown-egg layers	Baird and Greene, 1935
132	0–21	Growth, bone development	Broiler strain	McNaughton et al., 1977a
198	0–21	Growth, bone development	Broiler strain	McNaughton et al., 1977a
500	Adults	Egg production, shell quality	Various strains	Ameenuddin et al., 1985

Page 87 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
Vitamin E, IU/kg
60	Various	To prevent exudative diathesis, encephalomalacia, muscular degeneration	Various strains	Machlin and Gordon, 1962
30–50	0–35	Growth	White Rock	Combs and Scott, 1974
Vitamin K, mg/kg
0.524–0.528	0–28	Growth	White Rock	Nelson and Norris, 1960
0.515	0–84	Growth	White Rock	Nelson and Norris, 1961a
0.524–0.528	0–28	Growth	White Rock	Nelson and Norris, 1961b
Riboflavin, mg/kg
3.5 decreasing to 1.0	0–7	Growth	White Leghorn	Heuser et al., 1938
3.5 decreasing to 1.0	49–56	Growth	White Leghorn	Heuser et al., 1938
3	0–56	Growth, prevention of curled toe paralysis	White Leghorn	Bethke and Record, 1942
2.3	0–42	Growth, prevention of curled toe paralysis	White Leghorn	Bootwalla and Harms, 1990
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg
6	0–42	Growth	White Leghorn	Bauernfeind et al., 1942
6.6	0–150	Growth, egg quality, hatchability	New Hampshire	Balloun and Phillips, 1957b
4.8	0–42	Growth	White Leghorn	Bootwalla and Harms, 1991
Niacin, mg/kg
28	0–56	Growth	Barred Plymouth Rock	Childs et al., 1952
1.8	42–77	Growth	White Leghorn	Sunde, 1955
17.5–20	0–28	Growth	White Leghorn	Patterson et al., 1956
Vitamin B₁₂, mg/kg
4.4	0–77	Growth	White Leghorn	Davis and Briggs, 1951
27	0–23	Growth	White Leghorn	Ott, 1951
2.5	0–42	Growth	White Leghorn	Miller et al., 1956
10	0–21	Growth	White Leghorn	Patel and McGinnis, 1980
Choline, mg/kg
2,000	0–147	Growth, egg production	White Leghorn	Nesheim et al., 1971
1,000	0–126	Growth	White Leghorn	Tsiagbe et al., 1982
Biotin, µg/kg
260	0–18	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	Anderson and Warnick, 1970
Folic Acid, mg/kg
0.80	0–35	Growth, feed efficiency	White Leghorn	March and Biely, 1955
0.30	0–28	Growth	Broiler strain	Young et al., 1955
0.33 to 1.45, depending on protein level	0–35	Growth	New Hampshire	March and Biely, 1956
0.30	0–18	Growth	Broiler strain	Creek and Vasaitis, 1963
Thiamine, mg/kg
0.6–0.8	0–35	Growth	White Leghorn	Arnold and Elvehjem, 1938
0.88	0–28	Growth	White Leghorn	Thornton, 1960
0.88	0–28	Gain, feed efficiency	White Leghorn	Thornton and Shutze, 1960
Pyridoxine, mg/kg
2.8–3.0	0–28	Growth	White Leghorn	Briggs et al., 1942
5.7	0–56	Growth	White Plymouth Rock	Fuller and Kifer, 1959
5	0–21	Growth	Broiler strain	Kazemi and Kratzer, 1980

Page 88 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

TABLE A–2 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Leghorn—Type Chickens in Egg Production

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Weeks)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
Protein, g/bird daily
14.9	24–60	Egg yield	White Leghorn	Balloun and Speers, 1969
14	24–72	Egg yield	White Leghorn	Thayer et al., 1974
15	20–72	Egg yield	White Leghorn	Proudfoot et al., 1988
Arginine, mg/bird daily
400	Not specified	Egg yield	White Leghorn	Adkins et al., 1962
Isoleucine, mg/bird daily
475	Not specified	Egg yield	White Leghorn	Bray, 1969
650	Not specified	Egg yield	White Leghorn	Gous et al., 1987
Lysine, mg/bird daily
690	22–42	Egg yield	White Leghorn	Nathanael and Sell, 1980
650	24–72	Egg yield	White Leghorn	Latshaw, 1981
620	20–72	Egg yield	White Leghorn	Proudfoot et al., 1988
Methionine + cystine, mg/bird daily
500	20 from onset of lay	Egg yield	White Leghorn	Reid and Weber, 1973
530	24–72	Egg yield	White Leghorn	Latshaw, 1981
Threonine, mg/bird daily
400	Not specified	Egg yield	White Leghorn	Adkins et al., 1958
Tryptophan, mg/bird daily
165	20–76	Egg yield	White Leghorn	Wethli and Morris, 1978
239	20–76	Egg yield	Rhode Island Red	Ohtani et al., 1989
Valine, %
0.64	Not specified	Egg yield	Crossbreds	Hurwitz and Bornstein, 1978
Linoleic acid, %
2.0	22–54	Egg production	White Leghorn	Menge, 1970
1.0	22–54	Egg weight	White Leghorn	Menge, 1970
1.0	22–54	Hatch	White Leghorn	Menge, 1970
0.9	20–72	Egg weight	White Leghorn	Whitehead, 1981
Calcium, g/bird daily
3.12	48–55	Egg production, shell strength	White Leghorn	Atteh and Leeson, 1983
3.15	24–72	Egg production	White Leghorn	Scheideler and Sell, 1986
>2.8	54–58	Egg production, shell strength	White Leghorn	Austic and Keshavarz, 1988
Nonphytate Phosphorus, mg/bird daily
215	28–36	Egg production	White Leghorn	Miles et al., 1983
250	21–32	Egg production	White Leghorn	Said and Sullivan, 1985
250	35–51	Egg production	White Leghorn	Sell et al., 1987
>150	52–72	Egg production	White Leghorn	Sell et al., 1987
Potassium, %
0.10	12	Egg production, egg weight, shell thickness	White Leghorn	Leach, 1974
Sodium, mg/bird daily
140–150	20–48	Egg production, feed conversion	White Leghorn	Reid, 1977
130	21–45	Egg yield	Medium weight brown-egg layers	Sauveur and Mongin, 1978
Chlorine, mg/bird daily
132	Not specified	Egg production	White Leghorn	Vogt, 1977
Magnesium, mg/kg
350	25–31	Egg production, egg weight	White Leghorn	Cox and Sell, 1967
900	Not specified	Egg production	White Leghorn	Edwards and Nugara, 1968
355	30–38	Egg production, hatchability	White Leghorn	Hajj and Sell, 1969
Managenese, mg/kg
>13	21–33	Egg production, hatchability	New Hampshire	Gallup and Norris, 1939b
20	22	Egg production, egg weight, shell quality	White Leghorn	Cox and Balloun, 1969
>7	17–23	Shell quality	White Leghorn	Longstaff and Hill, 1971
Zinc, mg/kg
28	22–72	Egg yield, hatchability	White Leghorn	Stahl et al., 1986
54	Not specified	Feather condition of progeny	White Leghorn	Stahl et al., 1986
Iron, mg/kg
45	Not specified	Hematocrit	White Leghorn	Morck and Austic, 1981
55	Not specified	Hatchability	White Leghorn	Morck and Austic, 1981

Page 89 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Weeks)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
Copper, mg/kg
>1	44–48	Shell quality	White Leghorn	Baumgartner et al., 1978
<2.5	44–48	Shell quality	White Leghorn	Baumgartner et al., 1978
Iodine, µg/kg
35	4–45	Hatchability	White Leghorn	Rogler et al., 1959a
>75	4–45	Embryonic thyroid	White Leghorn	Rogler et al., 1959b
Selenium, mg/kg
0.05	32–56	Egg production	White Leghorn	Latshaw et al., 1977
0.05	32–57	Egg production, hatchability	White Leghorn	Combs and Scott, 1979
Vitamin A, IU/kg
3,520	26–70	Egg production, blood spots, hatchability	White Leghorn	Hill et al., 1961
2,750	20–64	Egg production, fertility, hatchability	White Leghorn	Reid et al., 1965
Vitamin D₃, IU/kg
150	21–34	Egg production, shell quality, fertility, hatchability	White Leghorn	Abdurahim et al., 1979
250	30–46	Egg production, shell quality	White Leghorn	Shen et al., 1981
Vitamin E, IU/kg
12	Not specified	Hatchability	White Leghorn	Jensen and McGinnis, 1960
41 in presence of oxidized fat	Not specified	Hatchability	White Leghorn	Olson et al., 1962
Vitamin K, mg/kg
>1.0	Not specified	Hatchability	White Leghorn	Griminger, 1964
Riboflavin, mg/kg
2.5	30–45	Egg production	White Leghorn	Petersen et al., 1947a
3.6	30–45	Hatchability, chick quality	White Leghorn	Petersen et al., 1947b
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg
6.5	Not specified	Hatchability	White Leghorn	Gillis et al., 1948
7	Not specified	Hatchability	New Hampshire	Balloun and Phillips, 1957a
1.9	28–53	Egg production	White Leghorn	Beer et al., 1963
4.9	28–53	Hatchability	White Leghorn	Beer et al., 1963
8.9	28–53	Viability of progeny	White Leghorn	Beer et al., 1963
Niacin, mg/kg
9	Not specified	Egg production, hatchability	White Leghorn	Ringrose et al., 1965
11	Not specified	Egg production, hatchability	White Leghorn	Ringrose et al., 1965
<21	41–57	Egg yield, hatchability	White Leghorn	Ouart et al., 1987
Vitamin B₁₂, µg/kg
1.0	22–35	Hatchability	White Leghorn	Mariakulandai and McGinnis, 1953
1–2	Not specified	Hatchability	New Hampshire	Johnson, 1954
0.5–1.0	Not specified	Hatchability	White Leghorn	Chin et al., 1958
Choline, mg/kg
1,050	50–66	Egg yield	White Leghorn	Miles et al., 1986
<1,480	45–57	Egg yield	White Leghorn	Parsons and Leeper, 1984
1,000	32–52	Egg yield	White Leghorn	Keshavarz and Austic, 1985
Biotin, mg/kg
0.10	19–73	Egg production	White Leghorn	Whitehead, 1980
Folic acid, mg/kg
0.5	44–55	Egg production, hatchability	White Leghorn	Sunde et al., 1950a,b
0.2	Not specified	Hatchability	White Leghorn	Couch and German, 1950
Thiamin, mg/kg
0.68	Not specified	Hatchability	White Leghorn	Polin et al., 1963
Pyridoxine, mg/kg
2.5	Not specified	Egg production, hatchability	White Leghorn	Cravens et al., 1946
2.3	Not specified	Egg production, hatchability	White Leghorn	Fuller et al., 1961
4.5	Not specified	Egg production, hatchability	White Leghorn	Fuller et al., 1961

Page 90 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

TABLE A–3 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Starting and Growing Market Broilers

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
Arginine, %
1.2	10–20	Growth	Not specified	Almquist, 1947
=1.11	7–21	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Snyder et al., 1956
=0.85	7–28	Growth, feed efficiency	Barred Plymouth Rock	Krautmann et al., 1957
1.08	7–14	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Klain et al., 1960
0.92	7–21	Growth, feed efficiency nitrogen balance (adjusted to 23% crude protein diet	White Plymouth Rock × Light Sussex	Lewis et al., 1963
1.10	7–14	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Dean and Scott, 1965
0.78	7–14	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Allen and Baker, 1972
0.85	7–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	Hewitt and Lewis, 1972
=0.76	14–28	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Woodham and Deans, 1975
1.13, males	28–49	Growth, feed efficiency, feather loss	Hubbard × Hubbard	Kessler and Thomas, 1976
0.98, females	28–49	Growth, feed efficiency, feather loss	Hubbard × Hubbard	Kessler and Thomas, 1976
1.33	7–14	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
1.19	14–21	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
1.16	21–28	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
1.10	28–35	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.99	35–42	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.96	42–49	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
1.05	49–56	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
1.4	1–28	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	Burton and Waldroup, 1979
1.25	8–29	Growth, feed efficiency	Vedette ISA	Alimentation Equilibree Commentri, 1981
0.91	29–50	Growth, feed efficiency	Vedette ISA	Alimentation Equilibree Commentri, 1981
1.25	0–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Peterson × Arbor Acre	Cuca and Jensen, 1990
Glycine + serine, %
1.6	8–16	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Dean and Scott, 1965
=0.3	8–16	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Baker et al., 1968
0.5–1.0	1–10	Growth, feed efficiency	Cobb	Coon et al., 1974
=1.8	1–23	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Ngo and Coon, 1976
0.60	8–16	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Baker et al., 1979
Histidine, %
0.4	8–13 or 15	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Klain et al., 1960
0.3	8–16	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Dean and Scott, 1965
=0.34	14–28	Total protein efficiency	Ross	Woodham and Deans, 1975
0.33	8–16	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Baker et al., 1979
0.32	8–22	Growth	New Hampshire × Columbian	Han et al., 1991
Isoleucine, %
0.60	10–24	Growth	Not specified	Almquist, 1947
0.73	8–15	Growth	New Hampshire × Columbian	Klain et al., 1960
0.80	8–16	Growth	New Hampshire × Columbian	Dean and Scott, 1965
=0.52	7–21	Growth, plasma amino acid levels	Not specified	D'Mello, 1974
0.48	14–28	Total protein efficiency	Ross	Woodham and Deans, 1975
0.60	8–16	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Baker et. al., 1979
0.81	7–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Ross × Arbor Acre	Farran and Thomas, 1990
Leucine, %
1.4	10 or 24	Growth	Not specified	Almquist, 1947
1.68	8–13 or 15	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Klain et. al., 1960
1.2	8–16	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Dean and Scott, 1965
1.10	7–21	Growth, plasma amino acid levels	Not specified	D'Mello, 1974
=1.05	14–28	Total protein efficiency	Ross	Woodham and Deans, 1975
1.00	8–16	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Baker et al., 1979
1.16	7–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Ross × Arbor Acre	Farran and Thomas, 1990
Lysine, %
0.90	2–14	Growth	Not specified	Almquist and Mecchi, 1942
0.96	14–28	Growth	Not specified	Grau et al., 1946
0.90	10–20	Growth	Not specified	Almquist, 1947
1.00	0–42	Growth	Rhode Island Red × White Leghorn	Milligan et al., 1951
0.72	56–63	Growth, feed efficiency	Rhode Island Red	Bird, 1953
1.10	1–28	Growth, feed efficiency	Rhode Island Red × Barred Plymouth Rock	Edwards et al., 1956
1.01	7–14	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Klain et al., 1960
0.83	7–14	Growth, feed efficiency, plasma amino acids	New Hampshire × Columbian	Zimmerman and Scott, 1965

Page 91 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
0.70	14–21	Growth, feed efficiency, plasma amino acids	New Hampshire × Columbian	Zimmerman and Scott, 1965
0.67	21–28	Growth, feed efficiency, plasma amino acids	New Hampshire × Columbian	Zimmerman and Scott, 1965
0.59	28–35	Growth, feed efficiency, plasma amino acids	New Hampshire × Columbian	Zimmerman and Scott, 1965
0.92	35–56	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	Bornstein, 1970
0.85	7–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	Hewitt and Lewis, 1972
1.05	14–28	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Boomgaardt and Baker, 1973a
1.06	14–21	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Boomgaardt and Baker, 1973b
0.92	42–56	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Boomgaardt and Baker, 1973b
0.68	49–63	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	Twining et al., 1973
1.12	7–14	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Woodham and Deans, 1975
0.64, females	49–63	Growth, feed efficiency	Vantress × Arbor Acre	Thomas et al., 1977
0.69, males	49–63	Growth, feed efficiency	Vantress × Arbor Acre	Thomas et al., 1977
1.18	7–14	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
1.00	14–21	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.95	21–28	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.87	28–35	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.78	35–42	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.76	42–49	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.84	49–56	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
1.10	14–28	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	McNaughton et al., 1978
1.18	1–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	Attia and Latshaw, 1979
1.10	1–28	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	Burton and Waldroup, 1979
0.99	35–42	Growth, feed efficiency	Cornish × White Plymouth Rock	Holsheimer, 1981
Methionine, %
0.50	10–20	Growth	Not specified	Almquist, 1947
0.45	7–14	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Dean and Scott, 1965
0.18	7–14	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Klain et al., 1960
0.39	7–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	Hewitt and Lewis, 1972
0.39	7–14	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.34	14–21	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.34	21–28	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.31	28–35	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.27	35–42	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.27	42–49	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.29	49–56	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.57	1–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Cobb	Waldroup et al., 1979
0.44	8–21	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Robbins and Baker, 1980a
0.46	1–14	Growth, feed efficiency, feathering	White Mountain × Hubbard	Moran, 1981
0.36, males	35–56	Growth, feed efficiency	White Mountain × Hubbard	Moran, 1981
0.29, females	35–49	Growth, feed efficiency	White Mountain × Hubbard	Moran, 1981
0.49	7–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	Thomas et al., 1985
0.55	1–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	Tillman and Pesti, 1985
Methionine + cystine, %
0.90	10–20	Growth	Not specified	Almquist, 1947
0.80	7–14	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Dean and Scott, 1960
0.47	7–14	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Klain et al., 1960
0.70	0–42	Feed efficiency	Vantress × New Hampshire	Nelson et al., 1960
0.81	0–28	Feed efficiency	Vantress × New Hampshire	Nelson et al., 1960
0.5	28–56	Growth	Hubbard	Adams et al., 1962
>0.6–<0.7	28–56	Feed efficiency	Hubbard	Adams et al., 1963
0.81	0–35	Growth, feed efficiency	Cornish × White Plymouth Rock	Bornstein and Lipstein, 1964
0.90	0–35	Growth, feed efficiency	Cornish × White Plymouth Rock	Bornstein and Lipstein, 1964
0.67	35–56	Growth, feed efficiency	Cornish × White Plymouth Rock	Bornstein and Lipstein, 1966
0.60	7–14	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Graber et al., 1971
0.63	35–42	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Graber et al., 1971
0.65	49–56	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Graber et al., 1971
0.79	7–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	Hewitt and Lewis, 1972
0.70	14–21	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Colubmian	Boomgaardt and Baker, 1973b
0.51	42–56	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Boomgaardt and Baker, 1973b
0.92	8–21	Growth, feed efficiency, nitrogen retention	New Hampshire × Columbian	Boomgaardt and Baker, 1973c
0.58	14–28	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Woodham and Deans, 1975
0.93	0–28	Growth, feed efficiency	Cobb	Murillo et al., 1976
0.61	35–49	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.84	7–14	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.78	14–21	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.79	21–28	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978

Page 92 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
0.76	28–35	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.68	35–42	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.69	42–49	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.39	49–56	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.86	1–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	Attia and Latshaw, 1979
0.90	1–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Cobb	Waldroup et al., 1979
0.80	8–21	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Robbins and Baker, 1980a
0.52	8–21	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Robbins and Baker, 1980a
0.55	8–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Hubbard	Robbins and Baker, 1980b
0.57	8–16	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Willis and Baker, 1980
0.70	35–42	Growth, feed efficiency	Cornish × White Plymouth Rock	Holsheimer, 1981
0.87, males	1–14	Growth, feed efficiency, feathering	White Mountain × Hubbard	Moran, 1981
0.92, females	1–14	Growth, feed efficiency, feathering	White Mountain × Hubbard	Moran, 1981
0.81, males	35–52	Growth, feed efficiency, feathering	White Mountain × Hubbard	Moran, 1981
0.82	1–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Cobb	Wheeler and Latshaw, 1981
>0.70–<0.76	21–42	Growth, feed efficiency	Cobb	Wheeler and Latshaw, 1981
0.65	8–16	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Willis and Baker, 1981a
0.50	7–17	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Baker et al., 1983
0.87	7–24	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Baker et al., 1983
0.80	1–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Hubbard	Mitchell and Robbins, 1983
0.72	21–42	Growth, feed efficiency	Hubbard	Mitchell and Robbins, 1983
0.77	7–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	Thomas et al., 1985
0.78	21–42	Growth, feed efficiency, carcass fat	Peterson × Arbor Acres	Jensen et al., 1989
Phenylalanine + tyrosine, %
1.6	10–20 or 40	Growth	Not specified	Almquist, 1947
=1.0	4–10	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Fisher et al., 1957
1.30	8–13 or 15	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Klain et al., 1960
1.31	8–16	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Dean and Scott, 1965
0.87	8–14	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Sasse and Baker, 1972
1.09–1.12	14–28	Total protein efficiency	Ross	Woodham and Deans, 1975
0.95	8–16	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Baker et al., 1979
Threonine, %
0.60	10–20	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Almquist, 1947
0.45	1–14	Growth, feed efficiency	White Leghorn	Grau, 1947
0.55–0.60	7–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Barred Plymouth Rock	Krautmann et al., 1958
0.58	7–14	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Klain et al., 1960
0.65	7–14	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Dean and Scott, 1965
0.70	1–18	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × White Leghorn	Bhargava et al., 1971
0.53	7–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	Hewitt and Lewis, 1972
0.52	14–28	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Woodham and Deans, 1975
0.80	7–14	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.71	14–21	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.71	21–28	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.67	28–35	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.60	35–42	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.60	42–49	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.64	49–56	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.73–0.75	1–21	Growth, feed efficiency	ISA JV 715	Uzu, 1986
0.68	22–42	Growth, feed efficiency	ISA JV 715	Uzu, 1986
0.85	3–14	Growth, feed efficiency (adjusted to 23% crude protein	Peterson	Robbins, 1987
0.72, males	7–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	Thomas et al., 1987
0.67, females	7–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	Thomas et al., 1987
0.79	1–27	Growth, feed efficiency	Hybro	Bertram et al., 1988
0.79	7–20	Growth, feed efficiency	Vantress × Arbor Acres	Smith and Waldroup, 1988a
0.70–0.77	1–14	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	Austic and Rangel-Lugo, 1989
Tryptophan, %
0.25	10–20	Growth	Not specified	Almquist, 1947
0.18	10–24	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × White Leghorn	Wilkening et al., 1947
0.143	10–20	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Griminger et al., 1956
0.17	7–14	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Klain et al., 1960
0.225	7–14	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Dean and Scott, 1965
0.20	8–14	Growth, feed efficiency (adjusted to 23% CP	New Hampshire × Columbian	Boomgaardt and Baker, 1971
0.17	7–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	Hewitt and Lewis, 1972

Page 93 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age period (Days)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
=0.14	14–28	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Woodham and Deans, 1975
0.179	28–49	Growth, feed efficiency, feather scores	Arbor Acres	Hunchar and Thomas, 1976
0.163	7–14	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.144	14–21	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.141	21–28	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.134	28–35	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.118	35–42	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.122	42–49	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.128	49–56	Computer model	Not specified	Hurwitz et al., 1978
0.17	7–56	Growth	Cobb	Freeman, 1979
0.24	0–7	Growth, feed efficiency	Cobb	Freeman, 1979
0.19	7–34	Growth, feed efficiency	Lohmann	Steinhart and Kirchgessner, 1984
=0.16	7–20	Growth, feed efficiency	Vantress × Arbor Acres	Smith and Waldroup, 1988b
0.22	8–22	Growth	New Hampshire × Columbian	Han et al., 1991
Valine, %
0.80	10–20 or 24	Growth	Not specified	Almquist, 1947
0.83	8–13 or 15	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Klain et al., 1960
0.82	8–16	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Dean and Scott, 1965
0.75	7–21	Growth, plasma amino acid levels	Not specified	D'Mello, 1974
0.69–0.71	14–28	Total protein efficiency	Ross	Woodham and Deans, 1975
0.69	8–16	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Baker et al., 1979
>0.72	21–42	Feed efficiency, abdominal fat	Broiler strain	Mendonca and Jensen, 1989a
0.90	7–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Ross × Arbor Acres	Farran and Thomas, 1990
Proline, %
=0.5	9–15	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Green et al., 1962
0.4–0.8	8–14	Growth	New Hampshire × Columbian	Graber et al., 1970
0.40	8–16	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Baker et al., 1979
Linoleic, %
	Varied cited in a review	Growth, tissue triene: tetraene ratio	Various	Balnave, 1970
Calcium, %
0.90	29–56	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	Waldroup et al., 1963a
0.74	0–28	Growth, bone ash	Vantress × Arbor Acres	Twining et al., 1965
0.80	42–56	Growth, feed efficiency, bone ash	Vantress × Arbor Acres	Twining et al., 1965
0.80	28–56	Growth, feed efficiency, tibia ash, bone breaking force	Broiler strain	Waldroup et al., 1974a
1.30	0–21	Maximum toe ash	White Cornish × White Plymouth Rock	Yoshida and Hoshii, 1982a
1.18	21–56	Maximum toe ash	White Cornish × White Plymouth Rock	Yoshida and Hoshii, 1982b
Nonphytate phosphorus, %
0.43	0–21	Growth, bone ash	New Hampshire × White Leghorn	O'Rourke et al., 1952
0.35	14–35	Growth, bone ash	New Hampshire × White Leghorn	O'Rourke et al., 1952
0.27	28–70	Growth, bone ash	New Hampshire × White Leghorn	O'Rourke et al., 1952
0.45	0–28	Growth, bone ash	Various	Almquist, 1954
0.55	0–21	Growth, bone ash	New Hampshire × White Leghorn	O'Rourke et al., 1955
0.33	28–70	Growth, bone ash	New Hampshire × White Leghorn	O'Rourke et al., 1955
0.45	0–28	Growth, bone ash, serum alkaline phosphates	Rhode Island Red	Gardiner, 1962
0.45	0–28	Growth, bone ash	Vantress × White Plymouth Rock	Waldroup et al., 1962
0.24	28–56	Growth, feed efficiency	Broiler strain	Waldroup et al., 1963a
0.39	0–28	Growth, bone ash	Broiler strain	Waldroup et al., 1963b
0.35	0–28	Growth, feed efficiency	Vantress × Arbor Acres	Twining et al., 1965
0.24	42–56	Growth, feed efficiency, bone ash	Vantress × Arbor Acres	Twining et al., 1965
0.43	0–21	Growth, bone ash	White Plymouth Rock	Fritz et al., 1969
0.24	28–56	Growth, feed efficiency, tibia ash, bone breaking force	Broiler strain	Waldroup et al., 1974a
0.53	0–28	Maximum bone ash	Broiler strain	Waldroup et al., 1975
0.35	28–56	Growth, feed efficiency	Hubbard	Sauveur, 1978
0.50	0–28	Growth, feed efficiency, bone ash	Broiler strain	El Boushy, 1979
0.50	8–22	Growth, feed efficiency, tibia ash	New Hampshire × Columbian	Willis and Baker, 1981b
0.75	0–21	Maximum toe ash	White Cornish × White Plymouth Rock	Yoshida and Hoshii, 1982a
0.35	21–56	Maximum toe ash	White Cornish × White Plymouth Rock	Yoshida and Hoshii, 1982b

Page 94 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
0.38	0–28	Growth, toe ash	Hubbard	Nys et al., 1983
0.29	35–53	Growth, feed efficiency, tibia ash, bone length	Broiler strain	Tortuero and Diez Tardon, 1983
Potassium, %
0.25–0.30	13–41	Growth, mortality	Vantress × Plymouth Rock	Leach et al., 1959
Sodium, %
0.11–0.20	1–28	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	McWard and Scott, 1961a
0.13	7–23	Growth, blood pH	White Rock	Hurwitz et al., 1973
0.07	49–63	Growth, blood pH	White Rock	Hurwitz et al., 1974
>0.23	1–21	Growth	Broiler strain	Ross, 1977
0.2–0.25	7–21	Growth	Cobb × Hubbard	Ross, 1979
0.35	1–21	Growth	Peterson × Hubbard	Edwards, 1984
Chlorine, %
0.315–0.340	2–28	Growth, mortality, blood chlorine	White Plymouth Rock	Leach and Nesheim, 1963
0.13	7–23	Growth, blood pH	White Rock	Hurwitz et al., 1973
0.07	49–63	Growth, blood pH	White Rock	Hurwitz et al., 1973
0.12	1–21	Growth, mortality	Ross	Gardiner and Dewar, 1976
0.42	1–21	Growth	Peterson × Hubbard	Edwards, 1984
Magnesium, mg/kg
350–400	7–24	Growth	Not specified	Almquist, 1947
100–300	1–21	Growth, mortality	White Plymouth Rock	Edwards et al., 1960
250	1–28	Growth, blood magnesium, mortality	Vantress × Hubbard	Gardner et al., 1960
200	1–14	Growth, mortality	New Hampshire × Columbian	McWard and Scott, 1961b
577	1–21	Growth, mortality, bone magnesium	White Plymouth Rock	Nugara and Edwards, 1963
=350	1–27	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Baker and Molitoris, 1975
Manganese, mg/kg
50	1–42	Growth, perosis	New Hampshire	Gallup and Norris, 1939a
14	8–22	Growth	New Hampshire × Columbian	Southern and Baker, 1983a
Zinc, mg/kg
35	12–26	Growth, feed efficiency	White Plymouth Rock	Morrison and Sarett, 1958
35	1–42	Growth, bone integrity	White Rock or Cornish × White Rock	O'Dell et al., 1958
30	1–28	Growth	White Meteor × White Rock	Roberson and Shaible, 1958
47–57	1–14	Growth, tibia ash	White Rock	Edwards et al., 1959
>52	1–28	Growth leg deformity	New Hampshire × Connecticut	Lease et al., 1960
>40 mg	1–28	Growth, hock enlargement	White Plymouth Rock	Zeigler et al., 1961
14	8–22	Growth	New Hampshire × Columbian	Southern and Baker, 1983b
18	1–21	Growth	Broiler strain	Dewar and Downie, 1984
>45	8–22	Tibia zinc	New Hampshire × Columbian	Wedekind et al., 1990
Iron, mg/kg
56	7–21	Growth, blood hemoglobin, liver iron	Not specified	Waddel and Sell, 1964
75–80	1–28	Growth, blood hemoglobin	New Hampshire and Plymouth Rock	Davis et al., 1968
80	1–21	Growth, blood hemoglobin, packed cell volume	Not specified	McNaughton and Day, 1979
40	8–22	Growth, blood hemoglobin, hematocrit	New Hampshire × Columbian	Southern and Baker, 1982
Copper, mg/kg
8	1–21	Growth, blood hemoglobin, packed cell volume	Not specified	McNaughton and Day, 1979
Iodine, mg/kg
0.3–0.4	28–56	Growth, thyroid histology	Barred Plymouth Rock	Creek et al., 1957
Selenium, mg/kg
>0.02 mg	1–24	Mortality, exudative diathesis	Plymouth Rock × Vantress	Thompson and Scott, 1969
0.1 mg	1–31	Pancreatic degeneration and fibrosis	White Plymouth Rock × Vantress	Gries and Scott, 1972c
>0.1 mg	1–63	Growth, glutathione peroxidase activity	Hubbard	Binnerts and El Boushy, 1985
0.14–0.17	1–21	Growth, plasma thyroid hormones	Hubbard and Arbor Acre	Jensen et al., 1986
Vitamin A, IU/kg
2,200	Varied	Growth	Various	Almquist, 1953
1,320	1–28	Growth, feed efficiency	Columbian Rock	Olsen et al., 1959
=1,100	7–63	Growth	Not specified	Marusich and Bauernfeind, 1963
900	1–56	Growth, incidence of coccidiosis	Broiler strain	Ogunmodede, 1981
Vitamin D₃, IU/kg
200–396	1–28	Growth	Not specified	Waldroup et al., 1963a
198	1–28	Growth, tibia ash	Not specified	Waldroup et al., 1965
200	1–54	Growth, tibia ash	Not specified	Biely and March, 1967
=200	1–14	Growth, bone mineralization	Not specified	McAuliffe et al., 1976

Page 95 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
198	1–21	Growth, tibia ash	Not specified	McNaughton et al., 1977a
400	1–56	Growth, tibia ash	Not specified	Lofton and Soares, 1986
Vitamin E, IU/kg
15–24	1–28	Prevention of encephalomalacia	Barred Plymouth Rock × Rhode Island Red	Singsen et al., 1955
5–60	Varied, cited in a review	Encephalomalacia exudative diathesis, muscular degeneration	Various	Machlin and Gordon, 1962
5.4–7.4	2–33	Mortality, incidence of encephalomalacia	White Rock	Bartov and Bornstein, 1972
30–50	1–14 and 1–35	Growth, peroxidation in hepatic microsomes	Vantress × Plymouth Rock	Combs and Scott, 1974
Vitamin K, mg/kg
0.588	1–14	Prothrombin time	White Plymouth Rock	Nelson and Norris, 1960
0.479	1–28	Prothrombin time	White Plymouth Rock	Nelson and Norris, 1960
0.515	1–84	Prothrombin time	White Plymouth Rock	Nelson and Norris, 1961a
0.500	1–14	Prothrombin time	White Plymouth Rock	Nelson and Norris, 1961b
0.370	1–28	Prothrombin time	White Plymouth Rock	Nelson and Norris, 1961b
Riboflavin, mg/kg
2.5	1–56	Growth	Barred Rock × New Hampshire	Bethke and Record, 1942
3.0	14–42	Growth, feed efficiency	White Wyandotte	Bolton, 1944
3.0–3.5	14–42	Growth	White Wyandotte	Bolton, 1947
2.3	1–56	Growth	Hubbard × Arbor Acres	Wyatt et al., 1973a
5.1	1–56	Growth	Harco	Ogunmodede, 1977
3.6	1–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Cobb and Cobb × Arbor Acres	Ruiz and Harms, 1988b
2.6	8–22	Growth, leg paralysis	New Hampshire × Columbian	Chung and Baker, 1990
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg
14	Not specified	Growth	Not specified	Jukes, 1939
10	Not specified	Growth	Not specified	Jukes and McElroy, 1943
5	Not specified	Growth	New Hampshire × Columbian	Staten et al., 1980
Niacin, mg/kg
26–28	7–42	Growth, perosis	Barred Plymouth Rock	Childs et al., 1952
37	1–21	Growth	White Cornish	Yoshida et al., 1966
20	7–20	Growth, incidence of tongue lesions	New Hampshire × Columbian	Baker et al., 1973
=22	8–50	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Columbian	Yen et al., 1977
>55 mg	1–53	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Waldroup et al., 1985b
28–36	1–21	Growth, leg disorders	Cobb	Ruiz and Harms, 1988
32	1–21	Growth, leg disorders	Arbor Acres × Cobb	Ruiz et al., 1990
=22 mg	21–49	Growth	Cobb	Ruiz and Harms, 1990
Vitamin B₁₂, mg/kg
0.01	7–29	Growth, energetic efficiency	Dominant White × White Plymouth Rock	Looi and Renner, 1974
=0.01 mg	1–28	Growth, feed efficiency	Sussex × White Rock	Rys and Koreleski, 1974
Choline, mg/kg
1,000	14–42	Growth, perosis	Barred Plymouth Rock	West et al., 1951
1,540–1,760	1–56	Growth, feed efficiency	White Rock	Quillen et al., 1961
1119	1–21	Growth	White Rock	Fritz et al., 1967
358	44–55	Growth	New Hampshire × Columbian	Molitoris and Baker, 1976
800	7–28	Growth	White Rock	Lipstein et al., 1977
=1,171	7–35	Growth, perosis	Not specified	Derilo and Balnave, 1980
1,910–4,100	1–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Pesti et al., 1980
1,200	8–25	Growth	New Hampshire × Columbian	Baker et al., 1983
625	8–17	Growth	New Hampshire × Columbian	Lowry et al., 1987
>1,300	1–21	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Tsiagbe et al., 1987
Biotin, mg/kg
>0.26 mg	1–25	Growth, mortality, leg abnormalities	Not specified	Anderson and Warnick, 1970
0.14	1–24	Growth, mortality due to fatty kidney liver syndrome	Not specified	Payne et al., 1974
0.14–0.18	1–35	Growth	Ross	Whitehead and Bannister, 1980
=0.17–0.18	1–56	Incidence of fatty liver and kidney syndrome	Ross	Whitehead and Randall, 1982
=0.20	1–21	Growth, leg disorders, dermatitis	Hubbard	Watkins, 1988
Folic acid, mg/kg
=0.5	1–28	Growth	Not specified	Saxena et al., 1954
=0.3	1–21 and 1–28	Growth, perosis	Rhode Island Red × White Plymouth Rock	Young et al., 1955
0.40–0.65 mg	1–35	Growth	New Hampshire	March and Biely, 1956

Page 96 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
0.3–0.45 mg	1–20	Growth, perosis	Arbor Acres	Creek and Vasaitis, 1963
0.34–0.49 mg	1–28	Growth, leg abnormalities	Not specified	Saxena et al., 1954
Thiamin, mg/kg
0.75	3–28	Growth, polyneuritis	New Hampshire × Delaware	Thornton 1960
1.0–1.3	Not specified	Growth, feed efficiency	New Hampshire × Delaware	Thornton and Shutze 1960
Pyridoxine, mg/kg
3–5	12–42	Growth, perosis, anemia, dermatitis	White Rock	Hogan et al. 1941
2	7–28	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Kratzer et al., 1947
<5.7	1–56	Growth, feed efficiency	White Plymouth Rock	Fuller and Kifer, 1959
3.3	1–14	Growth	White Plymouth Rock	Fuller and Dunahoo, 1959
2.2–2.6	1–28	Growth, gizzard erosion, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase	Vantress × Arbor Acre	Daghir and Balloun, 1963
2.8–3.6	1–14 or 35	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Kirchgessner and Friesecke, 1963
3	Not specified	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Maier and Kirchgessner, 1968
>3.1	7–28	Growth, serum aspartate aminotransferase	Not specified	Daghir and Shah, 1973
3.2–3.4	1–28	Growth, perosis	White Plymouth Rock × Vantress	Gries and Scott, 1972a
=1.0	1–20	Growth, feed efficiency	Ross	Lee et al., 1976
1.1	8–17	Growth	New Hampshire × Columbian	Yen et al., 1976
1.75	3–49	Growth, plasma amino acids	Not specified	aboaysha and Kratzer, 1979
1.3–2.7	1–21	Growth	Not specified	Kazemi and Kratzer, 1980
=1.48	1–49	Growth	Not specified	Blalock et al., 1984

Page 97 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

TABLE A-4 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Broiler Breeder Pullets and Hens

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Weeks)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
Protein, g/bird daily
20	24–52	Egg production, egg weight, body weight, liveability	Cobb	Waldroup et al., 1976b
15.6–16.5	Not specified	Estimated by model	Not specified	Bornstein et al., 1979
19.5	21–64	Egg production, egg weight, fertility	Marshall	Pearson and Herron, 1981
23.1	31–60	Egg yield	Tetra	Jeroch et al., 1982
19	19–40	Body weight, skeletal growth egg production, egg weight, hatchability	Hubbard	Spratt and Lesson, 1987
18–19	31–60	Egg production, egg weight, body weight, egg quality, hatchability	Tetra	Schloffel et al., 1988
Arginine, mg/bird daily
1,111	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Waldroup et al., 1976c
1,111	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Bornstein et al., 1979
<1,226 mg	24–64	Egg production, egg weight, fertility, hatchability, egg specific gravity	Cobb	Wilson and Harms, 1984
Histidine, mg/bird daily
209	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Waldroup et al., 1976c
200	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Bornstein et al., 1979
Isoleucine, mg/bird daily
853	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Waldroup et al., 1976c
850	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Bornstein et al., 1979
Leucine, mg/bird daily
1,247	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Waldroup et al., 1976c
1,250	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Bornstein et al., 1979
Lysine, mg/bird daily
773	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Waldroup et al., 1976c
760	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Bornstein et al., 1979
<808	24–64	Egg production, egg weight, fertility, hatchability, egg specific gravity	Cobb	Wilson and Harms, 1984
Methionine, mg/bird daily
558	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Waldroup et al., 1976c
570	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Bornstein et al., 1979
400	24–64	Egg production, body weight, fertility, hatchability	Cobb	Harms and Wilson, 1980
Methionine + cystine, mg/bird daily
819	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Waldroup et al., 1976c
830	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Bornstein et al., 1979
723	24–64	Egg production, egg weight, fertility, hatchability	Cobb	Harms and Wilson, 1980
<682	24–64	Egg production, egg weight, fertility, hatchability, egg specific gravity	Cobb	Wilson and Harms, 1984
694	Peak egg production	Nitrogen balance	Tetra	Halle et al., 1984
Phenylalanine + tyrosine mg/bird daily
1,126	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Waldroup et al., 1976c
1,110	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Bornstein et al., 1979
Phenylalanine, mg/bird daily
610	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Bornstein et al., 1979
Threonine, mg/bird daily
717	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Waldroup et al., 1976c
720	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Bornstein et al., 1979
Tryptophan, mg/bird daily
189	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Waldroup et al., 1976c
190	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Bornstein et al., 1979
<223 mg	24–64	Egg production, egg weight, fertility, hatchability, egg specific gravity	Cobb	Wilson and Harms, 1984
Valine, mg/bird daily
979	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Waldroup et al., 1976c
920	Peak egg production	Body weight, egg mass	Mathematical model	Bornstein et al., 1979
Calcium, g/bird daily
3.91	26–53	Egg production, egg specific gravity, hatchability	Cobb	Wilson et al., 1980
Nonphytate phosphorus, mg/bird daily
338	26–53	Egg production, egg specific gravity, hatchability	Cobb	Wilson et al., 1980

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Weeks)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
Sodium, mg/bird daily
<154	32–64	Egg production egg weight, fertility, egg specific gravity, hatchability	Cobb	Damron et al., 1983
Chlorine, mg/bird daily
208	32–60	Egg production, egg weight, hatchability	Cobb	Harms and Wilson, 1984
Biotin, µg/bird daily
16	20–58	Egg production, egg weight, hatchability	Marshall	Whitehead et al., 1985

TABLE A-5 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Broiler Breeder Males

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
Metabolizable energy, kcal/bird daily
400	28–40	Body weight, fertility, hatchability, chick production, testes weight	Broiler strain	McCartney and Brown, 1980
458	30–54	Body weight, fertility, hatchability, chick production, testes weight	Broiler strain	Brown and McCartney, 1983
346	30–46	Body weight, fertility, hatchability, chick production, testes weight	Hubbard	Brown and McCartney, 1986
358	30–60	Body weight, semen volume, sperm cells, fertility	Broiler strain	Buckner et al., 1986
Protein, %
12.4	7–21	Development of testes, subsequent fertility	Peterson	Wilson et al., 1971
12–14	4–53	Weight gain, semen volume and concentration testes weight	Broiler strain	Wilson et al., 1987a
9	6–53	Weight gain, semen volume and concentration testes weight	Broiler strain	Wilson et al., 1987b
15	1–4	Fertility 24–27 weeks	Hubbard	Vaughters et al., 1987
Protein, g/bird daily
10–14	20–60	Semen production	Hubbard	Buckner and Savage, 1986
Calcium, %
<0.2	36–60	Semen volume, sperm concentration, dead sperm, fertility, hatchability	White Leghorn	Wilson et al., 1969
Calcium, mg/bird daily
7.98	44–56	Weight gain, blood parameters, bone constituents	White Leghorn	Norris et al., 1972
<500	Not specified	Reproductive parameters	Broiler strains	Kappleman et al., 1982
Nonphytate phosphorus, %
0.1	44–56	Weight gain, blood parameters, bone constituents	White Leghorn	Norris et al., 1972
Nonphytate phosphorus, mg/bird daily
110	32–40	Semen volume	Arbor Acres, cage males	Bootwalla and Harms, 1989

Page 99 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

TABLE A-6 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Turkeys

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
Protein, %
28	0–7	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Lloyd et al., 1949
20	0–4	Growth	Jersey Buff, both sexes	Baldini et al., 1954
20	8–16	Growth	Large White, both sexes	Carter et al., 1957
28	0–8	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Atkinson et al., 1957
25–32	0–6	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Balloun et al., 1959
18	8–12	Growth	Bronze, females	Jensen et al., 1965
16	12–16	Growth	Bronze, females	Jensen et al., 1965
14	16–20	Growth	Bronze, females	Jensen et al., 1965
22	8–12	Growth	Large White, males	Summers et al., 1968
18	12–16	Growth	Large White, males	Summers et al., 1968
14	16–20	Growth	Large White, males	Summers et al., 1968
24	8–10	Growth	Large White, females	Summers et al., 1968
20	10–12	Growth	Large White, females	Summers et al., 1968
18	12–14	Growth	Large White, females	Summers et al., 1968
24	6–12	Growth	Large White, males	Eberst et al., 1972
30	0–7	Growth	Large White, males	Herz et al., 1975a
22	7–13	Growth	Large White, males	Herz et al., 1975b
30	0–4	Growth	Large White, males	Richter et al., 1980
21.3	10	Growth	Large White, males	Potter et al., 1981
19.5	14	Growth	Large White, males	Potter et al., 1981
17.6	18	Growth	Large White, males	Potter et al., 1981
21.7	10	Growth	Large White, females	Potter et al., 1981
18.4	14	Growth	Large White, females	Potter et al., 1981
15.0	18	Growth	Large White, females	Potter et al., 1981
20	5–14	Growth, carcass composition	Large White, both sexes	Richter and Prinz, 1980
26	4–10	Growth, carcass quality	Small White, both sexes	Salmon, 1984
20	10–13	Growth, carcass quality	Small White, males	Salmon, 1984
18	10–13	Growth, carcass quality	Small White, females	Salmon, 1984
Arginine, %
1.60	0–3	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Almquist, 1952
1.90	1–3	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Dunkelgod et al., 1970
1.60	1–3	Growth	Bronze and Large White, both sexes	Warnick and Anderson, 1973
1.75	1–3	Growth	Large White, males	D'Mello and Emmans, 1975
1.59	0–4	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983a
1.32	4–8	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983a
1.02	8–12	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983a
0.80	12–16	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983a
0.63	16–20	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983a
0.47	20–24	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983a
Glycine, %
0.90	0–3	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Kratzer and Williams, 1948a
Histidine, %
0.58	1–3	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Warnick and Anderson, 1973
0.53	0–4	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.42	4–8	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.30	8–12	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.23	12–16	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.18	16–20	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.12	20–24	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983

Page 100 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
Isoleucine, %
0.80	0–3	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Kratzer et al., 1952
1.10	1–3	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Warnick and Anderson, 1973
0.84	1–3	Growth	Large White, males	D'Mello, 1975
1.03	0–4	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.86	4–8	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.67	8–12	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.53	12–16	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.42	16–20	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.31	20–24	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
Leucine, %
1.86	1–3	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Warnick and Anderson, 1973
1.42	1–3	Growth	Large White, males	D'Mello, 1975
1.96	0–4	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
1.62	4–8	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
1.23	8–12	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.96	12–16	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.74	16–20	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.53	20–24	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
Lysine, %
1.5	0–4	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Almquist, 1952
0.96	4–8	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Kratzer et al., 1956b
0.85	8–12	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Kratzer et al., 1956b
0.76	14–18	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Kratzer et al., 1956b
0.56	16–19	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Kratzer et al., 1956b
0.60	20–23	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Kratzer et al., 1956b
1.55	0–6	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Balloun and Phillips, 1957b
1.60	0–3	Growth	Large White, both sexes	Kummero et al., 1971
1.68	1–3	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Warnick and Anderson, 1973
1.50	0–4	Growth	Large White, males	Tuttle and Balloun, 1974
1.40	4–8	Growth	Large White, males	Tuttle and Balloun, 1974
1.12	8–12	Growth	Large White, males	Tuttle and Balloun, 1974
1.55	1–3	Growth	Large White, males	D'Mello and Emmans, 1975
0.96	12–16	Growth	Large White, males	Jensen et al., 1976
0.76	16–20	Growth	Large White, males	Jensen et al., 1976
1.4	8–12	Growth	Large White, both sexes	Potter et al., 1981
1.2	12–16	Growth	Large White, both sexes	Potter et al., 1981
0.9	11–20	Growth	Large White, both sexes	Potter et al., 1981
1.42	0–4	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
1.12	4–8	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.81	8–12	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.63	12–16	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.49	16–20	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.32	20–24	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
Methionine, %
0.55	Starting	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Almquist, 1952
0.56	0–6	Growth	Jersey Buff, both sexes	Baldini et al., 1957

Page 101 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
0.6	0–3	Growth, foot pad dermatitis	Large White, males	Murillo and Jensen, 1976a
0.4	8–12	Growth, feed efficiency	Large White, males	Murillo and Jensen, 1976b
0.46	1–4	Growth	Large White, males	Behrends and Waibel, 1980
0.30	8–12	Growth	Large White, males	Behrends and Waibel, 1980
0.19	16–20	Growth	Large White, males	Behrends and Waibel, 1980
0.51	0–4	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.41	4–8	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.31	8–12	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.24	12–16	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.20	16–20	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.15	20–24	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
Methionine + cystine, %
0.90	0–4	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Almquist, 1952
0.79	0–3	Growth	Large White, both sexes	Kummero et al., 1971
1.04	1–3	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Warnick and Anderson, 1973
1.05	0–3	Growth, foot pad dermatitis	Large White, both sexes	Murillo and Jensen, 1976a
0.82	8–12	Growth, feed efficiency	Large White, males	Murillo and Jensen, 1976b
0.83	1–3	Growth	Large White, males	D'Mello, 1976
1.10	0–4	Growth	Medium White, males	Potter and Shelton, 1979
1.00	4–8	Growth	Medium White, males	Potter and Shelton, 1979
0.93	8–12	Growth	Medium White, both sexes	Potter and Shelton, 1980
0.75	12–16	Growth	Medium White, both sexes	Potter and Shelton, 1980
1.01	1–4	Growth	Large White, males	Behrends and Waibel, 1980
0.71	8–12	Growth	Large White, males	Behrends and Waibel, 1980
0.48	16–20	Growth	Large White, males	Behrends and Waibel, 1980
1.05	0–4	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.93	4–8	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.76	8–12	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.60	12–16	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.48	16–20	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.38	20–24	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
1.15	0–4	Growth, feed efficiency	Large White, both sexes	Schutte et al., 1986
1.05	4–8	Growth, feed efficiency	Large White, both sexes	Schutte et al., 1986
Phenylalanine + tyrosine, %
1.60	1–2	Growth	Large White, males	Dunkelgod et al., 1970
1.80	1–3	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Warnick and Anderson, 1973
1.72	0–4	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
1.43	4–8	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
1.09	8–12	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.86	12–16	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.67	16–20	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.49	20–24	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
Phenylalanine, %
0.83	1–2	Growth	Large White, males	Dunkelgod et al., 1970
1.05	0–4	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983

Page 102 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
0.88	4 – 8	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.67	8 – 12	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.53	12 – 16	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.41	16 – 20	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.30	20 – 24	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
Threonine, %
1.10	1 – 2	Growth	Large White, males	Dunkelgod et al., 1970
1.00	1 – 3	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Warnick and Anderson, 1973
0.94	1 – 3	Growth	Large White, males	D'Mello, 1976
1.14	0 – 4	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.94	4 – 8	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.72	8 – 12	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.56	12 – 16	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.44	16 – 20	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.32	20 – 24	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
Tryptophan, %
0.26	0 – 4	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Almquist, 1952
0.37	1 – 2	Growth	Large White, males	Dunkelgod et al., 1970
0.26	1 – 3	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Warnick and Anderson, 1973
0.21	0 – 4	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.17	4 – 8	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.13	8 – 12	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.11	12 – 16	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.08	16 – 20	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.06	20 – 24	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
Valine, %
1.38	1 – 2	Growth	Large White, males	Dunkelgod et al., 1970
1.20	1 – 3	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Warnick and Anderson, 1973
1.21	1 – 3	Growth	Large White, males	D'Mello, 1975
1.34	0 – 4	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
1.13	4 – 8	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.88	8 – 12	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.69	12 – 16	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.53	16 – 20	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
0.40	20 – 24	Carcass content plus maintenance	Large White, males, mathematical model	Hurwitz et al., 1983
Linoleic, %
1.00	0 – 3	Growth	Large White and Bronze, both sexes	Ketola et al., 1973
Calcium, %
1.7	0 – 3	Bone ash	Bronze, both sexes	Motzok and Slinger, 1948
1.5	0 – 4	Bone ash	Small White, both sexes	Wilcox et al., 1953

Page 103 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
0.6	8 – 24	Growth, toe ash	Bronze, both sexes	Nelson et al., 1961
1.0	0 – 8	Growth, toe ash	Large White, both sexes	Slinger et al., 1961
0.7	8 – 20	Growth, toe ash	Bronze, both sexes	Sullivan, 1961
0.81	0 – 8	Growth, toe ash	Bronze, both sexes	Formica et al., 1962
0.83	8 – 23, 25	Growth, toe ash	Bronze, both sexes	Formica et al., 1962
Nonphytate phosphorus, %
0.6	0 – 4	Growth	Bronze and Small White, both sexes	Almquist, 1954
0.5	8 – 20	Growth, bone ash	Bronze, both sexes	Sullivan, 1960
0.35	9 – 16	Growth, toe ash	Bronze × White Holland, both sexes	Day and Dilworth, 1962
0.21	17 – 24	Growth, toe ash	Bronze × White Holland, both sexes	Day and Dilworth, 1962
0.50	0 – 3	Bone ash	Large White, males	Bailey et al., 1986
0.6 – 0.8	0 – 4	Growth, bone ash	Large White, males	Stevens et al., 1986
Potassium, %
0.6	0 – 2	Growth	Medium White, both sexes	Supplee and Combs, 1959
0.35	0 – 4	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Sullivan, 1963
0.6	0 – 4	Growth	Large White, both sexes	Chavez and Kratzer, 1973
0.8	0 – 4	Growth, tissue potassium	Large White, both sexes	Smith et al., 1973
Sodium, %
0.20	0 – 4	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Kumpost and Sullivan, 1966
0.25	0 – 4	Body, plasma composition	Large White, both sexes	Pang et al., 1978
0.17	0 – 3	Growth	Large White, both sexes	Harms, 1982
0.17	0 – 3	Growth	Large White, both sexes	Harms and Miles, 1983
0.12	42 – 48	Poult yield	Large White, females	Harms et al., 1985
Chlorine, %
0.15	0 – 4	Growth	Large White, both sexes	Kubicek and Sullivan, 1973
0.12	32 – 50	Maximum shell strength, poult yield	Large White, females	Harms et al., 1983
Magnesium, mg/kg
475	0 – 4	Alleviate deficiency symptoms	Bronze, both sexes	Sullivan, 1964
Manganese, mg/kg
30	0 – 8	Growth, alleviation of perosis	Bronze, both sexes	Ringrose et al., 1939
22	0 – 5	Growth, tissue levels	Large White, males	Woerpel and Balloun, 1964
60	0 – 4	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Kealy and Sullivan, 1966
Zinc, mg/kg
66	0 – 3	Growth, deficiency symptoms	Bronze, both sexes	Kratzer et al., 1958
70	0 – 4	Growth, deficiency symptoms	Bronze, both sexes	Sullivan, 1961
63	0 – 3	Growth, deficiency symptoms	Medium White, both sexes	Supplee et al., 1961
41	0 – 3	Growth, blood level	Large White, both sexes	Dewar and Downie, 1984
Selenium, mg/kg
0.28	0 – 4	Gizzard myopathy	Bronze, both sexes	Scott et al., 1965
0.20	0 – 5	Gizzard myopathy	Large White, both sexes	Cantor and Moorehead, 1977
0.23	18 – 38	Hatchability, poult mortality	Large White, both sexes	Cantor et al., 1978
Vitamin A, IU/kg
5,065	0 – 4	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Almquist, 1953
2,642	30 – 48	Poult yield	Large White, females	Stoewsand and Scott, 1961
5,280	0 – 8	Maintain liver levels of vitamin A	Large White, both sexes
4,721	0 – 12	Growth, liver storage of vitamin A	Large White, both sexes	Couch et al., 1971
2,000	0 – 12	Growth	Large White, males	Prinz et al., 1983
5,000	0 – 12	Growth, liver storage of vitamin A	Large White, males	Prinz et al., 1986
Vitamin D, IU/kg
700	0 – 12	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Baird and Greene, 1935
800	0 – 4	Growth, bone ash	Small White, both sexes	Hammond, 1941
2,000	0 – 4	Growth, bone ash	Large White, both sexes	Sanford and Jukes, 1944
300	0 – 4	Growth, bone ash	Large White, both sexes	Stadelman et al., 1950
1,100	0 – 4	Growth, toe ash	Large White, both sexes	Neagle et al., 1968
Vitamin E, IU/kg
11	0 – 4	Growth, gizzard myopathy	Bronze, both sexes	Scott et al., 1965
50	0 – 4	Gizzard myopathy	Large White, both sexes	Cantor and Moorehead, 1977
275	16 – 19	Meat oxidative stability	Large White, females	Sheldon, 1984
Vitamin K, mg/kg
1.76	0 – 4	Prothrombin time	Bronze, both sexes	Griminger, 1957

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
Riboflavin, mg/kg
2.7	0–6	Growth, deficiency symptoms	Bronze, both sexes	Patrick et al., 1944
3.75	0–4	Growth, deficiency symptoms	Bronze, both sexes	Bird et al., 1946
4.0	0–6	Growth, deficiency symptoms	Bronze and Large White, both sexes	Jukes et al., 1947
4.0	0–3	Erythrocyte glutathione reductase and liver flavin	Medium White, both sexes	Lee, 1982
>3.50	0–3	Growth, leg paralysis	Large White, both sexes	Ruiz and Harms, 1989a
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg
10.5	1–3	Growth, dermatitis	Bronze, both sexes	Kratzer and Williams, 1948b
<8.6	0–3	Growth	Large White, both sexes	Ruiz and Harms, 1989b
Niacin, mg/kg
71.5	0–2	Growth, enlarged hocks	Bronze, both sexes	Scott, 1953
21	4–12	Growth, leg disorders	Large White, both sexes	Christmas et al., 1986
44	0–3	Growth, leg disorders	Large White, both sexes	Ruiz and Harms, 1989b
Vitamin B₁₂, mg/kg
0.002–0.010	0–4	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Sherwood and Sloan, 1954
0.003	0–6	Growth	Small White, both sexes	Johnson, 1955
Choline, mg/kg
2,000	0–2	Perosis	Not specified	Jukes, 1940
1,900	0–6	Perosis	Not specified	Evans, 1943
2,300	10–24	Growth	Bronze, females	Slinger et al., 1946
<1,490	0–3	Growth	Large White, both sexes	Harms and Miles, 1984
<1,250	4–8	Growth	Large and Medium White, both sexes	Blair et al., 1986
Biotin, mg/kg
0.284	0–3	Growth, deficiency symptoms	Bronze, both sexes	Jensen and Martinson, 1969
0.275–0.324	0–3	Growth, deficiency symptoms	Bronze, both sexes	Dobson, 1970
0.225–0.275	0–3	Growth, deficiency symptoms	Bronze, both sexes	Dobson, 1970
0.220	0–8	Growth	Large White, males	Krueger et al., 1976
Folic acid, mg/kg
0.8	0–6	Growth, anemia prevention	Bronze, both sexes	Jukes et al., 1947
2.0	0–3	Growth, cervical paralysis	Jersey Buff, both sexes	Russell et al., 1947
Thiamin, mg/kg
2.0	0–3	Growth, symptoms of deficiency	Bronze, both sexes	Robenalt, 1960
1.6–2.0	0–3	Growth	Bronze, both sexes	Sullivan et al., 1967
Pyridoxine, mg/kg
2.0–3.0	0–3	Growth	Not specified	Kratzer et al., 1947
3.9–4.4	0–4	Growth, survival	Bronze, both sexes	Sullivan et al., 1967

Page 105 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

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TABLE A-7 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Turkey Breeders

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
Protein, %
15	32–52	Poult yield	Large White, females	Jensen and McGinnis, 1961
15	30–48	Poult yield	Large and Small White, females	Atkinson et al., 1970
10	30–46	Poult yield	Large White, females	Minear et al., 1972
18	32–48	Poult yield egg weight	Large White, females	Menge et al., 1979
14	17–20	Egg production	Large White, females	Meyer et al., 1980a
14	20–32	Egg production	Large White, females	Meyer et al., 1980a
12	12–28	Semen production	Large White, males	Meyer et al., 1980b
14	28–56	Egg production	Large White, females	Meyer et al., 1980a
10	30–41	Poult yield	Large White, females	Meyer et al., 1980b
8	28–53	Semen production	Large White, males	Cecil, 1982
16	32–48	Poult yield	Large White, females	Bougon et al., 1985
Protein, g/bird daily
26	32–60	Poult yield	Small White, females	Jackson et al., 1974
Linoleic acid, %
1.21	24–55	Egg production, hatchability	Large White, females	Cooper and Barnett, 1968
1.1	30–55	Poult yield	Large White, females	Whitehead and Herron, 1988
Calcium, %
1.75	26–54	Poult yield	Bronze, females	Jensen et al., 1963
2.0	30–48	Poult yield	Large White, females	Balloun and Miller, 1964b
1.9	30–47	Egg production	Bronze, females	Atkinson et al., 1967a
2.66	30–47	Egg production	Large White, females	Atkinson et al., 1967a
3.19	30–47	Egg production	Bronze, females	Atkinson et al., 1967a
2.25	30–46	Poult yield	Large White, females	Arends et al., 1967
1.2	0–4	Growth	Large White, males	Neagle et al., 1968
2.5	33–53	Poult yield	Small White, males	Potter et al., 1974
2.55	30–50	Poult yield	Large White, females	Waldroup et al., 1974b
Nonphytate phosphorus, %
0.42	30–42	Poult yield	Small White, females	Ferguson et al., 1974
0.30	30–50	Poult yield	Large White, females	Waldroup et al., 1974
0.55	30–45	Poult yield	Small White, females	Atkinson et al., 1976
0.30	30–50	Fertility	Medium White, females	Slaugh et al., 1989
Manganese, mg/kg
60	30–46	Poult yield	Bronze, females	Atkinson et al., 1967b
Vitamin A, IU/kg
2,200–3,520	30–48	Hatchability, poult survival	Bronze, females	Jensen, 1965
Vitamin D, IU/kg
1,000	32–40	Poult yield	Bronze, females	Wilhelm et al., 1941
<750	31–40	Poult yield	Large White, females	Kramer and Waibel, 1978
300–400	41–53	Poult yield	Large White, females	Kramer and Waibel, 1978
900	29–35	Adequate poult yield but inadequate liver storage	Large White, females	Stevens et al., 1984
Vitamin E, IU/kg
24	32–54	Poult yield	Bronze, females	Jensen and McGinnis, 1957
Riboflavin, mg/kg
3.50	Not specified	Poult yield	Bronze, females	Boucher et al., 1942
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg
16.0	Various	Poult yield, survival	Bronze, females	Kratzer et al., 1955
Niacin, mg/kg
23.6	32–48	Egg weight, poult yield	Large White, females	Harms et al., 1988
Choline, mg/kg
<990	32–46	Poult yield	Bronze and Large White, females	Balloun and Miller, 1964a
<1,230	32–54	Poult yield	Small White, females	Ferguson et al., 1975
Biotin, mg/kg
>0.105	30–46	Poult yield	Large White, females	Waibel et al., 1969
<0.150	Not specified	Poult yield	Large and Medium White, females	Arends et al., 1971
0.160	27–34	Egg biotin (albumen)	Medium White, females	White et al., 1987
Folic acid, mg/kg
0.7	32–48	Poult yield	Bronze, females	Kratzer et al., 1956a
1.23	32–48	Poult yield, survival	Large White, females	Miller and Balloun, 1967

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

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TABLE A-8 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Geese

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
Protein, %
24	0–6	Growth	White Chinese	Roberson and Francis, 1963a
12	6–16	Growth	White Chinese	Roberson and Francis, 1963a
24	0–4	Growth	White Chinese	Roberson and Francis, 1963b
16	4–12	Growth	White Chinese	Roberson and Francis, 1963b
20	0–4	Growth, feathering	Embden	Allen, 1981
16	4–6	Growth, feathering	Embden	Allen, 1981
14	4–9	Growth, feathering	Embden	Allen, 1981
18.2	0–2	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Nitsan et al., 1983
12.0	2–7	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Nitsan et al., 1983
18	0–3	Growth, carcass yield, carcass composition	Embden	Summers et al., 1987
16	0–9	Growth, carcass yield, carcass composition	Embden	Summers et al., 1987
Lysine, %
0.90	1–2 and 3–7	Growth	White Chinese	Roberson and Francis, 1966
1.10	0–4	Growth	Not specified	Mateova et al., 1980
0.85	4–8	Growth	Not specified	Mateova et al., 1980
1.07	0–2	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Nitsan et al., 1983
0.60	2–7	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Nistan et al., 1983
Methionine, %
0.40	0–3	Growth, feed efficiency, carcass composition	White Italian	Znaniecke et al., 1975
0.29	0–2	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Nitsan et al., 1983
0.15	2–7	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Nitsan et al., 1983
Methionine + cystine, %
0.73	0–3	Growth, feed efficiency, carcass composition	White Italian	Znaniecka et al., 1975
0.58	0–2	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Nitsan et al., 1983
0.47	2–7	Growth, feed efficiency	Not specified	Nitsan et al., 1983
Calcium, %
0.4	0–4 and 0–6	Growth, bone ash	Pilgrim	Aitken et al., 1958
Total phosphorus, %
0.46	0–4 and 0–6	Growth, bone ash	Pilgrim	Aitken et al., 1958
Riboflavin, mg/kg
3.8	0–2	Growth	Embden	Serafin, 1981
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg
12.6	0–3	Growth, mortality	Embden	Serafin, 1981
Niacin, mg/kg
66	0–3	Growth, perosis	Not specified	Battig et al., 1953
31.2	0–3	Growth	Embden	Serafin, 1981
Choline, mg/kg
1530	0–3	Growth, perosis	Embden	Serafin, 1981
Choline, niacin, folic acid
Not determined but estimates obtained	0–2	Growth, liveability	Toulouse	Briggs et al., 1953

Page 107 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

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TABLE A-9 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Ducks

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
Protein, %
22	0–2	Growth	White Pekin	Dean, 1972a
16	2–7	Growth	White Pekin	Dean, 1972a
18	0–2	Growth	White Pekin	Wilson, 1975
16	2 to market	Growth	White Pekin	Wilson, 1975
19	0–2	Growth	White Pekin	Siregar et al., 1982
16	3–8	Growth	White Pekin	Siregar et al., 1982
Arginine, %
1.08	1–3	Growth, feed efficiency	Mule	Chen and Shen, 1979
Isoleucine, %
0.63	1–3	Growth, feed efficiency	Mule	Yu and Shen, 1984
Leucine, %
1.26	1–3	Growth, feed efficiency	Mule	Yu and Shen, 1984
Lysine, %
0.60	Fattening	Growth	Not specified	Jeroch and Hennig, 1965
0.90	0–8	Growth, Plasma lysine	Pekin	Gazo et al., 1970
0.64	3–6	Growth	Muscovy	Leclerq and Carville,1977
0.55	6–10	Growth	Muscovy	Leclerq and Carville, 1977
1.06	1–3	Growth, feed efficiency	Mule	Chen and Shen, 1979
<0.70	1–7	Growth, feed efficiency	Pekin	Adams et al., 1983
Methionine, %
0.45	0–1.5	Growth	Pekin	Dean, 1967
0.30	3–6	Growth	Muscovy	Leclerq and de Carville, 1977a
0.25	6–10	Growth	Muscovy	Leclerq and de Carville, 1977a
0.40	0–2	Growth	Pekin	Elkin et al., 1986
Methionine + cystine, %
0.60	0–1.5	Growth	Pekin	Dean, 1967
0.60	3–6	Growth	Muscovy	Leclerq and de Carville, 1977a
0.55	6–10	Growth	Muscovy	Leclerq and de Carville, 1977a
0.70	0–2	Growth	Pekin	Elkin et al., 1986
Tryptophan, %
0.23	1–3	Growth, feed efficiency	Mule	Wu et al., 1984
Valine, %
0.78	1–3	Growth, feed efficiency	Mule	Yu and Shen, 1984
Calcium, %
0.56	0–8	Growth, feed efficiency, bone ash	Pekin	Dean et al., 1967
0.58	Ducklings	Growth, bone ash	Pekin	Dean, 1972b
1.00	Ducklings	Growth	Taiwan	Su, 1977
3.75	Sexually mature	Egg production	Taiwan	Su, 1977
Nonphytate phosphorus, %
0.60	0–4	Growth, bone ash	Pekin	Dean, 1972a
1.05	Sexually mature	Egg production	Taiwan	Su, 1977
0.40	0–3	Growth	Muscovy	Leclerq and de Carville, 1979
0.22	3–6	Growth	Muscovy	Leclerq and de Carville, 1979
0.18	6–10	Growth	Muscovy	Leclerq and de Carville, 1979
0.34	0–3	Growth, bone ash	Mule	Lin and Shen, 1979
Sodium chlorine, %
0.14	0–7	Growth, liveability	Pekin	Dean, 1972a
0.12	0–7	Growth, liveability	Pekin	Dean, 1972a
Magnesium, mg/kg
500	0–2	Growth, brain alkaline phosphatase	Pekin	Van Reen and Pearson, 1953
Manganese, mg/kg
50	0–3	Growth	Mule	Wu and Shen, 1978
Zinc, mg/kg
68	0–3	Growth	Mule	Wu and Shen, 1978
Selenium, mg/kg
0.14	0–7	Growth, liveability, glutathione peroxidase	Pekin	Dean and Combs, 1981
0.20	0–7	Growth liveability glutathione peroxidase	Pekin	Dean and Combs, 1981
Vitamin D₃, IU/kg
300	0–3	Bone ash	Pekin	Fritz et al., 1941
400	0–3	Bone ash	Pekin and Indian Runner	Motzok and branion, 1946

Page 108 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
Vitamin E, IU/kg
9	0–4	Myopathy of heart muscle and smooth muscle of intestines	Pekin	Jager, 1972
Vitamin K, mg/kg
0.5	0–2	Prothrombin time	Pekin	Dean, 1972
Riboflavin, mg/kg
3	0–7	Growth	Pekin	Fritz et al., 1939
4	0.5–2	Growth	Pekin	Hegsted and Perry, 1948
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg
11	0.5–2	Growth	Pekin	Hegsted and Perry, 1948
Niacin, mg/kg
52	0–2	Growth, leg development	Pekin	Heuser and Scott, 1953
45	0–3	Growth, feed efficiency	Mule	Wu et al., 1984
Pyridoxine, mg/kg
2.5	0.5–3 or longer	Growth, hemoglobin, hematocrit	Pekin	Hegsted and Rao, 1945

Page 109 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

TABLE A-10 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Pheasants

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	Breed	References
Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg
2,700	Sexually mature	Egg production, egg weight, feed efficiency, mortality	Ring–neck	Monetti et al., 1982
Protein, %
26	0 – 3	Growth	Ring–neck	Scott et al., 1954
24	3 – 5	Growth	Ring–neck	Scott et al., 1954
26	0 – 4	Growth, feed efficiency	Ring–neck	Scott et al., 1963
24	0 – 8	Growth, feathering, liveability	Chinese	Woodard et al., 1977
20	8 – 16	Growth, feathering, liveability	Chinese	Woodard et al., 1977
12	After 16	Growth, feathering, liveability	Chinese	Woodard et al., 1977
28	0 – 4	Growth	Ring–neck	Fuentes, 1981
28	0 – 4	Growth, feed efficiency	Ring–neck	Warner et al., 1982
19	8 – 17	Growth, feathering, feed efficiency, liveability	Ring–neck	Cain et al., 1984
15	Sexually mature	Egg production, fertility, hatchability	Ring–neck	Monetti et al., 1985
Methionine, %
0.48	0 – 4	Growth	Ring–neck	Fuentes, 1981
Methionine + cystine, %
0.94	0 – 4	Growth	Ring–neck	Fuentes, 1981
Calcium, %
0.93	0 – 5	Growth, bone ash	Ring–neck	Scott et al., 1958a
0.53	5 – 14	Growth, bone ash	Ring–neck	Scott et al., 1958a
0.90	0 – 5	Growth, bone ash	Ring–neck	Hinkson et al., 1971
1.2	0 – 8	Growth, bone ash	Ring–neck	Reynnells, 1979
2.1	Sexually mature	Egg production, shell quality, bone ash	Ring–neck	Reynnells, 1979
2.0	Sexually mature	Egg production, fertility, hatchability, body weight	Ring–neck	Wise and Ewins, 1980
Total phosphorus, %
0.98	0 – 4	Growth, bone ash	Ring–neck	Sunde and Bird, 1956
0.7	0 – 5	Growth, bone ash	Ring–neck	Scott et al., 1958a
0.48	5 – 14	Growth, bone ash	Ring–neck	Scott et al., 1958a
Nonphytate phosphorus, %
0.6	0 – 8	Growth, bone ash	Ring–neck	Reynnells, 1979
0.6	Sexually mature	Egg production bone ash	Ring–neck	Reynnells, 1979
Sodium, %
0.22	0 – 4	Growth, liveability	Ring–neck	Scott et al., 1960
Manganese, mg/kg
70	0 – 5	Growth, bone development	Ring–neck	Scott et al., 1959
Zinc, mg/kg
62	0 – 5	Growth, feather and bone development	Ring–neck	Scott et al., 1959
120	0 – 3	Growth, feather development	Ring–neck	Cook et al., 1984
Vitamin D₃, IU/kg
1,500	0 – 5	Growth, bone ash	Ring–neck	Scott et al., 1958a
Riboflavin, mg/kg
3.4	0 – 5	Growth, feather and bone development	Ring–neck	Scott et al., 1959
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg
10	0 – 4	Growth, feather and bone development	Ring–neck	Scott et al., 1964
Niacin, mg/kg
50	0 – 4	Growth, bone development	Ring–neck	Sunde and Bird, 1957
70	0 – 5	Growth, feathering and bone development	Ring–neck	Scott et al., 1959
Choline, mg/kg
1,430	0 – 5	Growth, feather and bone development	Ring–neck	Scott et al., 1959

Page 110 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

TABLE A-11 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Japanese Quail

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	References
Protein, %
24	0–35	Growth, protein retention	Weber and Reid, 1967
24	0–42	Growth	Lepore and Marks, 1971
26	0–35	Growth, feed efficiency	Vogt, 1969
25	0–28	Growth	Vohra and Roudybush, 1971
20	Sexually mature	Egg production, egg weight, feed efficiency	Begin and Insko, 1972
20	Sexually mature	Egg production	Lee et al., 1977
28.4	Sexually mature	Egg production	Sakurai, 1979
16	Sexually mature, peak egg production	Egg production, egg yield, body weight	Allen and Young, 1980
24	Sexually mature	Not specified	Sakurai, 1981
20	Sexually mature	Egg production	Shim and Lee, 1982
24	0–28	Growth, carcass characteristics	Steigner, 1990
Arginine, %
1.25	0–10	Growth	Young et al., 1978
1.13	Sexually mature	Egg production, body weight, egg weight	Allen and Young, 1980
Glycine, %
1.74	0–21	Growth	Svacha et al., 1970
1.17	21–35	Growth	Svacha et al., 1970
Glycine + serine, %
1.14	0–10	Growth	Young et al., 1978
Histidine, %
0.36	0–10	Growth	Young et al., 1978
0.38	Sexually mature	Egg production, body weight, egg weight	Allen and Young, 1980
Isoleucine, %
0.98	0–10	Growth	Young et al., 1978
0.81	Sexually mature	Egg production, body weight, egg yield	Allen and Young, 1980
Leucine, %
1.69	0–10	Growth	Young et al., 1978
1.28	Sexually mature	Egg production, body weight, egg weight	Allen and Young, 1980
Lysine, %
1.37	0–21	Growth	Svacha et al., 1970
1.2	21–35	Growth	Svacha et al., 1970
1.15	0–10	Growth	Young et al., 1978
0.86	Sexually mature	Egg production	Allen and Young, 1980
0.97	Sexually mature	Egg production	Shim and Lee, 1984
Methionine, %
0.43	0–10	Growth	Young et al., 1978
0.37	Sexually mature	Egg production, body weight, egg yield	Allen and Young, 1980
0.48	0–35	Growth, feed efficiency, feather development, carcass yield	Shrivastav and Panda, 1987
0.27	Sexually mature	Egg production	Shim and Lee, 1988
0.39	Sexually mature	Egg production, feather loss	Shim and Lee, 1989
Methionine + cystine, %
0.74	0–21	Growth	Svacha et al., 1970
0.72	21–35	Growth	Svacha et al., 1970
0.72	0–10	Growth	Young et al., 1978
0.68	Sexually mature	Egg production, body weight, egg yield	Allen and Young, 1980
0.75	0–35	Growth, feed efficiency, feather development, carcass yield	Shrivastav and Panda, 1987
0.72	Sexually mature	Egg production	Shim and Lee, 1988
0.71	Sexually mature	Egg production, feather loss	Shim and Chen, 1989
Phenylalanine + tyrosine, %
1.79	0–10	Growth	Young et al., 1978
1.25	Sexually mature	Egg production, body weight, egg yield	Allen and Young, 1980
Threonine, %
1.02	0–10	Growth	Young et al., 1978
0.67	Sexually mature	Egg production, body weight, egg yield	Allen and Young, 1980
Tryptophan, %
0.22	0–10	Growth	Young et al., 1978
0.17	Sexually mature	Egg production, body weight, egg yield	Allen and Young, 1980
Valine, %
0.95	0–10	Growth	Young et al., 1978
0.83	Sexually mature	Egg production, body weight, egg yield	Allen and Young, 1980

Page 111 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

×

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	References
Calcium, %
2.5	Sexually mature	Egg production, hatchability	Nelson et al., 1964
0.80	0–14	Growth, bone ash, calcium and phosphorus retention	Consuegra and Anderson, 1967
0.48	14–28	Growth, bone ash, calcium and phosphorus retention	Consuegra and Anderson, 1967
0.44	0–35	Growth, feed efficiency, bone ash, liveability	Miller, 1967
0.70	0–21	Growth, bone ash	Bisoi et al., 1980
Nonphytate phosphorus, %
0.6	Sexually mature	Egg production, hatchability	Nelson et al., 1964
0.30	0–28	Growth, bone ash, calcium and phosphorus retention	Consuegra and Anderson, 1967
0.3	0–21	Growth, bone ash	Bisoi et al., 1980
Sodium chlorine, %
0.15	0–28	Growth	Scott et al., 1960
0.10	8–35	Growth, liveability, adrenal weight	Lumijarvi and Vohra, 1976
Magnesium, mg/kg
300	0–14	Growth, liveability, hemoglobin, tibia ash	Harland et al., 1976
150 mg	0–14	Growth, liveability	Vohra, 1972b
Iron, mg/kg
120	0–28	Growth, hemoglobin, feathering, bone ash	Harland et al., 1973
Copper, mg/kg
<5	0–28	Growth, hemoglobin, feathering, bone ash	Harland et al., 1973
Manganese, mg/kg
<12	0–28	Growth, hemoglobin, feathering, bone ash	Harland et al., 1973
Zinc, mg/kg
25	0–28	Growth, feathering, tibia ash, liveability	Spivey-Fox and Jacobs, 1967
Selenium, mg/kg
0.1	0–42	Growth, liveability	Thompson and Scott, 1967
Iodine, mg/kg
0.3	0–28	Growth, thyroid weight	Scott et al., 1960
Vitamin A, IU/kg
1,650	7–56	Growth, liveability	Shellenberger and Lee, 1966
3,300	Sexually mature	Hatchability	Shellenberger and Lee, 1966
825	0–14	Growth	Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974
1,000	0–10	Growth, liver vitamin A	Parrish and Al-Hasani, 1983
3,200	Sexually mature	Hatchability, liveability, vitamin A in yolk	Parrish and Al-Hasani, 1983
Vitamin D, IU/kg
480	0–21	Bone ash, plasma calcium	Shue, 1967
750	0–14	Growth	Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974
Thiamine, mg/kg
6	0–14	Growth	Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974
1.2	0–35	Growth, liveability	Mak and Vohra, 1982
Niacin, mg/kg
40	0–14	Growth	Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974
15	0–35	Growth, viability	Mak and Vohra, 1982
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg
40	0–7	Growth, feather development, dermatitis	Spivey-Fox et al., 1966
10	7–35	Growth, feather development, dermatitis	Spivey-Fox et al., 1966
10	0–35	Growth, feather development	Cutler and Vohra, 1967
15	Sexually mature	Fertility, hatchability	Cutler and Vohra, 1967
23	0–14	Growth	Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974
Riboflavin, mg/kg
8	0–14	Growth	Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974
2	0–35	Growth, viability	Mak and Vohra, 1982
Choline, mg/kg
2,500	0–28	Growth, feed efficiency	Vogt, 1970
2,090	Sexually mature	Egg weight	Latshaw and Jensen, 1971
1,045–2,090	Sexually mature	Body weight, liver lipids	Latshaw and Jensen, 1972
1,300	0–14	Growth	Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974
Folacin, mg/kg
0.36	Not specified	Growth, liveability	Wong et al., 1977
Pyridoxine, mg/kg
6	0–14	Growth	Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974
1,25	0–35	Growth, viability	Mak and Vohra, 1982

Page 112 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

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TABLE A-12 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Bobwhite Quail

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement	Age Period (Days)	Response Criteria	References
Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg
2,850–3,170	0–5	Growth, energy consumption, feed efficiency	Wilson et al., 1977
Protein, %
28	0–8	Growth, liveability	Baldini et al., 1950
20	0–6	Growth, liveability	Baldini et al., 1953
26.5	0–4	Growth, feed efficiency, feathering	Scott et al., 1963
28	0–6	Growth	Andrews et al., 1973
20	6–9	Growth	Andrews et al., 1973
26	0–5	Growth, feed efficiency	Serafin, 1977
24	0–5	Growth, feed efficiency	Serafin, 1982
Methionine + cystine, %
1.0	0–5	Growth	Serafin, 1982
Calcium, %
0.65	0–6	Growth, liveability, bone ash	Wilson et al., 1972
2.3	Sexually mature	Egg production, eggshell thickness, fertility, hatchability	Dewitt et al., 1949
2.4	Sexually mature	Egg production, eggshell thickness, fertility	Cain et al., 1982
Nonphytate phosphorus, %
0.8	Sexually mature	Egg production, fertility, hatchability, liveability of offspring	Dewitt et al., 1949
0.40	0–6	Growth, liveability, tibia ash	Scott et al., 1958b
0.28	6–12	Growth, liveability, bone ash	Scott et al., 1958b
0.45	0–6	Growth, liveability, bone ash	Wilson et al., 1972
0.35	0–6	Growth, bone ash	Powell et al., 1974
>0.70	Sexually mature	Egg production, egg shell thickness, fertility	Cain et al., 1982
Vitamin A, IU/kg
8,800	0–10	Growth, liveability	Nestler, 1946
13,200	Sexually mature	Reproduction, survival of offspring	Nestler, 1946
Riboflavin, mg/kg
3.8	0–5	Growth, feed efficiency, liveability	Serafin, 1974
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg
10	0–4	Growth, liveability, feathering, leg development	Scott et al., 1964
12.6	0–5	Growth, feed efficiency, liveability	Serafin, 1974
Niacin, mg/kg
31	0–5	Growth, feed efficiency, liveability	Serafin, 1974
Choline, mg/kg
1,500	0–5	Growth, feed efficiency, liveability	Serafin, 1974

Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994 (1994)

Chapter: Appendix A: Documentation of Nutrient Requirements

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