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TABLE A–1 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Starting and Growing Leghorn—Type Chickens
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
Protein, % |
||||
20 |
0–14 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Grau and Kamei, 1950 |
21.1 |
0–42 |
Growth |
White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red |
Edwards et al., 1956 |
14–20 |
84–140 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
McNaughton et al., 1977b |
15–18 |
0–42 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
McNaughton et al., 1977b |
12 |
0–56 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Leeson and Summers, 1979 |
16 |
56–84 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Leeson and Summers, 1979 |
19 |
84–104 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Leeson and Summers, 1979 |
14 and 21 |
56–140 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Douglas and Harms, 1982 |
12 or 13.6 |
0–42 |
Growth |
Commercial brown-egg layers |
Maurice et al., 1982 |
16 or 13.6 |
42–140 |
Growth |
Commercial brown-egg layers |
Maurice et al., 1982 |
18 |
0–28 |
Growth of muscle fiber |
White Leghorn |
Timson et al., 1983 |
18 |
0–42 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Keshavarz, 1984 |
12 |
42–140 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Keshavarz, 1984 |
16.5 |
140–504 |
Laying |
White Leghorn |
Keshavarz, 1984 |
22 |
0–28 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Leeson and Summers, 1984 |
18 |
0–140 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Chi, 1985 |
Isoleucine, % |
||||
0.5 |
8–18 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Mori and Okumura, 1984 |
Leucine, % |
||||
1.2 |
8–18 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Mori and Okumura, 1984 |
Lysine, % |
||||
0.9–1.1 |
0–42 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Edwards et al., 1956 |
0.94 |
1–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
White Leghorn |
Chung et al., 1973 |
0.70 |
35–49 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
White Leghorn |
Chung et al., 1973 |
<0.5 |
56–98 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Berg, 1976 |
<0.45 |
98–147 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Berg, 1976 |
0.68 |
0–504 |
Growth, egg production |
White Leghorn |
Keshavarz, 1984 |
Methionine, % |
||||
0.8 |
0–14 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Grau and Kamei, 1950 |
Methionine and cystine, % |
||||
0.8 |
0–14 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Grau and Kamei, 1950 |
0.59 |
0–504 |
Growth, laying |
White Leghorn |
Keshavarz, 1984 |
0.45 |
0–42 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Chi, 1985 |
Threonine, % |
||||
0.72 |
7–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
White Leghorn |
Davis and Austic, 1982 |
Valine, % |
||||
0.8 |
8–18 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Mori and Okumura, 1984 |
Requirements for essential amino acids described in review papers |
Various |
Growth |
Primarily White Leghorn |
Almquist, 1952 |
Requirements for essential amino acids described in review papers |
Various |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Waldroup et al., 1980 |
Requirements for essential amino acids described in review papers |
Various |
Growth, egg production |
White Leghorn |
Harms, 1984 |
Calcium |
||||
0.78 |
0–153 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Hamilton and Cipera, 1981 |
3.19 |
154–439 |
Egg production |
White Leghorn |
Hamilton and Cipera, 1981 |
0.89 |
35–126 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Classen and Scott, 1982 |
2.08 |
12–154 |
Growth, subsequent egg production |
White Leghorn |
Classen and Scott, 1982 |
3.50 |
177–225 |
Egg production |
White Leghorn |
Classen and Scott, 1982 |
2.0–3.5 |
At 133 to 4th egg |
Growth, bone development |
White Leghorn |
Leeson et al., 1986 |
0.8 |
98–140 |
Growth, subsequent egg production |
White Leghorn |
Keshavarz, 1987 |
3.5 |
98–140 |
Egg production |
White Leghorn |
Keshavarz, 1987 |
3.55 |
140–420 |
Egg production |
White Leghorn |
Keshavarz, 1987 |
4.0 |
>112 |
Egg production |
White Leghorn |
Leeson and Summers, 1987b |
Nonphytate phosphorus, % |
||||
0.4–0.6 |
7–28 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Gillis et al., 1949 |
0.25–0.30 |
0–140 |
Growth |
Brown-egg layers |
Carew and Foss, 1980 |
0.31 |
112–140 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Douglas and Harms, 1986 |
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
Potassium, % |
||||
0.20–0.24 |
0–28 |
Growth, bone calcification |
White Leghorn |
Gillis, 1948 |
Sodium, % |
||||
0.10–0.30 |
0–28 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Burns et al., 1953 |
0.13 |
0–21 |
Growth |
White Rock |
Hurwitz et al., 1973 |
0.15 |
0–140 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Manning and McGinnis, 1980 |
Chlorine, % |
||||
0.13 |
0–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler Strain |
Nam and McGinnis, 1981 |
Sodium chloride, % |
||||
0.25 |
0–140 |
Growth, sexual maturity |
White Leghorn |
Leeson and Summers, 1980 |
Magnesium, mg/kg |
||||
300 |
0–28 |
Deficiency, neuropathy |
White Leghorn |
Bird, 1949 |
250 |
0–28 |
Growth |
Broiler strain |
Gardiner et al., 1960 |
594 |
0–21 |
Growth |
White Rock |
Nugara and Edwards, 1963 |
Manganese, mg/kg |
||||
50 |
0–140 |
Growth, perosis |
New Hampshire |
Gallup and Norris, 1939a |
20 |
0–28 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Watson et al., 1971 |
Zinc, mg/kg |
||||
35 |
0–42 |
Growth, feathering, bone development |
White Rock |
O'Dell et al., 1958 |
20 |
0–42 |
Growth |
White Rock |
Edwards et al., 1959 |
20 |
To 1st egg |
Growth, feed efficiency |
White Leghorn |
Rahman et al., 1961 |
78 |
0–7 |
Growth, feathering |
White Leghorn |
Sunde, 1972 |
52 |
7–21 |
Growth, feathering |
White Leghorn |
Sunde, 1972 |
Iron, mg/kg |
||||
40 |
0–56 |
Growth |
Rhode Island Red |
Hill and Matrone, 1961 |
4 |
0–56 |
Growth |
Rhode Island Red |
Hill and Matrone, 1961 |
56 |
0–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
Waddell and Sell, 1964 |
75–80 |
0–28 |
Growth |
New Hampshire |
Davis et al., 1968 |
Copper, mg/kg |
||||
4 |
0–56 |
Growth |
Rhode Island Red |
Hill and Matrone, 1961 |
Iodine, mg/kg |
||||
0.300 |
0–56 |
Growth, thyoid histology |
White Leghorn and Broiler strains |
Creek et al., 1957 |
0.400 |
0–56 |
Growth, thyoid histology |
White Leghorn and Broiler strains |
Creek et al., 1957 |
0.075 |
0–35 |
Growth |
Broiler strain |
Rogler and Parker, 1978 |
Selenium, mg/kg |
||||
0.01 to 0.05, depending on dietary concentration of Vitamin E |
0–24 |
Growth |
Plymouth Rock |
Thompson and Scott, 1969 |
0.01 to 0.05, depending on dietary concentration of Vitamin E |
0–14 |
Growth |
Plymouth Rock |
Gries and Scott, 1972c |
Vitamin A, IU/kg |
||||
800–1600 |
0–56 |
Growth, absence of deficiency signs |
White Leghorn |
Record et al., 1937 |
1,200–2,000 |
70–84 |
Curative feeding |
White Leghorn |
Record et al., 1937 |
2,650 |
0–189 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Taylor and Russell, 1947 |
1,760–7,000 |
0–56 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Thornton and Whittet, 1962 |
4,400 |
0–113 |
Growth, E. acervulina resistance |
White Leghorn |
Coles et al., 1970 |
Vitamin D3 IU/kg |
||||
180 |
0–84 |
Growth, bone development |
Brown-egg layers |
Baird and Greene, 1935 |
132 |
0–21 |
Growth, bone development |
Broiler strain |
McNaughton et al., 1977a |
198 |
0–21 |
Growth, bone development |
Broiler strain |
McNaughton et al., 1977a |
500 |
Adults |
Egg production, shell quality |
Various strains |
Ameenuddin et al., 1985 |
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
Vitamin E, IU/kg |
||||
60 |
Various |
To prevent exudative diathesis, encephalomalacia, muscular degeneration |
Various strains |
Machlin and Gordon, 1962 |
30–50 |
0–35 |
Growth |
White Rock |
Combs and Scott, 1974 |
Vitamin K, mg/kg |
||||
0.524–0.528 |
0–28 |
Growth |
White Rock |
Nelson and Norris, 1960 |
0.515 |
0–84 |
Growth |
White Rock |
Nelson and Norris, 1961a |
0.524–0.528 |
0–28 |
Growth |
White Rock |
Nelson and Norris, 1961b |
Riboflavin, mg/kg |
||||
3.5 decreasing to 1.0 |
0–7 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Heuser et al., 1938 |
3.5 decreasing to 1.0 |
49–56 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Heuser et al., 1938 |
3 |
0–56 |
Growth, prevention of curled toe paralysis |
White Leghorn |
Bethke and Record, 1942 |
2.3 |
0–42 |
Growth, prevention of curled toe paralysis |
White Leghorn |
Bootwalla and Harms, 1990 |
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg |
||||
6 |
0–42 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Bauernfeind et al., 1942 |
6.6 |
0–150 |
Growth, egg quality, hatchability |
New Hampshire |
Balloun and Phillips, 1957b |
4.8 |
0–42 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Bootwalla and Harms, 1991 |
Niacin, mg/kg |
||||
28 |
0–56 |
Growth |
Barred Plymouth Rock |
Childs et al., 1952 |
1.8 |
42–77 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Sunde, 1955 |
17.5–20 |
0–28 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Patterson et al., 1956 |
Vitamin B12, mg/kg |
||||
4.4 |
0–77 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Davis and Briggs, 1951 |
27 |
0–23 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Ott, 1951 |
2.5 |
0–42 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Miller et al., 1956 |
10 |
0–21 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Patel and McGinnis, 1980 |
Choline, mg/kg |
||||
2,000 |
0–147 |
Growth, egg production |
White Leghorn |
Nesheim et al., 1971 |
1,000 |
0–126 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Tsiagbe et al., 1982 |
Biotin, µg/kg |
||||
260 |
0–18 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
Anderson and Warnick, 1970 |
Folic Acid, mg/kg |
||||
0.80 |
0–35 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
White Leghorn |
March and Biely, 1955 |
0.30 |
0–28 |
Growth |
Broiler strain |
Young et al., 1955 |
0.33 to 1.45, depending on protein level |
0–35 |
Growth |
New Hampshire |
March and Biely, 1956 |
0.30 |
0–18 |
Growth |
Broiler strain |
Creek and Vasaitis, 1963 |
Thiamine, mg/kg |
||||
0.6–0.8 |
0–35 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Arnold and Elvehjem, 1938 |
0.88 |
0–28 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Thornton, 1960 |
0.88 |
0–28 |
Gain, feed efficiency |
White Leghorn |
Thornton and Shutze, 1960 |
Pyridoxine, mg/kg |
||||
2.8–3.0 |
0–28 |
Growth |
White Leghorn |
Briggs et al., 1942 |
5.7 |
0–56 |
Growth |
White Plymouth Rock |
Fuller and Kifer, 1959 |
5 |
0–21 |
Growth |
Broiler strain |
Kazemi and Kratzer, 1980 |
TABLE A–2 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Leghorn—Type Chickens in Egg Production
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Weeks) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
Protein, g/bird daily |
||||
14.9 |
24–60 |
Egg yield |
White Leghorn |
Balloun and Speers, 1969 |
14 |
24–72 |
Egg yield |
White Leghorn |
Thayer et al., 1974 |
15 |
20–72 |
Egg yield |
White Leghorn |
Proudfoot et al., 1988 |
Arginine, mg/bird daily |
||||
400 |
Not specified |
Egg yield |
White Leghorn |
Adkins et al., 1962 |
Isoleucine, mg/bird daily |
||||
475 |
Not specified |
Egg yield |
White Leghorn |
Bray, 1969 |
650 |
Not specified |
Egg yield |
White Leghorn |
Gous et al., 1987 |
Lysine, mg/bird daily |
||||
690 |
22–42 |
Egg yield |
White Leghorn |
Nathanael and Sell, 1980 |
650 |
24–72 |
Egg yield |
White Leghorn |
Latshaw, 1981 |
620 |
20–72 |
Egg yield |
White Leghorn |
Proudfoot et al., 1988 |
Methionine + cystine, mg/bird daily |
||||
500 |
20 from onset of lay |
Egg yield |
White Leghorn |
Reid and Weber, 1973 |
530 |
24–72 |
Egg yield |
White Leghorn |
Latshaw, 1981 |
Threonine, mg/bird daily |
||||
400 |
Not specified |
Egg yield |
White Leghorn |
Adkins et al., 1958 |
Tryptophan, mg/bird daily |
||||
165 |
20–76 |
Egg yield |
White Leghorn |
Wethli and Morris, 1978 |
239 |
20–76 |
Egg yield |
Rhode Island Red |
Ohtani et al., 1989 |
Valine, % |
||||
0.64 |
Not specified |
Egg yield |
Crossbreds |
Hurwitz and Bornstein, 1978 |
Linoleic acid, % |
||||
2.0 |
22–54 |
Egg production |
White Leghorn |
Menge, 1970 |
1.0 |
22–54 |
Egg weight |
White Leghorn |
Menge, 1970 |
1.0 |
22–54 |
Hatch |
White Leghorn |
Menge, 1970 |
0.9 |
20–72 |
Egg weight |
White Leghorn |
Whitehead, 1981 |
Calcium, g/bird daily |
||||
3.12 |
48–55 |
Egg production, shell strength |
White Leghorn |
Atteh and Leeson, 1983 |
3.15 |
24–72 |
Egg production |
White Leghorn |
Scheideler and Sell, 1986 |
>2.8 |
54–58 |
Egg production, shell strength |
White Leghorn |
Austic and Keshavarz, 1988 |
Nonphytate Phosphorus, mg/bird daily |
||||
215 |
28–36 |
Egg production |
White Leghorn |
Miles et al., 1983 |
250 |
21–32 |
Egg production |
White Leghorn |
Said and Sullivan, 1985 |
250 |
35–51 |
Egg production |
White Leghorn |
Sell et al., 1987 |
>150 |
52–72 |
Egg production |
White Leghorn |
Sell et al., 1987 |
Potassium, % |
||||
0.10 |
12 |
Egg production, egg weight, shell thickness |
White Leghorn |
Leach, 1974 |
Sodium, mg/bird daily |
||||
140–150 |
20–48 |
Egg production, feed conversion |
White Leghorn |
Reid, 1977 |
130 |
21–45 |
Egg yield |
Medium weight brown-egg layers |
Sauveur and Mongin, 1978 |
Chlorine, mg/bird daily |
||||
132 |
Not specified |
Egg production |
White Leghorn |
Vogt, 1977 |
Magnesium, mg/kg |
||||
350 |
25–31 |
Egg production, egg weight |
White Leghorn |
Cox and Sell, 1967 |
900 |
Not specified |
Egg production |
White Leghorn |
Edwards and Nugara, 1968 |
355 |
30–38 |
Egg production, hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Hajj and Sell, 1969 |
Managenese, mg/kg |
||||
>13 |
21–33 |
Egg production, hatchability |
New Hampshire |
Gallup and Norris, 1939b |
20 |
22 |
Egg production, egg weight, shell quality |
White Leghorn |
Cox and Balloun, 1969 |
>7 |
17–23 |
Shell quality |
White Leghorn |
Longstaff and Hill, 1971 |
Zinc, mg/kg |
||||
28 |
22–72 |
Egg yield, hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Stahl et al., 1986 |
54 |
Not specified |
Feather condition of progeny |
White Leghorn |
Stahl et al., 1986 |
Iron, mg/kg |
||||
45 |
Not specified |
Hematocrit |
White Leghorn |
Morck and Austic, 1981 |
55 |
Not specified |
Hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Morck and Austic, 1981 |
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Weeks) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
Copper, mg/kg |
||||
>1 |
44–48 |
Shell quality |
White Leghorn |
Baumgartner et al., 1978 |
<2.5 |
44–48 |
Shell quality |
White Leghorn |
Baumgartner et al., 1978 |
Iodine, µg/kg |
||||
35 |
4–45 |
Hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Rogler et al., 1959a |
>75 |
4–45 |
Embryonic thyroid |
White Leghorn |
Rogler et al., 1959b |
Selenium, mg/kg |
||||
0.05 |
32–56 |
Egg production |
White Leghorn |
Latshaw et al., 1977 |
0.05 |
32–57 |
Egg production, hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Combs and Scott, 1979 |
Vitamin A, IU/kg |
||||
3,520 |
26–70 |
Egg production, blood spots, hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Hill et al., 1961 |
2,750 |
20–64 |
Egg production, fertility, hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Reid et al., 1965 |
Vitamin D3, IU/kg |
||||
150 |
21–34 |
Egg production, shell quality, fertility, hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Abdurahim et al., 1979 |
250 |
30–46 |
Egg production, shell quality |
White Leghorn |
Shen et al., 1981 |
Vitamin E, IU/kg |
||||
12 |
Not specified |
Hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Jensen and McGinnis, 1960 |
41 in presence of oxidized fat |
Not specified |
Hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Olson et al., 1962 |
Vitamin K, mg/kg |
||||
>1.0 |
Not specified |
Hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Griminger, 1964 |
Riboflavin, mg/kg |
||||
2.5 |
30–45 |
Egg production |
White Leghorn |
Petersen et al., 1947a |
3.6 |
30–45 |
Hatchability, chick quality |
White Leghorn |
Petersen et al., 1947b |
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg |
||||
6.5 |
Not specified |
Hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Gillis et al., 1948 |
7 |
Not specified |
Hatchability |
New Hampshire |
Balloun and Phillips, 1957a |
1.9 |
28–53 |
Egg production |
White Leghorn |
Beer et al., 1963 |
4.9 |
28–53 |
Hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Beer et al., 1963 |
8.9 |
28–53 |
Viability of progeny |
White Leghorn |
Beer et al., 1963 |
Niacin, mg/kg |
||||
9 |
Not specified |
Egg production, hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Ringrose et al., 1965 |
11 |
Not specified |
Egg production, hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Ringrose et al., 1965 |
<21 |
41–57 |
Egg yield, hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Ouart et al., 1987 |
Vitamin B12, µg/kg |
||||
1.0 |
22–35 |
Hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Mariakulandai and McGinnis, 1953 |
1–2 |
Not specified |
Hatchability |
New Hampshire |
Johnson, 1954 |
0.5–1.0 |
Not specified |
Hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Chin et al., 1958 |
Choline, mg/kg |
||||
1,050 |
50–66 |
Egg yield |
White Leghorn |
Miles et al., 1986 |
<1,480 |
45–57 |
Egg yield |
White Leghorn |
Parsons and Leeper, 1984 |
1,000 |
32–52 |
Egg yield |
White Leghorn |
Keshavarz and Austic, 1985 |
Biotin, mg/kg |
||||
0.10 |
19–73 |
Egg production |
White Leghorn |
Whitehead, 1980 |
Folic acid, mg/kg |
||||
0.5 |
44–55 |
Egg production, hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Sunde et al., 1950a,b |
0.2 |
Not specified |
Hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Couch and German, 1950 |
Thiamin, mg/kg |
||||
0.68 |
Not specified |
Hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Polin et al., 1963 |
Pyridoxine, mg/kg |
||||
2.5 |
Not specified |
Egg production, hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Cravens et al., 1946 |
2.3 |
Not specified |
Egg production, hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Fuller et al., 1961 |
4.5 |
Not specified |
Egg production, hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Fuller et al., 1961 |
TABLE A–3 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Starting and Growing Market Broilers
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
Arginine, % |
||||
1.2 |
10–20 |
Growth |
Not specified |
Almquist, 1947 |
=1.11 |
7–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Snyder et al., 1956 |
=0.85 |
7–28 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Barred Plymouth Rock |
Krautmann et al., 1957 |
1.08 |
7–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Klain et al., 1960 |
0.92 |
7–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency nitrogen balance (adjusted to 23% crude protein diet |
White Plymouth Rock × Light Sussex |
Lewis et al., 1963 |
1.10 |
7–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Dean and Scott, 1965 |
0.78 |
7–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Allen and Baker, 1972 |
0.85 |
7–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
Hewitt and Lewis, 1972 |
=0.76 |
14–28 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Woodham and Deans, 1975 |
1.13, males |
28–49 |
Growth, feed efficiency, feather loss |
Hubbard × Hubbard |
Kessler and Thomas, 1976 |
0.98, females |
28–49 |
Growth, feed efficiency, feather loss |
Hubbard × Hubbard |
Kessler and Thomas, 1976 |
1.33 |
7–14 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
1.19 |
14–21 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
1.16 |
21–28 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
1.10 |
28–35 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.99 |
35–42 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.96 |
42–49 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
1.05 |
49–56 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
1.4 |
1–28 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
Burton and Waldroup, 1979 |
1.25 |
8–29 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Vedette ISA |
Alimentation Equilibree Commentri, 1981 |
0.91 |
29–50 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Vedette ISA |
Alimentation Equilibree Commentri, 1981 |
1.25 |
0–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Peterson × Arbor Acre |
Cuca and Jensen, 1990 |
Glycine + serine, % |
||||
1.6 |
8–16 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Dean and Scott, 1965 |
=0.3 |
8–16 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Baker et al., 1968 |
0.5–1.0 |
1–10 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Cobb |
Coon et al., 1974 |
=1.8 |
1–23 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Ngo and Coon, 1976 |
0.60 |
8–16 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Baker et al., 1979 |
Histidine, % |
||||
0.4 |
8–13 or 15 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Klain et al., 1960 |
0.3 |
8–16 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Dean and Scott, 1965 |
=0.34 |
14–28 |
Total protein efficiency |
Ross |
Woodham and Deans, 1975 |
0.33 |
8–16 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Baker et al., 1979 |
0.32 |
8–22 |
Growth |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Han et al., 1991 |
Isoleucine, % |
||||
0.60 |
10–24 |
Growth |
Not specified |
Almquist, 1947 |
0.73 |
8–15 |
Growth |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Klain et al., 1960 |
0.80 |
8–16 |
Growth |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Dean and Scott, 1965 |
=0.52 |
7–21 |
Growth, plasma amino acid levels |
Not specified |
D'Mello, 1974 |
0.48 |
14–28 |
Total protein efficiency |
Ross |
Woodham and Deans, 1975 |
0.60 |
8–16 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Baker et. al., 1979 |
0.81 |
7–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Ross × Arbor Acre |
Farran and Thomas, 1990 |
Leucine, % |
||||
1.4 |
10 or 24 |
Growth |
Not specified |
Almquist, 1947 |
1.68 |
8–13 or 15 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Klain et. al., 1960 |
1.2 |
8–16 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Dean and Scott, 1965 |
1.10 |
7–21 |
Growth, plasma amino acid levels |
Not specified |
D'Mello, 1974 |
=1.05 |
14–28 |
Total protein efficiency |
Ross |
Woodham and Deans, 1975 |
1.00 |
8–16 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Baker et al., 1979 |
1.16 |
7–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Ross × Arbor Acre |
Farran and Thomas, 1990 |
Lysine, % |
||||
0.90 |
2–14 |
Growth |
Not specified |
Almquist and Mecchi, 1942 |
0.96 |
14–28 |
Growth |
Not specified |
Grau et al., 1946 |
0.90 |
10–20 |
Growth |
Not specified |
Almquist, 1947 |
1.00 |
0–42 |
Growth |
Rhode Island Red × White Leghorn |
Milligan et al., 1951 |
0.72 |
56–63 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Rhode Island Red |
Bird, 1953 |
1.10 |
1–28 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Rhode Island Red × Barred Plymouth Rock |
Edwards et al., 1956 |
1.01 |
7–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Klain et al., 1960 |
0.83 |
7–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency, plasma amino acids |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Zimmerman and Scott, 1965 |
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
0.70 |
14–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency, plasma amino acids |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Zimmerman and Scott, 1965 |
0.67 |
21–28 |
Growth, feed efficiency, plasma amino acids |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Zimmerman and Scott, 1965 |
0.59 |
28–35 |
Growth, feed efficiency, plasma amino acids |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Zimmerman and Scott, 1965 |
0.92 |
35–56 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
Bornstein, 1970 |
0.85 |
7–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
Hewitt and Lewis, 1972 |
1.05 |
14–28 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Boomgaardt and Baker, 1973a |
1.06 |
14–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Boomgaardt and Baker, 1973b |
0.92 |
42–56 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Boomgaardt and Baker, 1973b |
0.68 |
49–63 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
Twining et al., 1973 |
1.12 |
7–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Woodham and Deans, 1975 |
0.64, females |
49–63 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Vantress × Arbor Acre |
Thomas et al., 1977 |
0.69, males |
49–63 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Vantress × Arbor Acre |
Thomas et al., 1977 |
1.18 |
7–14 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
1.00 |
14–21 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.95 |
21–28 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.87 |
28–35 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.78 |
35–42 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.76 |
42–49 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.84 |
49–56 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
1.10 |
14–28 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
McNaughton et al., 1978 |
1.18 |
1–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
Attia and Latshaw, 1979 |
1.10 |
1–28 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
Burton and Waldroup, 1979 |
0.99 |
35–42 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Cornish × White Plymouth Rock |
Holsheimer, 1981 |
Methionine, % |
||||
0.50 |
10–20 |
Growth |
Not specified |
Almquist, 1947 |
0.45 |
7–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Dean and Scott, 1965 |
0.18 |
7–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Klain et al., 1960 |
0.39 |
7–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
Hewitt and Lewis, 1972 |
0.39 |
7–14 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.34 |
14–21 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.34 |
21–28 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.31 |
28–35 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.27 |
35–42 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.27 |
42–49 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.29 |
49–56 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.57 |
1–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Cobb |
Waldroup et al., 1979 |
0.44 |
8–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Robbins and Baker, 1980a |
0.46 |
1–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency, feathering |
White Mountain × Hubbard |
Moran, 1981 |
0.36, males |
35–56 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
White Mountain × Hubbard |
Moran, 1981 |
0.29, females |
35–49 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
White Mountain × Hubbard |
Moran, 1981 |
0.49 |
7–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
Thomas et al., 1985 |
0.55 |
1–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
Tillman and Pesti, 1985 |
Methionine + cystine, % |
||||
0.90 |
10–20 |
Growth |
Not specified |
Almquist, 1947 |
0.80 |
7–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Dean and Scott, 1960 |
0.47 |
7–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Klain et al., 1960 |
0.70 |
0–42 |
Feed efficiency |
Vantress × New Hampshire |
Nelson et al., 1960 |
0.81 |
0–28 |
Feed efficiency |
Vantress × New Hampshire |
Nelson et al., 1960 |
0.5 |
28–56 |
Growth |
Hubbard |
Adams et al., 1962 |
>0.6–<0.7 |
28–56 |
Feed efficiency |
Hubbard |
Adams et al., 1963 |
0.81 |
0–35 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Cornish × White Plymouth Rock |
Bornstein and Lipstein, 1964 |
0.90 |
0–35 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Cornish × White Plymouth Rock |
Bornstein and Lipstein, 1964 |
0.67 |
35–56 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Cornish × White Plymouth Rock |
Bornstein and Lipstein, 1966 |
0.60 |
7–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Graber et al., 1971 |
0.63 |
35–42 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Graber et al., 1971 |
0.65 |
49–56 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Graber et al., 1971 |
0.79 |
7–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
Hewitt and Lewis, 1972 |
0.70 |
14–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Colubmian |
Boomgaardt and Baker, 1973b |
0.51 |
42–56 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Boomgaardt and Baker, 1973b |
0.92 |
8–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency, nitrogen retention |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Boomgaardt and Baker, 1973c |
0.58 |
14–28 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Woodham and Deans, 1975 |
0.93 |
0–28 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Cobb |
Murillo et al., 1976 |
0.61 |
35–49 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.84 |
7–14 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.78 |
14–21 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.79 |
21–28 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
0.76 |
28–35 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.68 |
35–42 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.69 |
42–49 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.39 |
49–56 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.86 |
1–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
Attia and Latshaw, 1979 |
0.90 |
1–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Cobb |
Waldroup et al., 1979 |
0.80 |
8–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Robbins and Baker, 1980a |
0.52 |
8–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Robbins and Baker, 1980a |
0.55 |
8–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Hubbard |
Robbins and Baker, 1980b |
0.57 |
8–16 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Willis and Baker, 1980 |
0.70 |
35–42 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Cornish × White Plymouth Rock |
Holsheimer, 1981 |
0.87, males |
1–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency, feathering |
White Mountain × Hubbard |
Moran, 1981 |
0.92, females |
1–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency, feathering |
White Mountain × Hubbard |
Moran, 1981 |
0.81, males |
35–52 |
Growth, feed efficiency, feathering |
White Mountain × Hubbard |
Moran, 1981 |
0.82 |
1–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Cobb |
Wheeler and Latshaw, 1981 |
>0.70–<0.76 |
21–42 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Cobb |
Wheeler and Latshaw, 1981 |
0.65 |
8–16 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Willis and Baker, 1981a |
0.50 |
7–17 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Baker et al., 1983 |
0.87 |
7–24 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Baker et al., 1983 |
0.80 |
1–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Hubbard |
Mitchell and Robbins, 1983 |
0.72 |
21–42 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Hubbard |
Mitchell and Robbins, 1983 |
0.77 |
7–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
Thomas et al., 1985 |
0.78 |
21–42 |
Growth, feed efficiency, carcass fat |
Peterson × Arbor Acres |
Jensen et al., 1989 |
Phenylalanine + tyrosine, % |
||||
1.6 |
10–20 or 40 |
Growth |
Not specified |
Almquist, 1947 |
=1.0 |
4–10 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Fisher et al., 1957 |
1.30 |
8–13 or 15 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Klain et al., 1960 |
1.31 |
8–16 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Dean and Scott, 1965 |
0.87 |
8–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Sasse and Baker, 1972 |
1.09–1.12 |
14–28 |
Total protein efficiency |
Ross |
Woodham and Deans, 1975 |
0.95 |
8–16 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Baker et al., 1979 |
Threonine, % |
||||
0.60 |
10–20 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Almquist, 1947 |
0.45 |
1–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
White Leghorn |
Grau, 1947 |
0.55–0.60 |
7–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Barred Plymouth Rock |
Krautmann et al., 1958 |
0.58 |
7–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Klain et al., 1960 |
0.65 |
7–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Dean and Scott, 1965 |
0.70 |
1–18 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × White Leghorn |
Bhargava et al., 1971 |
0.53 |
7–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
Hewitt and Lewis, 1972 |
0.52 |
14–28 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Woodham and Deans, 1975 |
0.80 |
7–14 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.71 |
14–21 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.71 |
21–28 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.67 |
28–35 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.60 |
35–42 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.60 |
42–49 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.64 |
49–56 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.73–0.75 |
1–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
ISA JV 715 |
Uzu, 1986 |
0.68 |
22–42 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
ISA JV 715 |
Uzu, 1986 |
0.85 |
3–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency (adjusted to 23% crude protein |
Peterson |
Robbins, 1987 |
0.72, males |
7–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
Thomas et al., 1987 |
0.67, females |
7–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
Thomas et al., 1987 |
0.79 |
1–27 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Hybro |
Bertram et al., 1988 |
0.79 |
7–20 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Vantress × Arbor Acres |
Smith and Waldroup, 1988a |
0.70–0.77 |
1–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
Austic and Rangel-Lugo, 1989 |
Tryptophan, % |
||||
0.25 |
10–20 |
Growth |
Not specified |
Almquist, 1947 |
0.18 |
10–24 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × White Leghorn |
Wilkening et al., 1947 |
0.143 |
10–20 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Griminger et al., 1956 |
0.17 |
7–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Klain et al., 1960 |
0.225 |
7–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Dean and Scott, 1965 |
0.20 |
8–14 |
Growth, feed efficiency (adjusted to 23% CP |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Boomgaardt and Baker, 1971 |
0.17 |
7–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
Hewitt and Lewis, 1972 |
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
=0.14 |
14–28 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Woodham and Deans, 1975 |
0.179 |
28–49 |
Growth, feed efficiency, feather scores |
Arbor Acres |
Hunchar and Thomas, 1976 |
0.163 |
7–14 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.144 |
14–21 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.141 |
21–28 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.134 |
28–35 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.118 |
35–42 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.122 |
42–49 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.128 |
49–56 |
Computer model |
Not specified |
Hurwitz et al., 1978 |
0.17 |
7–56 |
Growth |
Cobb |
Freeman, 1979 |
0.24 |
0–7 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Cobb |
Freeman, 1979 |
0.19 |
7–34 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Lohmann |
Steinhart and Kirchgessner, 1984 |
=0.16 |
7–20 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Vantress × Arbor Acres |
Smith and Waldroup, 1988b |
0.22 |
8–22 |
Growth |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Han et al., 1991 |
Valine, % |
||||
0.80 |
10–20 or 24 |
Growth |
Not specified |
Almquist, 1947 |
0.83 |
8–13 or 15 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Klain et al., 1960 |
0.82 |
8–16 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Dean and Scott, 1965 |
0.75 |
7–21 |
Growth, plasma amino acid levels |
Not specified |
D'Mello, 1974 |
0.69–0.71 |
14–28 |
Total protein efficiency |
Ross |
Woodham and Deans, 1975 |
0.69 |
8–16 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Baker et al., 1979 |
>0.72 |
21–42 |
Feed efficiency, abdominal fat |
Broiler strain |
Mendonca and Jensen, 1989a |
0.90 |
7–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Ross × Arbor Acres |
Farran and Thomas, 1990 |
Proline, % |
||||
=0.5 |
9–15 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Green et al., 1962 |
0.4–0.8 |
8–14 |
Growth |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Graber et al., 1970 |
0.40 |
8–16 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Baker et al., 1979 |
Linoleic, % |
||||
|
Varied cited in a review |
Growth, tissue triene: tetraene ratio |
Various |
Balnave, 1970 |
Calcium, % |
||||
0.90 |
29–56 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
Waldroup et al., 1963a |
0.74 |
0–28 |
Growth, bone ash |
Vantress × Arbor Acres |
Twining et al., 1965 |
0.80 |
42–56 |
Growth, feed efficiency, bone ash |
Vantress × Arbor Acres |
Twining et al., 1965 |
0.80 |
28–56 |
Growth, feed efficiency, tibia ash, bone breaking force |
Broiler strain |
Waldroup et al., 1974a |
1.30 |
0–21 |
Maximum toe ash |
White Cornish × White Plymouth Rock |
Yoshida and Hoshii, 1982a |
1.18 |
21–56 |
Maximum toe ash |
White Cornish × White Plymouth Rock |
Yoshida and Hoshii, 1982b |
Nonphytate phosphorus, % |
||||
0.43 |
0–21 |
Growth, bone ash |
New Hampshire × White Leghorn |
O'Rourke et al., 1952 |
0.35 |
14–35 |
Growth, bone ash |
New Hampshire × White Leghorn |
O'Rourke et al., 1952 |
0.27 |
28–70 |
Growth, bone ash |
New Hampshire × White Leghorn |
O'Rourke et al., 1952 |
0.45 |
0–28 |
Growth, bone ash |
Various |
Almquist, 1954 |
0.55 |
0–21 |
Growth, bone ash |
New Hampshire × White Leghorn |
O'Rourke et al., 1955 |
0.33 |
28–70 |
Growth, bone ash |
New Hampshire × White Leghorn |
O'Rourke et al., 1955 |
0.45 |
0–28 |
Growth, bone ash, serum alkaline phosphates |
Rhode Island Red |
Gardiner, 1962 |
0.45 |
0–28 |
Growth, bone ash |
Vantress × White Plymouth Rock |
Waldroup et al., 1962 |
0.24 |
28–56 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Broiler strain |
Waldroup et al., 1963a |
0.39 |
0–28 |
Growth, bone ash |
Broiler strain |
Waldroup et al., 1963b |
0.35 |
0–28 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Vantress × Arbor Acres |
Twining et al., 1965 |
0.24 |
42–56 |
Growth, feed efficiency, bone ash |
Vantress × Arbor Acres |
Twining et al., 1965 |
0.43 |
0–21 |
Growth, bone ash |
White Plymouth Rock |
Fritz et al., 1969 |
0.24 |
28–56 |
Growth, feed efficiency, tibia ash, bone breaking force |
Broiler strain |
Waldroup et al., 1974a |
0.53 |
0–28 |
Maximum bone ash |
Broiler strain |
Waldroup et al., 1975 |
0.35 |
28–56 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Hubbard |
Sauveur, 1978 |
0.50 |
0–28 |
Growth, feed efficiency, bone ash |
Broiler strain |
El Boushy, 1979 |
0.50 |
8–22 |
Growth, feed efficiency, tibia ash |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Willis and Baker, 1981b |
0.75 |
0–21 |
Maximum toe ash |
White Cornish × White Plymouth Rock |
Yoshida and Hoshii, 1982a |
0.35 |
21–56 |
Maximum toe ash |
White Cornish × White Plymouth Rock |
Yoshida and Hoshii, 1982b |
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
0.38 |
0–28 |
Growth, toe ash |
Hubbard |
Nys et al., 1983 |
0.29 |
35–53 |
Growth, feed efficiency, tibia ash, bone length |
Broiler strain |
Tortuero and Diez Tardon, 1983 |
Potassium, % |
||||
0.25–0.30 |
13–41 |
Growth, mortality |
Vantress × Plymouth Rock |
Leach et al., 1959 |
Sodium, % |
||||
0.11–0.20 |
1–28 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
McWard and Scott, 1961a |
0.13 |
7–23 |
Growth, blood pH |
White Rock |
Hurwitz et al., 1973 |
0.07 |
49–63 |
Growth, blood pH |
White Rock |
Hurwitz et al., 1974 |
>0.23 |
1–21 |
Growth |
Broiler strain |
Ross, 1977 |
0.2–0.25 |
7–21 |
Growth |
Cobb × Hubbard |
Ross, 1979 |
0.35 |
1–21 |
Growth |
Peterson × Hubbard |
Edwards, 1984 |
Chlorine, % |
||||
0.315–0.340 |
2–28 |
Growth, mortality, blood chlorine |
White Plymouth Rock |
Leach and Nesheim, 1963 |
0.13 |
7–23 |
Growth, blood pH |
White Rock |
Hurwitz et al., 1973 |
0.07 |
49–63 |
Growth, blood pH |
White Rock |
Hurwitz et al., 1973 |
0.12 |
1–21 |
Growth, mortality |
Ross |
Gardiner and Dewar, 1976 |
0.42 |
1–21 |
Growth |
Peterson × Hubbard |
Edwards, 1984 |
Magnesium, mg/kg |
||||
350–400 |
7–24 |
Growth |
Not specified |
Almquist, 1947 |
100–300 |
1–21 |
Growth, mortality |
White Plymouth Rock |
Edwards et al., 1960 |
250 |
1–28 |
Growth, blood magnesium, mortality |
Vantress × Hubbard |
Gardner et al., 1960 |
200 |
1–14 |
Growth, mortality |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
McWard and Scott, 1961b |
577 |
1–21 |
Growth, mortality, bone magnesium |
White Plymouth Rock |
Nugara and Edwards, 1963 |
=350 |
1–27 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Baker and Molitoris, 1975 |
Manganese, mg/kg |
||||
50 |
1–42 |
Growth, perosis |
New Hampshire |
Gallup and Norris, 1939a |
14 |
8–22 |
Growth |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Southern and Baker, 1983a |
Zinc, mg/kg |
||||
35 |
12–26 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
White Plymouth Rock |
Morrison and Sarett, 1958 |
35 |
1–42 |
Growth, bone integrity |
White Rock or Cornish × White Rock |
O'Dell et al., 1958 |
30 |
1–28 |
Growth |
White Meteor × White Rock |
Roberson and Shaible, 1958 |
47–57 |
1–14 |
Growth, tibia ash |
White Rock |
Edwards et al., 1959 |
>52 |
1–28 |
Growth leg deformity |
New Hampshire × Connecticut |
Lease et al., 1960 |
>40 mg |
1–28 |
Growth, hock enlargement |
White Plymouth Rock |
Zeigler et al., 1961 |
14 |
8–22 |
Growth |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Southern and Baker, 1983b |
18 |
1–21 |
Growth |
Broiler strain |
Dewar and Downie, 1984 |
>45 |
8–22 |
Tibia zinc |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Wedekind et al., 1990 |
Iron, mg/kg |
||||
56 |
7–21 |
Growth, blood hemoglobin, liver iron |
Not specified |
Waddel and Sell, 1964 |
75–80 |
1–28 |
Growth, blood hemoglobin |
New Hampshire and Plymouth Rock |
Davis et al., 1968 |
80 |
1–21 |
Growth, blood hemoglobin, packed cell volume |
Not specified |
McNaughton and Day, 1979 |
40 |
8–22 |
Growth, blood hemoglobin, hematocrit |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Southern and Baker, 1982 |
Copper, mg/kg |
||||
8 |
1–21 |
Growth, blood hemoglobin, packed cell volume |
Not specified |
McNaughton and Day, 1979 |
Iodine, mg/kg |
||||
0.3–0.4 |
28–56 |
Growth, thyroid histology |
Barred Plymouth Rock |
Creek et al., 1957 |
Selenium, mg/kg |
||||
>0.02 mg |
1–24 |
Mortality, exudative diathesis |
Plymouth Rock × Vantress |
Thompson and Scott, 1969 |
0.1 mg |
1–31 |
Pancreatic degeneration and fibrosis |
White Plymouth Rock × Vantress |
Gries and Scott, 1972c |
>0.1 mg |
1–63 |
Growth, glutathione peroxidase activity |
Hubbard |
Binnerts and El Boushy, 1985 |
0.14–0.17 |
1–21 |
Growth, plasma thyroid hormones |
Hubbard and Arbor Acre |
Jensen et al., 1986 |
Vitamin A, IU/kg |
||||
2,200 |
Varied |
Growth |
Various |
Almquist, 1953 |
1,320 |
1–28 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Columbian Rock |
Olsen et al., 1959 |
=1,100 |
7–63 |
Growth |
Not specified |
Marusich and Bauernfeind, 1963 |
900 |
1–56 |
Growth, incidence of coccidiosis |
Broiler strain |
Ogunmodede, 1981 |
Vitamin D3, IU/kg |
||||
200–396 |
1–28 |
Growth |
Not specified |
Waldroup et al., 1963a |
198 |
1–28 |
Growth, tibia ash |
Not specified |
Waldroup et al., 1965 |
200 |
1–54 |
Growth, tibia ash |
Not specified |
Biely and March, 1967 |
=200 |
1–14 |
Growth, bone mineralization |
Not specified |
McAuliffe et al., 1976 |
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
198 |
1–21 |
Growth, tibia ash |
Not specified |
McNaughton et al., 1977a |
400 |
1–56 |
Growth, tibia ash |
Not specified |
Lofton and Soares, 1986 |
Vitamin E, IU/kg |
||||
15–24 |
1–28 |
Prevention of encephalomalacia |
Barred Plymouth Rock × Rhode Island Red |
Singsen et al., 1955 |
5–60 |
Varied, cited in a review |
Encephalomalacia exudative diathesis, muscular degeneration |
Various |
Machlin and Gordon, 1962 |
5.4–7.4 |
2–33 |
Mortality, incidence of encephalomalacia |
White Rock |
Bartov and Bornstein, 1972 |
30–50 |
1–14 and 1–35 |
Growth, peroxidation in hepatic microsomes |
Vantress × Plymouth Rock |
Combs and Scott, 1974 |
Vitamin K, mg/kg |
||||
0.588 |
1–14 |
Prothrombin time |
White Plymouth Rock |
Nelson and Norris, 1960 |
0.479 |
1–28 |
Prothrombin time |
White Plymouth Rock |
Nelson and Norris, 1960 |
0.515 |
1–84 |
Prothrombin time |
White Plymouth Rock |
Nelson and Norris, 1961a |
0.500 |
1–14 |
Prothrombin time |
White Plymouth Rock |
Nelson and Norris, 1961b |
0.370 |
1–28 |
Prothrombin time |
White Plymouth Rock |
Nelson and Norris, 1961b |
Riboflavin, mg/kg |
||||
2.5 |
1–56 |
Growth |
Barred Rock × New Hampshire |
Bethke and Record, 1942 |
3.0 |
14–42 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
White Wyandotte |
Bolton, 1944 |
3.0–3.5 |
14–42 |
Growth |
White Wyandotte |
Bolton, 1947 |
2.3 |
1–56 |
Growth |
Hubbard × Arbor Acres |
Wyatt et al., 1973a |
5.1 |
1–56 |
Growth |
Harco |
Ogunmodede, 1977 |
3.6 |
1–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Cobb and Cobb × Arbor Acres |
Ruiz and Harms, 1988b |
2.6 |
8–22 |
Growth, leg paralysis |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Chung and Baker, 1990 |
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg |
||||
14 |
Not specified |
Growth |
Not specified |
Jukes, 1939 |
10 |
Not specified |
Growth |
Not specified |
Jukes and McElroy, 1943 |
5 |
Not specified |
Growth |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Staten et al., 1980 |
Niacin, mg/kg |
||||
26–28 |
7–42 |
Growth, perosis |
Barred Plymouth Rock |
Childs et al., 1952 |
37 |
1–21 |
Growth |
White Cornish |
Yoshida et al., 1966 |
20 |
7–20 |
Growth, incidence of tongue lesions |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Baker et al., 1973 |
=22 |
8–50 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Yen et al., 1977 |
>55 mg |
1–53 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Waldroup et al., 1985b |
28–36 |
1–21 |
Growth, leg disorders |
Cobb |
Ruiz and Harms, 1988 |
32 |
1–21 |
Growth, leg disorders |
Arbor Acres × Cobb |
Ruiz et al., 1990 |
=22 mg |
21–49 |
Growth |
Cobb |
Ruiz and Harms, 1990 |
Vitamin B12, mg/kg |
||||
0.01 |
7–29 |
Growth, energetic efficiency |
Dominant White × White Plymouth Rock |
Looi and Renner, 1974 |
=0.01 mg |
1–28 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Sussex × White Rock |
Rys and Koreleski, 1974 |
Choline, mg/kg |
||||
1,000 |
14–42 |
Growth, perosis |
Barred Plymouth Rock |
West et al., 1951 |
1,540–1,760 |
1–56 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
White Rock |
Quillen et al., 1961 |
1119 |
1–21 |
Growth |
White Rock |
Fritz et al., 1967 |
358 |
44–55 |
Growth |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Molitoris and Baker, 1976 |
800 |
7–28 |
Growth |
White Rock |
Lipstein et al., 1977 |
=1,171 |
7–35 |
Growth, perosis |
Not specified |
Derilo and Balnave, 1980 |
1,910–4,100 |
1–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Pesti et al., 1980 |
1,200 |
8–25 |
Growth |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Baker et al., 1983 |
625 |
8–17 |
Growth |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Lowry et al., 1987 |
>1,300 |
1–21 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Tsiagbe et al., 1987 |
Biotin, mg/kg |
||||
>0.26 mg |
1–25 |
Growth, mortality, leg abnormalities |
Not specified |
Anderson and Warnick, 1970 |
0.14 |
1–24 |
Growth, mortality due to fatty kidney liver syndrome |
Not specified |
Payne et al., 1974 |
0.14–0.18 |
1–35 |
Growth |
Ross |
Whitehead and Bannister, 1980 |
=0.17–0.18 |
1–56 |
Incidence of fatty liver and kidney syndrome |
Ross |
Whitehead and Randall, 1982 |
=0.20 |
1–21 |
Growth, leg disorders, dermatitis |
Hubbard |
Watkins, 1988 |
Folic acid, mg/kg |
||||
=0.5 |
1–28 |
Growth |
Not specified |
Saxena et al., 1954 |
=0.3 |
1–21 and 1–28 |
Growth, perosis |
Rhode Island Red × White Plymouth Rock |
Young et al., 1955 |
0.40–0.65 mg |
1–35 |
Growth |
New Hampshire |
March and Biely, 1956 |
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
0.3–0.45 mg |
1–20 |
Growth, perosis |
Arbor Acres |
Creek and Vasaitis, 1963 |
0.34–0.49 mg |
1–28 |
Growth, leg abnormalities |
Not specified |
Saxena et al., 1954 |
Thiamin, mg/kg |
||||
0.75 |
3–28 |
Growth, polyneuritis |
New Hampshire × Delaware |
Thornton 1960 |
1.0–1.3 |
Not specified |
Growth, feed efficiency |
New Hampshire × Delaware |
Thornton and Shutze 1960 |
Pyridoxine, mg/kg |
||||
3–5 |
12–42 |
Growth, perosis, anemia, dermatitis |
White Rock |
Hogan et al. 1941 |
2 |
7–28 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Kratzer et al., 1947 |
<5.7 |
1–56 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
White Plymouth Rock |
Fuller and Kifer, 1959 |
3.3 |
1–14 |
Growth |
White Plymouth Rock |
Fuller and Dunahoo, 1959 |
2.2–2.6 |
1–28 |
Growth, gizzard erosion, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase |
Vantress × Arbor Acre |
Daghir and Balloun, 1963 |
2.8–3.6 |
1–14 or 35 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Kirchgessner and Friesecke, 1963 |
3 |
Not specified |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Maier and Kirchgessner, 1968 |
>3.1 |
7–28 |
Growth, serum aspartate aminotransferase |
Not specified |
Daghir and Shah, 1973 |
3.2–3.4 |
1–28 |
Growth, perosis |
White Plymouth Rock × Vantress |
Gries and Scott, 1972a |
=1.0 |
1–20 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Ross |
Lee et al., 1976 |
1.1 |
8–17 |
Growth |
New Hampshire × Columbian |
Yen et al., 1976 |
1.75 |
3–49 |
Growth, plasma amino acids |
Not specified |
aboaysha and Kratzer, 1979 |
1.3–2.7 |
1–21 |
Growth |
Not specified |
Kazemi and Kratzer, 1980 |
=1.48 |
1–49 |
Growth |
Not specified |
Blalock et al., 1984 |
TABLE A-4 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Broiler Breeder Pullets and Hens
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Weeks) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
Protein, g/bird daily |
||||
20 |
24–52 |
Egg production, egg weight, body weight, liveability |
Cobb |
Waldroup et al., 1976b |
15.6–16.5 |
Not specified |
Estimated by model |
Not specified |
Bornstein et al., 1979 |
19.5 |
21–64 |
Egg production, egg weight, fertility |
Marshall |
Pearson and Herron, 1981 |
23.1 |
31–60 |
Egg yield |
Tetra |
Jeroch et al., 1982 |
19 |
19–40 |
Body weight, skeletal growth egg production, egg weight, hatchability |
Hubbard |
Spratt and Lesson, 1987 |
18–19 |
31–60 |
Egg production, egg weight, body weight, egg quality, hatchability |
Tetra |
Schloffel et al., 1988 |
Arginine, mg/bird daily |
||||
1,111 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Waldroup et al., 1976c |
1,111 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Bornstein et al., 1979 |
<1,226 mg |
24–64 |
Egg production, egg weight, fertility, hatchability, egg specific gravity |
Cobb |
Wilson and Harms, 1984 |
Histidine, mg/bird daily |
||||
209 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Waldroup et al., 1976c |
200 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Bornstein et al., 1979 |
Isoleucine, mg/bird daily |
||||
853 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Waldroup et al., 1976c |
850 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Bornstein et al., 1979 |
Leucine, mg/bird daily |
||||
1,247 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Waldroup et al., 1976c |
1,250 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Bornstein et al., 1979 |
Lysine, mg/bird daily |
||||
773 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Waldroup et al., 1976c |
760 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Bornstein et al., 1979 |
<808 |
24–64 |
Egg production, egg weight, fertility, hatchability, egg specific gravity |
Cobb |
Wilson and Harms, 1984 |
Methionine, mg/bird daily |
||||
558 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Waldroup et al., 1976c |
570 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Bornstein et al., 1979 |
400 |
24–64 |
Egg production, body weight, fertility, hatchability |
Cobb |
Harms and Wilson, 1980 |
Methionine + cystine, mg/bird daily |
||||
819 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Waldroup et al., 1976c |
830 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Bornstein et al., 1979 |
723 |
24–64 |
Egg production, egg weight, fertility, hatchability |
Cobb |
Harms and Wilson, 1980 |
<682 |
24–64 |
Egg production, egg weight, fertility, hatchability, egg specific gravity |
Cobb |
Wilson and Harms, 1984 |
694 |
Peak egg production |
Nitrogen balance |
Tetra |
Halle et al., 1984 |
Phenylalanine + tyrosine mg/bird daily |
||||
1,126 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Waldroup et al., 1976c |
1,110 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Bornstein et al., 1979 |
Phenylalanine, mg/bird daily |
||||
610 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Bornstein et al., 1979 |
Threonine, mg/bird daily |
||||
717 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Waldroup et al., 1976c |
720 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Bornstein et al., 1979 |
Tryptophan, mg/bird daily |
||||
189 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Waldroup et al., 1976c |
190 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Bornstein et al., 1979 |
<223 mg |
24–64 |
Egg production, egg weight, fertility, hatchability, egg specific gravity |
Cobb |
Wilson and Harms, 1984 |
Valine, mg/bird daily |
||||
979 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Waldroup et al., 1976c |
920 |
Peak egg production |
Body weight, egg mass |
Mathematical model |
Bornstein et al., 1979 |
Calcium, g/bird daily |
||||
3.91 |
26–53 |
Egg production, egg specific gravity, hatchability |
Cobb |
Wilson et al., 1980 |
Nonphytate phosphorus, mg/bird daily |
||||
338 |
26–53 |
Egg production, egg specific gravity, hatchability |
Cobb |
Wilson et al., 1980 |
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Weeks) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
Sodium, mg/bird daily |
||||
<154 |
32–64 |
Egg production egg weight, fertility, egg specific gravity, hatchability |
Cobb |
Damron et al., 1983 |
Chlorine, mg/bird daily |
||||
208 |
32–60 |
Egg production, egg weight, hatchability |
Cobb |
Harms and Wilson, 1984 |
Biotin, µg/bird daily |
||||
16 |
20–58 |
Egg production, egg weight, hatchability |
Marshall |
Whitehead et al., 1985 |
TABLE A-5 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Broiler Breeder Males
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
Metabolizable energy, kcal/bird daily |
||||
400 |
28–40 |
Body weight, fertility, hatchability, chick production, testes weight |
Broiler strain |
McCartney and Brown, 1980 |
458 |
30–54 |
Body weight, fertility, hatchability, chick production, testes weight |
Broiler strain |
Brown and McCartney, 1983 |
346 |
30–46 |
Body weight, fertility, hatchability, chick production, testes weight |
Hubbard |
Brown and McCartney, 1986 |
358 |
30–60 |
Body weight, semen volume, sperm cells, fertility |
Broiler strain |
Buckner et al., 1986 |
Protein, % |
||||
12.4 |
7–21 |
Development of testes, subsequent fertility |
Peterson |
Wilson et al., 1971 |
12–14 |
4–53 |
Weight gain, semen volume and concentration testes weight |
Broiler strain |
Wilson et al., 1987a |
9 |
6–53 |
Weight gain, semen volume and concentration testes weight |
Broiler strain |
Wilson et al., 1987b |
15 |
1–4 |
Fertility 24–27 weeks |
Hubbard |
Vaughters et al., 1987 |
Protein, g/bird daily |
||||
10–14 |
20–60 |
Semen production |
Hubbard |
Buckner and Savage, 1986 |
Calcium, % |
||||
<0.2 |
36–60 |
Semen volume, sperm concentration, dead sperm, fertility, hatchability |
White Leghorn |
Wilson et al., 1969 |
Calcium, mg/bird daily |
||||
7.98 |
44–56 |
Weight gain, blood parameters, bone constituents |
White Leghorn |
Norris et al., 1972 |
<500 |
Not specified |
Reproductive parameters |
Broiler strains |
Kappleman et al., 1982 |
Nonphytate phosphorus, % |
||||
0.1 |
44–56 |
Weight gain, blood parameters, bone constituents |
White Leghorn |
Norris et al., 1972 |
Nonphytate phosphorus, mg/bird daily |
||||
110 |
32–40 |
Semen volume |
Arbor Acres, cage males |
Bootwalla and Harms, 1989 |
TABLE A-6 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Turkeys
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
Protein, % |
||||
28 |
0–7 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Lloyd et al., 1949 |
20 |
0–4 |
Growth |
Jersey Buff, both sexes |
Baldini et al., 1954 |
20 |
8–16 |
Growth |
Large White, both sexes |
Carter et al., 1957 |
28 |
0–8 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Atkinson et al., 1957 |
25–32 |
0–6 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Balloun et al., 1959 |
18 |
8–12 |
Growth |
Bronze, females |
Jensen et al., 1965 |
16 |
12–16 |
Growth |
Bronze, females |
Jensen et al., 1965 |
14 |
16–20 |
Growth |
Bronze, females |
Jensen et al., 1965 |
22 |
8–12 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Summers et al., 1968 |
18 |
12–16 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Summers et al., 1968 |
14 |
16–20 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Summers et al., 1968 |
24 |
8–10 |
Growth |
Large White, females |
Summers et al., 1968 |
20 |
10–12 |
Growth |
Large White, females |
Summers et al., 1968 |
18 |
12–14 |
Growth |
Large White, females |
Summers et al., 1968 |
24 |
6–12 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Eberst et al., 1972 |
30 |
0–7 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Herz et al., 1975a |
22 |
7–13 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Herz et al., 1975b |
30 |
0–4 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Richter et al., 1980 |
21.3 |
10 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Potter et al., 1981 |
19.5 |
14 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Potter et al., 1981 |
17.6 |
18 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Potter et al., 1981 |
21.7 |
10 |
Growth |
Large White, females |
Potter et al., 1981 |
18.4 |
14 |
Growth |
Large White, females |
Potter et al., 1981 |
15.0 |
18 |
Growth |
Large White, females |
Potter et al., 1981 |
20 |
5–14 |
Growth, carcass composition |
Large White, both sexes |
Richter and Prinz, 1980 |
26 |
4–10 |
Growth, carcass quality |
Small White, both sexes |
Salmon, 1984 |
20 |
10–13 |
Growth, carcass quality |
Small White, males |
Salmon, 1984 |
18 |
10–13 |
Growth, carcass quality |
Small White, females |
Salmon, 1984 |
Arginine, % |
||||
1.60 |
0–3 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Almquist, 1952 |
1.90 |
1–3 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Dunkelgod et al., 1970 |
1.60 |
1–3 |
Growth |
Bronze and Large White, both sexes |
Warnick and Anderson, 1973 |
1.75 |
1–3 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
D'Mello and Emmans, 1975 |
1.59 |
0–4 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983a |
1.32 |
4–8 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983a |
1.02 |
8–12 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983a |
0.80 |
12–16 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983a |
0.63 |
16–20 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983a |
0.47 |
20–24 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983a |
Glycine, % |
||||
0.90 |
0–3 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Kratzer and Williams, 1948a |
Histidine, % |
||||
0.58 |
1–3 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Warnick and Anderson, 1973 |
0.53 |
0–4 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.42 |
4–8 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.30 |
8–12 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.23 |
12–16 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.18 |
16–20 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.12 |
20–24 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
|
Isoleucine, % |
|
|
|
|
|
0.80 |
0–3 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Kratzer et al., 1952 |
|
1.10 |
1–3 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Warnick and Anderson, 1973 |
|
0.84 |
1–3 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
D'Mello, 1975 |
|
1.03 |
0–4 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
|
0.86 |
4–8 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
|
0.67 |
8–12 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
|
0.53 |
12–16 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
|
0.42 |
16–20 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
|
0.31 |
20–24 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
|
Leucine, % |
|||||
1.86 |
1–3 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Warnick and Anderson, 1973 |
|
1.42 |
1–3 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
D'Mello, 1975 |
|
1.96 |
0–4 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
|
1.62 |
4–8 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
|
1.23 |
8–12 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
|
0.96 |
12–16 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
|
0.74 |
16–20 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
|
0.53 |
20–24 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
|
Lysine, % |
|||||
1.5 |
0–4 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Almquist, 1952 |
|
0.96 |
4–8 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Kratzer et al., 1956b |
|
0.85 |
8–12 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Kratzer et al., 1956b |
|
0.76 |
14–18 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Kratzer et al., 1956b |
|
0.56 |
16–19 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Kratzer et al., 1956b |
|
0.60 |
20–23 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Kratzer et al., 1956b |
|
1.55 |
0–6 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Balloun and Phillips, 1957b |
|
1.60 |
0–3 |
Growth |
Large White, both sexes |
Kummero et al., 1971 |
|
1.68 |
1–3 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Warnick and Anderson, 1973 |
|
1.50 |
0–4 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Tuttle and Balloun, 1974 |
|
1.40 |
4–8 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Tuttle and Balloun, 1974 |
|
1.12 |
8–12 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Tuttle and Balloun, 1974 |
|
1.55 |
1–3 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
D'Mello and Emmans, 1975 |
|
0.96 |
12–16 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Jensen et al., 1976 |
|
0.76 |
16–20 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Jensen et al., 1976 |
|
1.4 |
8–12 |
Growth |
Large White, both sexes |
Potter et al., 1981 |
|
1.2 |
12–16 |
Growth |
Large White, both sexes |
Potter et al., 1981 |
|
0.9 |
11–20 |
Growth |
Large White, both sexes |
Potter et al., 1981 |
|
1.42 |
0–4 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
|
1.12 |
4–8 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
|
0.81 |
8–12 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
|
0.63 |
12–16 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
|
0.49 |
16–20 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
|
0.32 |
20–24 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
|
Methionine, % |
|||||
0.55 |
Starting |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Almquist, 1952 |
|
0.56 |
0–6 |
Growth |
Jersey Buff, both sexes |
Baldini et al., 1957 |
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
0.6 |
0–3 |
Growth, foot pad dermatitis |
Large White, males |
Murillo and Jensen, 1976a |
0.4 |
8–12 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Large White, males |
Murillo and Jensen, 1976b |
0.46 |
1–4 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Behrends and Waibel, 1980 |
0.30 |
8–12 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Behrends and Waibel, 1980 |
0.19 |
16–20 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Behrends and Waibel, 1980 |
0.51 |
0–4 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.41 |
4–8 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.31 |
8–12 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.24 |
12–16 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.20 |
16–20 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.15 |
20–24 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
Methionine + cystine, % |
||||
0.90 |
0–4 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Almquist, 1952 |
0.79 |
0–3 |
Growth |
Large White, both sexes |
Kummero et al., 1971 |
1.04 |
1–3 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Warnick and Anderson, 1973 |
1.05 |
0–3 |
Growth, foot pad dermatitis |
Large White, both sexes |
Murillo and Jensen, 1976a |
0.82 |
8–12 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Large White, males |
Murillo and Jensen, 1976b |
0.83 |
1–3 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
D'Mello, 1976 |
1.10 |
0–4 |
Growth |
Medium White, males |
Potter and Shelton, 1979 |
1.00 |
4–8 |
Growth |
Medium White, males |
Potter and Shelton, 1979 |
0.93 |
8–12 |
Growth |
Medium White, both sexes |
Potter and Shelton, 1980 |
0.75 |
12–16 |
Growth |
Medium White, both sexes |
Potter and Shelton, 1980 |
1.01 |
1–4 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Behrends and Waibel, 1980 |
0.71 |
8–12 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Behrends and Waibel, 1980 |
0.48 |
16–20 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Behrends and Waibel, 1980 |
1.05 |
0–4 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.93 |
4–8 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.76 |
8–12 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.60 |
12–16 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.48 |
16–20 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.38 |
20–24 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
1.15 |
0–4 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Large White, both sexes |
Schutte et al., 1986 |
1.05 |
4–8 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Large White, both sexes |
Schutte et al., 1986 |
Phenylalanine + tyrosine, % |
||||
1.60 |
1–2 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Dunkelgod et al., 1970 |
1.80 |
1–3 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Warnick and Anderson, 1973 |
1.72 |
0–4 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
1.43 |
4–8 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
1.09 |
8–12 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.86 |
12–16 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.67 |
16–20 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.49 |
20–24 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
Phenylalanine, % |
||||
0.83 |
1–2 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Dunkelgod et al., 1970 |
1.05 |
0–4 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
0.88 |
4 – 8 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.67 |
8 – 12 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.53 |
12 – 16 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.41 |
16 – 20 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.30 |
20 – 24 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
Threonine, % |
||||
1.10 |
1 – 2 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Dunkelgod et al., 1970 |
1.00 |
1 – 3 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Warnick and Anderson, 1973 |
0.94 |
1 – 3 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
D'Mello, 1976 |
1.14 |
0 – 4 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.94 |
4 – 8 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.72 |
8 – 12 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.56 |
12 – 16 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.44 |
16 – 20 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.32 |
20 – 24 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
Tryptophan, % |
||||
0.26 |
0 – 4 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Almquist, 1952 |
0.37 |
1 – 2 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Dunkelgod et al., 1970 |
0.26 |
1 – 3 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Warnick and Anderson, 1973 |
0.21 |
0 – 4 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.17 |
4 – 8 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.13 |
8 – 12 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.11 |
12 – 16 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.08 |
16 – 20 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.06 |
20 – 24 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
Valine, % |
||||
1.38 |
1 – 2 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Dunkelgod et al., 1970 |
1.20 |
1 – 3 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Warnick and Anderson, 1973 |
1.21 |
1 – 3 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
D'Mello, 1975 |
1.34 |
0 – 4 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
1.13 |
4 – 8 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.88 |
8 – 12 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.69 |
12 – 16 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.53 |
16 – 20 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
0.40 |
20 – 24 |
Carcass content plus maintenance |
Large White, males, mathematical model |
Hurwitz et al., 1983 |
Linoleic, % |
||||
1.00 |
0 – 3 |
Growth |
Large White and Bronze, both sexes |
Ketola et al., 1973 |
Calcium, % |
||||
1.7 |
0 – 3 |
Bone ash |
Bronze, both sexes |
Motzok and Slinger, 1948 |
1.5 |
0 – 4 |
Bone ash |
Small White, both sexes |
Wilcox et al., 1953 |
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
0.6 |
8 – 24 |
Growth, toe ash |
Bronze, both sexes |
Nelson et al., 1961 |
1.0 |
0 – 8 |
Growth, toe ash |
Large White, both sexes |
Slinger et al., 1961 |
0.7 |
8 – 20 |
Growth, toe ash |
Bronze, both sexes |
Sullivan, 1961 |
0.81 |
0 – 8 |
Growth, toe ash |
Bronze, both sexes |
Formica et al., 1962 |
0.83 |
8 – 23, 25 |
Growth, toe ash |
Bronze, both sexes |
Formica et al., 1962 |
Nonphytate phosphorus, % |
||||
0.6 |
0 – 4 |
Growth |
Bronze and Small White, both sexes |
Almquist, 1954 |
0.5 |
8 – 20 |
Growth, bone ash |
Bronze, both sexes |
Sullivan, 1960 |
0.35 |
9 – 16 |
Growth, toe ash |
Bronze × White Holland, both sexes |
Day and Dilworth, 1962 |
0.21 |
17 – 24 |
Growth, toe ash |
Bronze × White Holland, both sexes |
Day and Dilworth, 1962 |
0.50 |
0 – 3 |
Bone ash |
Large White, males |
Bailey et al., 1986 |
0.6 – 0.8 |
0 – 4 |
Growth, bone ash |
Large White, males |
Stevens et al., 1986 |
Potassium, % |
||||
0.6 |
0 – 2 |
Growth |
Medium White, both sexes |
Supplee and Combs, 1959 |
0.35 |
0 – 4 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Sullivan, 1963 |
0.6 |
0 – 4 |
Growth |
Large White, both sexes |
Chavez and Kratzer, 1973 |
0.8 |
0 – 4 |
Growth, tissue potassium |
Large White, both sexes |
Smith et al., 1973 |
Sodium, % |
||||
0.20 |
0 – 4 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Kumpost and Sullivan, 1966 |
0.25 |
0 – 4 |
Body, plasma composition |
Large White, both sexes |
Pang et al., 1978 |
0.17 |
0 – 3 |
Growth |
Large White, both sexes |
Harms, 1982 |
0.17 |
0 – 3 |
Growth |
Large White, both sexes |
Harms and Miles, 1983 |
0.12 |
42 – 48 |
Poult yield |
Large White, females |
Harms et al., 1985 |
Chlorine, % |
||||
0.15 |
0 – 4 |
Growth |
Large White, both sexes |
Kubicek and Sullivan, 1973 |
0.12 |
32 – 50 |
Maximum shell strength, poult yield |
Large White, females |
Harms et al., 1983 |
Magnesium, mg/kg |
||||
475 |
0 – 4 |
Alleviate deficiency symptoms |
Bronze, both sexes |
Sullivan, 1964 |
Manganese, mg/kg |
||||
30 |
0 – 8 |
Growth, alleviation of perosis |
Bronze, both sexes |
Ringrose et al., 1939 |
22 |
0 – 5 |
Growth, tissue levels |
Large White, males |
Woerpel and Balloun, 1964 |
60 |
0 – 4 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Kealy and Sullivan, 1966 |
Zinc, mg/kg |
||||
66 |
0 – 3 |
Growth, deficiency symptoms |
Bronze, both sexes |
Kratzer et al., 1958 |
70 |
0 – 4 |
Growth, deficiency symptoms |
Bronze, both sexes |
Sullivan, 1961 |
63 |
0 – 3 |
Growth, deficiency symptoms |
Medium White, both sexes |
Supplee et al., 1961 |
41 |
0 – 3 |
Growth, blood level |
Large White, both sexes |
Dewar and Downie, 1984 |
Selenium, mg/kg |
||||
0.28 |
0 – 4 |
Gizzard myopathy |
Bronze, both sexes |
Scott et al., 1965 |
0.20 |
0 – 5 |
Gizzard myopathy |
Large White, both sexes |
Cantor and Moorehead, 1977 |
0.23 |
18 – 38 |
Hatchability, poult mortality |
Large White, both sexes |
Cantor et al., 1978 |
Vitamin A, IU/kg |
||||
5,065 |
0 – 4 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Almquist, 1953 |
2,642 |
30 – 48 |
Poult yield |
Large White, females |
Stoewsand and Scott, 1961 |
5,280 |
0 – 8 |
Maintain liver levels of vitamin A |
Large White, both sexes |
|
4,721 |
0 – 12 |
Growth, liver storage of vitamin A |
Large White, both sexes |
Couch et al., 1971 |
2,000 |
0 – 12 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Prinz et al., 1983 |
5,000 |
0 – 12 |
Growth, liver storage of vitamin A |
Large White, males |
Prinz et al., 1986 |
Vitamin D, IU/kg |
||||
700 |
0 – 12 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Baird and Greene, 1935 |
800 |
0 – 4 |
Growth, bone ash |
Small White, both sexes |
Hammond, 1941 |
2,000 |
0 – 4 |
Growth, bone ash |
Large White, both sexes |
Sanford and Jukes, 1944 |
300 |
0 – 4 |
Growth, bone ash |
Large White, both sexes |
Stadelman et al., 1950 |
1,100 |
0 – 4 |
Growth, toe ash |
Large White, both sexes |
Neagle et al., 1968 |
Vitamin E, IU/kg |
||||
11 |
0 – 4 |
Growth, gizzard myopathy |
Bronze, both sexes |
Scott et al., 1965 |
50 |
0 – 4 |
Gizzard myopathy |
Large White, both sexes |
Cantor and Moorehead, 1977 |
275 |
16 – 19 |
Meat oxidative stability |
Large White, females |
Sheldon, 1984 |
Vitamin K, mg/kg |
||||
1.76 |
0 – 4 |
Prothrombin time |
Bronze, both sexes |
Griminger, 1957 |
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
Riboflavin, mg/kg |
||||
2.7 |
0–6 |
Growth, deficiency symptoms |
Bronze, both sexes |
Patrick et al., 1944 |
3.75 |
0–4 |
Growth, deficiency symptoms |
Bronze, both sexes |
Bird et al., 1946 |
4.0 |
0–6 |
Growth, deficiency symptoms |
Bronze and Large White, both sexes |
Jukes et al., 1947 |
4.0 |
0–3 |
Erythrocyte glutathione reductase and liver flavin |
Medium White, both sexes |
Lee, 1982 |
>3.50 |
0–3 |
Growth, leg paralysis |
Large White, both sexes |
Ruiz and Harms, 1989a |
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg |
||||
10.5 |
1–3 |
Growth, dermatitis |
Bronze, both sexes |
Kratzer and Williams, 1948b |
<8.6 |
0–3 |
Growth |
Large White, both sexes |
Ruiz and Harms, 1989b |
Niacin, mg/kg |
||||
71.5 |
0–2 |
Growth, enlarged hocks |
Bronze, both sexes |
Scott, 1953 |
21 |
4–12 |
Growth, leg disorders |
Large White, both sexes |
Christmas et al., 1986 |
44 |
0–3 |
Growth, leg disorders |
Large White, both sexes |
Ruiz and Harms, 1989b |
Vitamin B12, mg/kg |
||||
0.002–0.010 |
0–4 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Sherwood and Sloan, 1954 |
0.003 |
0–6 |
Growth |
Small White, both sexes |
Johnson, 1955 |
Choline, mg/kg |
||||
2,000 |
0–2 |
Perosis |
Not specified |
Jukes, 1940 |
1,900 |
0–6 |
Perosis |
Not specified |
Evans, 1943 |
2,300 |
10–24 |
Growth |
Bronze, females |
Slinger et al., 1946 |
<1,490 |
0–3 |
Growth |
Large White, both sexes |
Harms and Miles, 1984 |
<1,250 |
4–8 |
Growth |
Large and Medium White, both sexes |
Blair et al., 1986 |
Biotin, mg/kg |
||||
0.284 |
0–3 |
Growth, deficiency symptoms |
Bronze, both sexes |
Jensen and Martinson, 1969 |
0.275–0.324 |
0–3 |
Growth, deficiency symptoms |
Bronze, both sexes |
Dobson, 1970 |
0.225–0.275 |
0–3 |
Growth, deficiency symptoms |
Bronze, both sexes |
Dobson, 1970 |
0.220 |
0–8 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Krueger et al., 1976 |
Folic acid, mg/kg |
||||
0.8 |
0–6 |
Growth, anemia prevention |
Bronze, both sexes |
Jukes et al., 1947 |
2.0 |
0–3 |
Growth, cervical paralysis |
Jersey Buff, both sexes |
Russell et al., 1947 |
Thiamin, mg/kg |
||||
2.0 |
0–3 |
Growth, symptoms of deficiency |
Bronze, both sexes |
Robenalt, 1960 |
1.6–2.0 |
0–3 |
Growth |
Bronze, both sexes |
Sullivan et al., 1967 |
Pyridoxine, mg/kg |
||||
2.0–3.0 |
0–3 |
Growth |
Not specified |
Kratzer et al., 1947 |
3.9–4.4 |
0–4 |
Growth, survival |
Bronze, both sexes |
Sullivan et al., 1967 |
TABLE A-7 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Turkey Breeders
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
Protein, % |
||||
15 |
32–52 |
Poult yield |
Large White, females |
Jensen and McGinnis, 1961 |
15 |
30–48 |
Poult yield |
Large and Small White, females |
Atkinson et al., 1970 |
10 |
30–46 |
Poult yield |
Large White, females |
Minear et al., 1972 |
18 |
32–48 |
Poult yield egg weight |
Large White, females |
Menge et al., 1979 |
14 |
17–20 |
Egg production |
Large White, females |
Meyer et al., 1980a |
14 |
20–32 |
Egg production |
Large White, females |
Meyer et al., 1980a |
12 |
12–28 |
Semen production |
Large White, males |
Meyer et al., 1980b |
14 |
28–56 |
Egg production |
Large White, females |
Meyer et al., 1980a |
10 |
30–41 |
Poult yield |
Large White, females |
Meyer et al., 1980b |
8 |
28–53 |
Semen production |
Large White, males |
Cecil, 1982 |
16 |
32–48 |
Poult yield |
Large White, females |
Bougon et al., 1985 |
Protein, g/bird daily |
||||
26 |
32–60 |
Poult yield |
Small White, females |
Jackson et al., 1974 |
Linoleic acid, % |
||||
1.21 |
24–55 |
Egg production, hatchability |
Large White, females |
Cooper and Barnett, 1968 |
1.1 |
30–55 |
Poult yield |
Large White, females |
Whitehead and Herron, 1988 |
Calcium, % |
||||
1.75 |
26–54 |
Poult yield |
Bronze, females |
Jensen et al., 1963 |
2.0 |
30–48 |
Poult yield |
Large White, females |
Balloun and Miller, 1964b |
1.9 |
30–47 |
Egg production |
Bronze, females |
Atkinson et al., 1967a |
2.66 |
30–47 |
Egg production |
Large White, females |
Atkinson et al., 1967a |
3.19 |
30–47 |
Egg production |
Bronze, females |
Atkinson et al., 1967a |
2.25 |
30–46 |
Poult yield |
Large White, females |
Arends et al., 1967 |
1.2 |
0–4 |
Growth |
Large White, males |
Neagle et al., 1968 |
2.5 |
33–53 |
Poult yield |
Small White, males |
Potter et al., 1974 |
2.55 |
30–50 |
Poult yield |
Large White, females |
Waldroup et al., 1974b |
Nonphytate phosphorus, % |
||||
0.42 |
30–42 |
Poult yield |
Small White, females |
Ferguson et al., 1974 |
0.30 |
30–50 |
Poult yield |
Large White, females |
Waldroup et al., 1974 |
0.55 |
30–45 |
Poult yield |
Small White, females |
Atkinson et al., 1976 |
0.30 |
30–50 |
Fertility |
Medium White, females |
Slaugh et al., 1989 |
Manganese, mg/kg |
||||
60 |
30–46 |
Poult yield |
Bronze, females |
Atkinson et al., 1967b |
Vitamin A, IU/kg |
||||
2,200–3,520 |
30–48 |
Hatchability, poult survival |
Bronze, females |
Jensen, 1965 |
Vitamin D, IU/kg |
||||
1,000 |
32–40 |
Poult yield |
Bronze, females |
Wilhelm et al., 1941 |
<750 |
31–40 |
Poult yield |
Large White, females |
Kramer and Waibel, 1978 |
300–400 |
41–53 |
Poult yield |
Large White, females |
Kramer and Waibel, 1978 |
900 |
29–35 |
Adequate poult yield but inadequate liver storage |
Large White, females |
Stevens et al., 1984 |
Vitamin E, IU/kg |
||||
24 |
32–54 |
Poult yield |
Bronze, females |
Jensen and McGinnis, 1957 |
Riboflavin, mg/kg |
||||
3.50 |
Not specified |
Poult yield |
Bronze, females |
Boucher et al., 1942 |
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg |
||||
16.0 |
Various |
Poult yield, survival |
Bronze, females |
Kratzer et al., 1955 |
Niacin, mg/kg |
||||
23.6 |
32–48 |
Egg weight, poult yield |
Large White, females |
Harms et al., 1988 |
Choline, mg/kg |
||||
<990 |
32–46 |
Poult yield |
Bronze and Large White, females |
Balloun and Miller, 1964a |
<1,230 |
32–54 |
Poult yield |
Small White, females |
Ferguson et al., 1975 |
Biotin, mg/kg |
||||
>0.105 |
30–46 |
Poult yield |
Large White, females |
Waibel et al., 1969 |
<0.150 |
Not specified |
Poult yield |
Large and Medium White, females |
Arends et al., 1971 |
0.160 |
27–34 |
Egg biotin (albumen) |
Medium White, females |
White et al., 1987 |
Folic acid, mg/kg |
||||
0.7 |
32–48 |
Poult yield |
Bronze, females |
Kratzer et al., 1956a |
1.23 |
32–48 |
Poult yield, survival |
Large White, females |
Miller and Balloun, 1967 |
TABLE A-8 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Geese
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
Protein, % |
||||
24 |
0–6 |
Growth |
White Chinese |
Roberson and Francis, 1963a |
12 |
6–16 |
Growth |
White Chinese |
Roberson and Francis, 1963a |
24 |
0–4 |
Growth |
White Chinese |
Roberson and Francis, 1963b |
16 |
4–12 |
Growth |
White Chinese |
Roberson and Francis, 1963b |
20 |
0–4 |
Growth, feathering |
Embden |
Allen, 1981 |
16 |
4–6 |
Growth, feathering |
Embden |
Allen, 1981 |
14 |
4–9 |
Growth, feathering |
Embden |
Allen, 1981 |
18.2 |
0–2 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Nitsan et al., 1983 |
12.0 |
2–7 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Nitsan et al., 1983 |
18 |
0–3 |
Growth, carcass yield, carcass composition |
Embden |
Summers et al., 1987 |
16 |
0–9 |
Growth, carcass yield, carcass composition |
Embden |
Summers et al., 1987 |
Lysine, % |
||||
0.90 |
1–2 and 3–7 |
Growth |
White Chinese |
Roberson and Francis, 1966 |
1.10 |
0–4 |
Growth |
Not specified |
Mateova et al., 1980 |
0.85 |
4–8 |
Growth |
Not specified |
Mateova et al., 1980 |
1.07 |
0–2 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Nitsan et al., 1983 |
0.60 |
2–7 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Nistan et al., 1983 |
Methionine, % |
||||
0.40 |
0–3 |
Growth, feed efficiency, carcass composition |
White Italian |
Znaniecke et al., 1975 |
0.29 |
0–2 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Nitsan et al., 1983 |
0.15 |
2–7 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Nitsan et al., 1983 |
Methionine + cystine, % |
||||
0.73 |
0–3 |
Growth, feed efficiency, carcass composition |
White Italian |
Znaniecka et al., 1975 |
0.58 |
0–2 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Nitsan et al., 1983 |
0.47 |
2–7 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Not specified |
Nitsan et al., 1983 |
Calcium, % |
||||
0.4 |
0–4 and 0–6 |
Growth, bone ash |
Pilgrim |
Aitken et al., 1958 |
Total phosphorus, % |
||||
0.46 |
0–4 and 0–6 |
Growth, bone ash |
Pilgrim |
Aitken et al., 1958 |
Riboflavin, mg/kg |
||||
3.8 |
0–2 |
Growth |
Embden |
Serafin, 1981 |
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg |
||||
12.6 |
0–3 |
Growth, mortality |
Embden |
Serafin, 1981 |
Niacin, mg/kg |
|
|
|
|
66 |
0–3 |
Growth, perosis |
Not specified |
Battig et al., 1953 |
31.2 |
0–3 |
Growth |
Embden |
Serafin, 1981 |
Choline, mg/kg |
||||
1530 |
0–3 |
Growth, perosis |
Embden |
Serafin, 1981 |
Choline, niacin, folic acid |
||||
Not determined but estimates obtained |
0–2 |
Growth, liveability |
Toulouse |
Briggs et al., 1953 |
TABLE A-9 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Ducks
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
Protein, % |
||||
22 |
0–2 |
Growth |
White Pekin |
Dean, 1972a |
16 |
2–7 |
Growth |
White Pekin |
Dean, 1972a |
18 |
0–2 |
Growth |
White Pekin |
Wilson, 1975 |
16 |
2 to market |
Growth |
White Pekin |
Wilson, 1975 |
19 |
0–2 |
Growth |
White Pekin |
Siregar et al., 1982 |
16 |
3–8 |
Growth |
White Pekin |
Siregar et al., 1982 |
Arginine, % |
||||
1.08 |
1–3 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Mule |
Chen and Shen, 1979 |
Isoleucine, % |
||||
0.63 |
1–3 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Mule |
Yu and Shen, 1984 |
Leucine, % |
||||
1.26 |
1–3 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Mule |
Yu and Shen, 1984 |
Lysine, % |
||||
0.60 |
Fattening |
Growth |
Not specified |
Jeroch and Hennig, 1965 |
0.90 |
0–8 |
Growth, Plasma lysine |
Pekin |
Gazo et al., 1970 |
0.64 |
3–6 |
Growth |
Muscovy |
Leclerq and Carville,1977 |
0.55 |
6–10 |
Growth |
Muscovy |
Leclerq and Carville, 1977 |
1.06 |
1–3 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Mule |
Chen and Shen, 1979 |
<0.70 |
1–7 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Pekin |
Adams et al., 1983 |
Methionine, % |
||||
0.45 |
0–1.5 |
Growth |
Pekin |
Dean, 1967 |
0.30 |
3–6 |
Growth |
Muscovy |
Leclerq and de Carville, 1977a |
0.25 |
6–10 |
Growth |
Muscovy |
Leclerq and de Carville, 1977a |
0.40 |
0–2 |
Growth |
Pekin |
Elkin et al., 1986 |
Methionine + cystine, % |
||||
0.60 |
0–1.5 |
Growth |
Pekin |
Dean, 1967 |
0.60 |
3–6 |
Growth |
Muscovy |
Leclerq and de Carville, 1977a |
0.55 |
6–10 |
Growth |
Muscovy |
Leclerq and de Carville, 1977a |
0.70 |
0–2 |
Growth |
Pekin |
Elkin et al., 1986 |
Tryptophan, % |
||||
0.23 |
1–3 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Mule |
Wu et al., 1984 |
Valine, % |
||||
0.78 |
1–3 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Mule |
Yu and Shen, 1984 |
Calcium, % |
||||
0.56 |
0–8 |
Growth, feed efficiency, bone ash |
Pekin |
Dean et al., 1967 |
0.58 |
Ducklings |
Growth, bone ash |
Pekin |
Dean, 1972b |
1.00 |
Ducklings |
Growth |
Taiwan |
Su, 1977 |
3.75 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production |
Taiwan |
Su, 1977 |
Nonphytate phosphorus, % |
||||
0.60 |
0–4 |
Growth, bone ash |
Pekin |
Dean, 1972a |
1.05 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production |
Taiwan |
Su, 1977 |
0.40 |
0–3 |
Growth |
Muscovy |
Leclerq and de Carville, 1979 |
0.22 |
3–6 |
Growth |
Muscovy |
Leclerq and de Carville, 1979 |
0.18 |
6–10 |
Growth |
Muscovy |
Leclerq and de Carville, 1979 |
0.34 |
0–3 |
Growth, bone ash |
Mule |
Lin and Shen, 1979 |
Sodium chlorine, % |
||||
0.14 |
0–7 |
Growth, liveability |
Pekin |
Dean, 1972a |
0.12 |
0–7 |
Growth, liveability |
Pekin |
Dean, 1972a |
Magnesium, mg/kg |
||||
500 |
0–2 |
Growth, brain alkaline phosphatase |
Pekin |
Van Reen and Pearson, 1953 |
Manganese, mg/kg |
||||
50 |
0–3 |
Growth |
Mule |
Wu and Shen, 1978 |
Zinc, mg/kg |
||||
68 |
0–3 |
Growth |
Mule |
Wu and Shen, 1978 |
Selenium, mg/kg |
||||
0.14 |
0–7 |
Growth, liveability, glutathione peroxidase |
Pekin |
Dean and Combs, 1981 |
0.20 |
0–7 |
Growth liveability glutathione peroxidase |
Pekin |
Dean and Combs, 1981 |
Vitamin D3, IU/kg |
|
|
|
|
300 |
0–3 |
Bone ash |
Pekin |
Fritz et al., 1941 |
400 |
0–3 |
Bone ash |
Pekin and Indian Runner |
Motzok and branion, 1946 |
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
Vitamin E, IU/kg |
||||
9 |
0–4 |
Myopathy of heart muscle and smooth muscle of intestines |
Pekin |
Jager, 1972 |
Vitamin K, mg/kg |
||||
0.5 |
0–2 |
Prothrombin time |
Pekin |
Dean, 1972 |
Riboflavin, mg/kg |
||||
3 |
0–7 |
Growth |
Pekin |
Fritz et al., 1939 |
4 |
0.5–2 |
Growth |
Pekin |
Hegsted and Perry, 1948 |
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg |
||||
11 |
0.5–2 |
Growth |
Pekin |
Hegsted and Perry, 1948 |
Niacin, mg/kg |
||||
52 |
0–2 |
Growth, leg development |
Pekin |
Heuser and Scott, 1953 |
45 |
0–3 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Mule |
Wu et al., 1984 |
Pyridoxine, mg/kg |
||||
2.5 |
0.5–3 or longer |
Growth, hemoglobin, hematocrit |
Pekin |
Hegsted and Rao, 1945 |
TABLE A-10 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Pheasants
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
Breed |
References |
Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg |
||||
2,700 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, egg weight, feed efficiency, mortality |
Ring–neck |
Monetti et al., 1982 |
Protein, % |
||||
26 |
0 – 3 |
Growth |
Ring–neck |
Scott et al., 1954 |
24 |
3 – 5 |
Growth |
Ring–neck |
Scott et al., 1954 |
26 |
0 – 4 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Ring–neck |
Scott et al., 1963 |
24 |
0 – 8 |
Growth, feathering, liveability |
Chinese |
Woodard et al., 1977 |
20 |
8 – 16 |
Growth, feathering, liveability |
Chinese |
Woodard et al., 1977 |
12 |
After 16 |
Growth, feathering, liveability |
Chinese |
Woodard et al., 1977 |
28 |
0 – 4 |
Growth |
Ring–neck |
Fuentes, 1981 |
28 |
0 – 4 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Ring–neck |
Warner et al., 1982 |
19 |
8 – 17 |
Growth, feathering, feed efficiency, liveability |
Ring–neck |
Cain et al., 1984 |
15 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, fertility, hatchability |
Ring–neck |
Monetti et al., 1985 |
Methionine, % |
||||
0.48 |
0 – 4 |
Growth |
Ring–neck |
Fuentes, 1981 |
Methionine + cystine, % |
||||
0.94 |
0 – 4 |
Growth |
Ring–neck |
Fuentes, 1981 |
Calcium, % |
||||
0.93 |
0 – 5 |
Growth, bone ash |
Ring–neck |
Scott et al., 1958a |
0.53 |
5 – 14 |
Growth, bone ash |
Ring–neck |
Scott et al., 1958a |
0.90 |
0 – 5 |
Growth, bone ash |
Ring–neck |
Hinkson et al., 1971 |
1.2 |
0 – 8 |
Growth, bone ash |
Ring–neck |
Reynnells, 1979 |
2.1 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, shell quality, bone ash |
Ring–neck |
Reynnells, 1979 |
2.0 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, fertility, hatchability, body weight |
Ring–neck |
Wise and Ewins, 1980 |
Total phosphorus, % |
||||
0.98 |
0 – 4 |
Growth, bone ash |
Ring–neck |
Sunde and Bird, 1956 |
0.7 |
0 – 5 |
Growth, bone ash |
Ring–neck |
Scott et al., 1958a |
0.48 |
5 – 14 |
Growth, bone ash |
Ring–neck |
Scott et al., 1958a |
Nonphytate phosphorus, % |
||||
0.6 |
0 – 8 |
Growth, bone ash |
Ring–neck |
Reynnells, 1979 |
0.6 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production bone ash |
Ring–neck |
Reynnells, 1979 |
Sodium, % |
||||
0.22 |
0 – 4 |
Growth, liveability |
Ring–neck |
Scott et al., 1960 |
Manganese, mg/kg |
||||
70 |
0 – 5 |
Growth, bone development |
Ring–neck |
Scott et al., 1959 |
Zinc, mg/kg |
||||
62 |
0 – 5 |
Growth, feather and bone development |
Ring–neck |
Scott et al., 1959 |
120 |
0 – 3 |
Growth, feather development |
Ring–neck |
Cook et al., 1984 |
Vitamin D3, IU/kg |
||||
1,500 |
0 – 5 |
Growth, bone ash |
Ring–neck |
Scott et al., 1958a |
Riboflavin, mg/kg |
||||
3.4 |
0 – 5 |
Growth, feather and bone development |
Ring–neck |
Scott et al., 1959 |
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg |
||||
10 |
0 – 4 |
Growth, feather and bone development |
Ring–neck |
Scott et al., 1964 |
Niacin, mg/kg |
||||
50 |
0 – 4 |
Growth, bone development |
Ring–neck |
Sunde and Bird, 1957 |
70 |
0 – 5 |
Growth, feathering and bone development |
Ring–neck |
Scott et al., 1959 |
Choline, mg/kg |
||||
1,430 |
0 – 5 |
Growth, feather and bone development |
Ring–neck |
Scott et al., 1959 |
TABLE A-11 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Japanese Quail
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
References |
Protein, % |
|||
24 |
0–35 |
Growth, protein retention |
Weber and Reid, 1967 |
24 |
0–42 |
Growth |
Lepore and Marks, 1971 |
26 |
0–35 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Vogt, 1969 |
25 |
0–28 |
Growth |
Vohra and Roudybush, 1971 |
20 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, egg weight, feed efficiency |
Begin and Insko, 1972 |
20 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production |
Lee et al., 1977 |
28.4 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production |
Sakurai, 1979 |
16 |
Sexually mature, peak egg production |
Egg production, egg yield, body weight |
Allen and Young, 1980 |
24 |
Sexually mature |
Not specified |
Sakurai, 1981 |
20 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production |
Shim and Lee, 1982 |
24 |
0–28 |
Growth, carcass characteristics |
Steigner, 1990 |
Arginine, % |
|||
1.25 |
0–10 |
Growth |
Young et al., 1978 |
1.13 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, body weight, egg weight |
Allen and Young, 1980 |
Glycine, % |
|||
1.74 |
0–21 |
Growth |
Svacha et al., 1970 |
1.17 |
21–35 |
Growth |
Svacha et al., 1970 |
Glycine + serine, % |
|||
1.14 |
0–10 |
Growth |
Young et al., 1978 |
Histidine, % |
|||
0.36 |
0–10 |
Growth |
Young et al., 1978 |
0.38 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, body weight, egg weight |
Allen and Young, 1980 |
Isoleucine, % |
|||
0.98 |
0–10 |
Growth |
Young et al., 1978 |
0.81 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, body weight, egg yield |
Allen and Young, 1980 |
Leucine, % |
|||
1.69 |
0–10 |
Growth |
Young et al., 1978 |
1.28 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, body weight, egg weight |
Allen and Young, 1980 |
Lysine, % |
|||
1.37 |
0–21 |
Growth |
Svacha et al., 1970 |
1.2 |
21–35 |
Growth |
Svacha et al., 1970 |
1.15 |
0–10 |
Growth |
Young et al., 1978 |
0.86 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production |
Allen and Young, 1980 |
0.97 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production |
Shim and Lee, 1984 |
Methionine, % |
|||
0.43 |
0–10 |
Growth |
Young et al., 1978 |
0.37 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, body weight, egg yield |
Allen and Young, 1980 |
0.48 |
0–35 |
Growth, feed efficiency, feather development, carcass yield |
Shrivastav and Panda, 1987 |
0.27 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production |
Shim and Lee, 1988 |
0.39 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, feather loss |
Shim and Lee, 1989 |
Methionine + cystine, % |
|||
0.74 |
0–21 |
Growth |
Svacha et al., 1970 |
0.72 |
21–35 |
Growth |
Svacha et al., 1970 |
0.72 |
0–10 |
Growth |
Young et al., 1978 |
0.68 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, body weight, egg yield |
Allen and Young, 1980 |
0.75 |
0–35 |
Growth, feed efficiency, feather development, carcass yield |
Shrivastav and Panda, 1987 |
0.72 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production |
Shim and Lee, 1988 |
0.71 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, feather loss |
Shim and Chen, 1989 |
Phenylalanine + tyrosine, % |
|||
1.79 |
0–10 |
Growth |
Young et al., 1978 |
1.25 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, body weight, egg yield |
Allen and Young, 1980 |
Threonine, % |
|||
1.02 |
0–10 |
Growth |
Young et al., 1978 |
0.67 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, body weight, egg yield |
Allen and Young, 1980 |
Tryptophan, % |
|||
0.22 |
0–10 |
Growth |
Young et al., 1978 |
0.17 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, body weight, egg yield |
Allen and Young, 1980 |
Valine, % |
|||
0.95 |
0–10 |
Growth |
Young et al., 1978 |
0.83 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, body weight, egg yield |
Allen and Young, 1980 |
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
References |
Calcium, % |
|||
2.5 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, hatchability |
Nelson et al., 1964 |
0.80 |
0–14 |
Growth, bone ash, calcium and phosphorus retention |
Consuegra and Anderson, 1967 |
0.48 |
14–28 |
Growth, bone ash, calcium and phosphorus retention |
Consuegra and Anderson, 1967 |
0.44 |
0–35 |
Growth, feed efficiency, bone ash, liveability |
Miller, 1967 |
0.70 |
0–21 |
Growth, bone ash |
Bisoi et al., 1980 |
Nonphytate phosphorus, % |
|||
0.6 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, hatchability |
Nelson et al., 1964 |
0.30 |
0–28 |
Growth, bone ash, calcium and phosphorus retention |
Consuegra and Anderson, 1967 |
0.3 |
0–21 |
Growth, bone ash |
Bisoi et al., 1980 |
Sodium chlorine, % |
|||
0.15 |
0–28 |
Growth |
Scott et al., 1960 |
0.10 |
8–35 |
Growth, liveability, adrenal weight |
Lumijarvi and Vohra, 1976 |
Magnesium, mg/kg |
|||
300 |
0–14 |
Growth, liveability, hemoglobin, tibia ash |
Harland et al., 1976 |
150 mg |
0–14 |
Growth, liveability |
Vohra, 1972b |
Iron, mg/kg |
|||
120 |
0–28 |
Growth, hemoglobin, feathering, bone ash |
Harland et al., 1973 |
Copper, mg/kg |
|||
<5 |
0–28 |
Growth, hemoglobin, feathering, bone ash |
Harland et al., 1973 |
Manganese, mg/kg |
|||
<12 |
0–28 |
Growth, hemoglobin, feathering, bone ash |
Harland et al., 1973 |
Zinc, mg/kg |
|||
25 |
0–28 |
Growth, feathering, tibia ash, liveability |
Spivey-Fox and Jacobs, 1967 |
Selenium, mg/kg |
|||
0.1 |
0–42 |
Growth, liveability |
Thompson and Scott, 1967 |
Iodine, mg/kg |
|||
0.3 |
0–28 |
Growth, thyroid weight |
Scott et al., 1960 |
Vitamin A, IU/kg |
|||
1,650 |
7–56 |
Growth, liveability |
Shellenberger and Lee, 1966 |
3,300 |
Sexually mature |
Hatchability |
Shellenberger and Lee, 1966 |
825 |
0–14 |
Growth |
Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974 |
1,000 |
0–10 |
Growth, liver vitamin A |
Parrish and Al-Hasani, 1983 |
3,200 |
Sexually mature |
Hatchability, liveability, vitamin A in yolk |
Parrish and Al-Hasani, 1983 |
Vitamin D, IU/kg |
|||
480 |
0–21 |
Bone ash, plasma calcium |
Shue, 1967 |
750 |
0–14 |
Growth |
Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974 |
Thiamine, mg/kg |
|||
6 |
0–14 |
Growth |
Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974 |
1.2 |
0–35 |
Growth, liveability |
Mak and Vohra, 1982 |
Niacin, mg/kg |
|||
40 |
0–14 |
Growth |
Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974 |
15 |
0–35 |
Growth, viability |
Mak and Vohra, 1982 |
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg |
|||
40 |
0–7 |
Growth, feather development, dermatitis |
Spivey-Fox et al., 1966 |
10 |
7–35 |
Growth, feather development, dermatitis |
Spivey-Fox et al., 1966 |
10 |
0–35 |
Growth, feather development |
Cutler and Vohra, 1967 |
15 |
Sexually mature |
Fertility, hatchability |
Cutler and Vohra, 1967 |
23 |
0–14 |
Growth |
Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974 |
Riboflavin, mg/kg |
|||
8 |
0–14 |
Growth |
Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974 |
2 |
0–35 |
Growth, viability |
Mak and Vohra, 1982 |
Choline, mg/kg |
|||
2,500 |
0–28 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Vogt, 1970 |
2,090 |
Sexually mature |
Egg weight |
Latshaw and Jensen, 1971 |
1,045–2,090 |
Sexually mature |
Body weight, liver lipids |
Latshaw and Jensen, 1972 |
1,300 |
0–14 |
Growth |
Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974 |
Folacin, mg/kg |
|||
0.36 |
Not specified |
Growth, liveability |
Wong et al., 1977 |
Pyridoxine, mg/kg |
|||
6 |
0–14 |
Growth |
Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974 |
1,25 |
0–35 |
Growth, viability |
Mak and Vohra, 1982 |
TABLE A-12 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Bobwhite Quail
Nutrient and Estimated Requirement |
Age Period (Days) |
Response Criteria |
References |
Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg |
|||
2,850–3,170 |
0–5 |
Growth, energy consumption, feed efficiency |
Wilson et al., 1977 |
Protein, % |
|||
28 |
0–8 |
Growth, liveability |
Baldini et al., 1950 |
20 |
0–6 |
Growth, liveability |
Baldini et al., 1953 |
26.5 |
0–4 |
Growth, feed efficiency, feathering |
Scott et al., 1963 |
28 |
0–6 |
Growth |
Andrews et al., 1973 |
20 |
6–9 |
Growth |
Andrews et al., 1973 |
26 |
0–5 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Serafin, 1977 |
24 |
0–5 |
Growth, feed efficiency |
Serafin, 1982 |
Methionine + cystine, % |
|||
1.0 |
0–5 |
Growth |
Serafin, 1982 |
Calcium, % |
|||
0.65 |
0–6 |
Growth, liveability, bone ash |
Wilson et al., 1972 |
2.3 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, eggshell thickness, fertility, hatchability |
Dewitt et al., 1949 |
2.4 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, eggshell thickness, fertility |
Cain et al., 1982 |
Nonphytate phosphorus, % |
|||
0.8 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, fertility, hatchability, liveability of offspring |
Dewitt et al., 1949 |
0.40 |
0–6 |
Growth, liveability, tibia ash |
Scott et al., 1958b |
0.28 |
6–12 |
Growth, liveability, bone ash |
Scott et al., 1958b |
0.45 |
0–6 |
Growth, liveability, bone ash |
Wilson et al., 1972 |
0.35 |
0–6 |
Growth, bone ash |
Powell et al., 1974 |
>0.70 |
Sexually mature |
Egg production, egg shell thickness, fertility |
Cain et al., 1982 |
Vitamin A, IU/kg |
|||
8,800 |
0–10 |
Growth, liveability |
Nestler, 1946 |
13,200 |
Sexually mature |
Reproduction, survival of offspring |
Nestler, 1946 |
Riboflavin, mg/kg |
|||
3.8 |
0–5 |
Growth, feed efficiency, liveability |
Serafin, 1974 |
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg |
|||
10 |
0–4 |
Growth, liveability, feathering, leg development |
Scott et al., 1964 |
12.6 |
0–5 |
Growth, feed efficiency, liveability |
Serafin, 1974 |
Niacin, mg/kg |
|||
31 |
0–5 |
Growth, feed efficiency, liveability |
Serafin, 1974 |
Choline, mg/kg |
|||
1,500 |
0–5 |
Growth, feed efficiency, liveability |
Serafin, 1974 |