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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Conversion Factors." National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2114.

Ingredient	Prediction Equation	Reference
Products of animal origin
Skim milk powder	ME_n = 40.94 × CP + 77.96 × EE + 19.04 × NFE	Janssen, 1989
Whey, dried, low lactose	ME_n = 38.79 × CP + 77.96 × EE + 19.04 × NFE	Janssen, 1989
Meat and bone meal	ME_n = 33.94 × DM = 45.77 × ash + 59.99 × EE	Janssen, 1989
Fish meal (60%, 65%, 67% crude protein)	ME_n = 35.87 × DM - 34.08 × ash + 42.09 × EE	Janssen, 1989
Herring meal, Norwegian	ME_n = 35.87 × DM - 34.08 × ash + 42.09 × EE	Janssen, 1989
Blood meal, spray dried	ME_n = 34.49 × CP + 64.96 × EE	Janssen, 1989
Blood meal, drum dried	ME_n = 31.88 × CP + 60.32 × EE	Janssen, 1989
Feather meal (pepsin dig 80%)	ME_n = 33.2 × CP + 57.53 × EE	Janssen, 1989
Poultry offal meal	ME_n = 31.02 × CP + 74.23 × EE	Janssen, 1989
Poultry offal meal, high-fat	ME_n = 31.02 × CP + 78.87 × EE	Janssen, 1989
Poultry by-product meal	TME_n = -725 + 0.841 × GE (kcal/kg dry matter)	Pesti et al., 1986
Poultry by-product meal	TME_n = 4,070 - 142 × calcium	Pesti et al., 1986
Poultry by-product meal	TME_n = 4,330 - 61 × ash	Pesti et al., 1986
Poultry by-product meal	TME_n = 5,060 - 263 × ash + 491 × calcium	Pesti et al., 1986
Poultry by-product meal	TME_n = 479 + 89 × CP - 1,094 × phosphorus	Pesti et al., 1986
Poultry by-product meal	TME_n = 11,340 - 103 × CP - 327 × calcium	Pesti et al., 1986
Poultry by-product meal	TME_n = 934 - 69 × CP - 110 × ash	Pesti et al., 1986
Poultry by-product meal	TME_n = 561 - 154 × calcium - 622 × phosphorus	Pesti et al., 1986
Poultry by-product meal	TME_n = 556 - 63 × ash - 506 × phosphorus	Pesti et al., 1986
Fat products from Dutch renderers	ME_n = 20,041 - 23.0 × IV - 319.1 × C16:0 - 153.4 × C18:0	Janssen et al., 1979
Fats and oils	ME_n = 8,227 - 10,318(-1,1685[Unsaturated:Saturated ratio])	Ketels and DeGroote, 1989
All fats and oils	ME_n = 28,119 - 235.8 (C18:1 + C18:2) - 6.4 (C16:0) - 310.9 (C18:0) + 0.726 (IV × FR₁) - 0.0000379 (IV[FR₁ + FFA])²	Huyghebaert et al., 1988
Vegetable oils (free fatty acid <50%)	ME_n = -10,147.94 + 188.28 IV + 155.09 FR₁ - 1.6709 (IV × FR₁)	Huyghebaert et al., 1988
Vegetable oils (free fatty acid >50%)	ME_n = 1,804 + 29.7084 IV + 29.302 FR₁	Huyghebaert et al., 1988
Animal fats (free fatty acid <40%)	ME_n = 126,694 + 1645 IV + 838.4 C16:0 - 215.3 C18:0 + 746.61 FR₁ + 356.12 (FR₁ + FFA) - 14.83 (IV × FR₁)	Huyghebaert et al., 1988
Animal fats (free fatty acid >40%)	ME_n = -9,865 + 194.1 IV + 300.1 C18:0	Huyghebaert et al., 1988
NOTE: Abbreviations used above are as follows: GE = gross energy; ME = metabolizable energy; ME_n = nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy; TME_n = nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy; CP = % crude protein; EE = % ether extract; CF = % crude fiber; NFE = % nitrogen-free extract; ADF = % acid detergent fiber; APF = % Acid-pepsin fiber; STA = % starch; SUG = % sugar; IV = iodine value; C16:0 = % palmitic acid; C18:0 = % stearic acid; C18:1 = % oleic acid; C18:2 = % linoleic acid; FFA = % free fatty acid, calculated as oleic acid equivalents; FR₁ = first fraction from a column chromatography separation that contains the practically unaltered triglycerides plus other apolar components; and DM = dry matter.

TABLE C–1 Conversion reactors—Weights and Measures

Units	Multiplied by the Factor Below Equals	Units	Multiplied by the Factor Below Equals	Units
lb	453.6	g	0.002205	lb
lb	0.4536	kg	2.205	lb
oz	28.35	g	0.035273	oz
kg	1,000	g	0.001	kg
kg	1,000,000	mg	0.000001	kg
g	1,000	mg	0.001	g
g	1,000,000	mcg (or µg)	0.001	mg
g	10⁹	ng (nanogram)	10^-9	g
g	10¹²	pg (picogram)	10^-12	g
mg	1,000	mcg (or µg)	0.001	mg
mg/kg^a	0.0001	%	10,000	mg/kg
ppm	0.0001	%	10,000	ppm
gal (U.S.)	3.785	liters	0.2642	gal (U.S.gal (Brit.)
4.546	liters	0.220	gal (Brit.bu (bushel)	0.3525 hl
(hectoliter)	2.837	bu
cal (calorie)	4.184	j (joule)	0.239	cal
kcal (kilocalorie)	1,000	cal	0.001	kcal
Mcal (megacalorie)	1,000,000	cal	0.000001	Mcal
Mcal	1,000	kcal	0.001	Mcal
^a 100 ppm = 100 mg/kg = 0.010 percent; thus converting 0.0002 percent = 2 ppm = 2 mg/kg.

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Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994 (1994)

Chapter: Appendix C: Conversion Factors

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