Index
A
Access to training, 3, 64, 65, 72, 120
qualifying training, 3, 65-68, 100
retraining, 69-70
second-chance training, 3, 70-72
skills improvement training, 3, 68-69
Accountability of programs, 7, 90, 120, 131
Accreditation, see Certification (institutional)
Administrators, training of, 17, 18, 19
Adult basic education, see Basic education
Adult Education Act, 10, 52-53, 72
Age-related earnings differences associate degrees, 78-80
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 58, 71, 85
Apprenticeship, 31, 38-40, 67, 156-158
foreign comparisons, 38, 40, 66-67, 105-106, 107, 115
Apprenticeship 2000 initiative, 40
Area vocational schools, see Vocational-technical schools
Armed Forces, see Military training
Articulation among programs, 96, 120-121
Assessment, see Evaluation and assessment
Assistance, see Federal funding
Australia, 105, 107-108, 111-117 passim
Austria, 40
B
Basic education, 2, 15, 16, 33, 36, 37, 52-54, 59, 60, 71-72, 161, 165-166
Basic Educational Opportunity Grants, see Pell grants
Britain, 108-110, 111, 113-114, 116
see also United Kingdom
Budgets, see Federal funding
Business Training International, 35
C
Campus-based programs, 48
Capacity building, 141-143, 160
Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Education Act, see Perkins Act
Certification (institutional), 7, 51, 91, 94, 132
Certification (workers), 7, 15, 17, 94, 97, 121, 132, 139
of dislocation, 60-61, 70, 162
foreign comparisons, 111-114
Classroom skills training, 37
Collaborative service delivery, 96-97
four-year completions, 1, 16, 17
vocational rehabilitation, 54
see also Community colleges;
Technical colleges and institutes
Community-based organizations (CBOs), 15, 31, 37-38, 41, 43, 53,97
Community colleges, 15, 31-34, 43, 65-66, 97
adult basic education, 53, 54, 89
dropouts, 77
employers involvement, 94-95
evaluation of, 76-80
Tech-Prep programs, 52
vocational rehabilitation, 54
Company training, see Employer-provided training; Skills improvement training
Compensation, see Earnings and wages
Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA), 55, 57, 86-87,91, 92
Computer programming, 22, 23, 34
Contracting for training services, 145, 147-149, 166n
from community colleges, 33-34, 41, 96
for dislocated workers, 61-62
by employers, 31, 33-34, 36, 41
JTPA classes, 49, 57, 96, 97, 145
by military, 43
from proprietary schools, 36
Controlled experiments, 74-75
Cooperative education, 9, 67-68, 158
Coordination among programs, 95-100, 120-121, 131, 166
Correspondence courses, 19, 154
Counseling services, 37, 38, 54, 61
Creaming, 57, 76, 92, 102n, 134
Credentials, see Certification (workers)
Curriculum development, 94-95, 140, 143n
Customized training courses, 33, 36
D
Default of student loans, 7, 14, 50, 92, 127, 154
proprietary school sector, 50, 63n
Definitions
of jobs and tasks, 23
of performance measures and standards, 133
of postsecondary education, 14-15, 16
two-year programs, 33, 52, 76-80
Delaware, 36-37
Demand for workers, 2, 3, 28, 156
and educational levels, 24, 25
see also Skill requirements
Demonstration projects
apprenticeship, 9, 40, 157, 158
home health training, 85-86
institutional eligibility, 9, 155-156
labor market structure, 10, 160
literacy in workplace, 42
skill standards, 139
Denmark, 40
Department of Education, 42, 45, 139
vocational rehabilitation funding, 54
see also Student grants and loans
Department of Health and Human Services, 45
Department of Labor, 44, 45, 139, 158
Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training (BAT), 39
Office of Work-Based Learning, 40
retraining programs, 60-62
see also Job Training Partnership Act
Depression-era programs, 44
Design measures and standards, 133-136, 138
Deskilling, 22-23
DeVry Institutes of Technology, 35
Disability, see Vocational rehabilitation
Disadvantaged workers, 44, 94, 148
community-based organization programs, 37-38
community college programs, 33
qualifying training, 66
youth programs, 3, 5, 10, 55-56, 125-126, 163-165, 167-168n
see also Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) program;
Job Training Partnership Act;
Second-chance training
Dislocated workers programs, 60-62, 63n,
see also Retraining
Dropouts
E
Earnings and wages, 22, 23, 74, 75
and educational attainment, 23, 24, 102n
records use in program monitoring, 9, 155
retraining impacts, 82-83
second-chance training impacts, 85-89
skills improvement impacts, 81
two-year program impacts, 78-80
Economically disadvantaged, see Disadvantaged workers training
Economic competitiveness, 13
and employer-provided training, 21
and skill requirements, 22-25, 28, 131, 140, 161
Economic Dislocation and Worker Adjustment Assistance Act (EDWAA), 60, 61-62, 70, 82-84
Economic Opportunity Act, 88
Educational attainment, 1, 16-17, 24
and skills improvement training, 68
Employer involvement, 3, 6, 24, 65, 93-95, 120, 127
foreign comparisons, 104-111
see also Employer-provided training
Employer-provided training, 13, 20-21, 25, 31, 40-42, 43, 81-82,94, 160
apprenticeship, 31, 38, 39, 40, 158
foreign comparisons, 110-111
informal, 17, 18, 19, 20, 31, 41
and job mobility, 21, 29n, 110-111, 159
tax subsidies, 42, 94, 146, 161
English as a second language (ESL), 33, 36, 37, 53, 60, 69
Enrollments
vocational-technical schools, 36
Evaluation and assessment, 5-6, 7, 73-76, 131-132
qualifying training, 76-80, 100, 151, 155-156
retraining, 82-84
second-chance programs, 10, 73, 84-90, 162-166
skills improvement training, 80-82
see also Performance management and standards
Expenditures, see Federal funding
Experimentation, see Demonstration projects; Innovation and experimentation
F
Family Support Act, 58, 92, 162, 173
Federal Committee on Apprenticeship, 39
Federal Emergency Relief Program, 44
Federal employee training, 30, 41
Federal Family Education Loans (FFEL), 45, 98
Federal funding, 2, 3, 9, 15, 28, 45, 46-47, 120
adult education, 52-53
certification boards, 140
community-based organizations, 37, 43
community colleges, 32, 33, 128n
Depression-era programs, 44
military training, 42-43
short-term programs, 31
and standard-setting, 8
state and local aid, 2, 10, 11, 36, 44, 51, 52-53, 54, 121-122, 169-170, 173-174
vocational education, 36, 51-52, 128n
vocational rehabilitation, 54
see also Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) program;
Job Training Partnership Act;
Student grants and loans
Federal policy, 2, 3, 4, 14, 44-45, 120-127
annual status reports, 10, 172
apprenticeship programs, 39
employer involvement, 42, 120, 127
innovative programs, 5-6
programs improvement, 4, 5-6, 9-10, 126, 142-143, 144-146
quality assurance, 4, 5, 7-9, 120, 125-126, 129-143
systemic reform, 3, 4-5, 10-11, 100, 119, 120-121, 125-127, 169-175
Federal regulations, 8-9, 138, 173-174
state exemption waivers, 10, 170-171, 174, 175
see also Higher Education Act;
Job Training Partnership Act;
Perkins Act;
names of other specific statutes
Financial assistance, see Federal funding; Student grants and loans
Fitzgerald Act, 39
Flexible work organization, 23, 25, 26-27
Florida, 36
Foreign comparisons, 6, 22, 66, 103-104, 116, 126
apprenticeship, 38, 40, 66-67, 105-106, 107, 115
employer involvement, 104-111
qualifying training, 105-110, 117n
school-to-work transition, 114-116
skills improvement training, 110-111
standards and certification, 111-114
Formal training, see Employer-provided training
France, 22
Francis Tuttle School, 37
G
General equivalency diploma (GED), 36, 60, 97
Germany, 22, 40, 66-67, 68, 104, 105-106, 110, 111, 112, 115, 116, 156
and proprietary schools, 35, 49
Global competitiveness, see Economic competitiveness
Government, see Federal funding; Federal policy; Federal regulations; State governments; names of specific federal agencies and programs
Grants, institutional, 146,
see also Student grants and loans
H
Harm to program participants, 7, 127, 155
Health care training, 17, 42, 52, 80, 94
Higher Education Act, 13, 29n, 45, 48-51, 151, 154, 155
institutional integrity provisions, 9, 91
High-performance workplaces, 24-25
High-risk groups, see Disadvantaged workers
High school dropouts, 16, 17, 37
High-skill occupations, 1, 23-24, 25
Homemaker-Home Health Aide Demonstrations, 85-86
Houston Community College, 32
I
Immigration, 24
Imports, 24
Incentives to training providers, 6, 8, 52, 64-65, 90, 93, 135
Indiana, 99-100
Industrial organization, 10, 23, 26-27, 28, 69, 95, 159-160
Informal training, see Employer-provided training
federal role, 8, 120, 141, 171
Innovation and experimentation
labor market structure, 10
second-chance training, 10
workplace organization, 10, 23, 160
see also Demonstration projects
Institutions, see Colleges; Community colleges; Proprietary schools; Schools; Student grants and loans; Technical colleges and institutes; Vocational-technical schools
Institutions of Postsecondary Education Data Survey (IPEDS)
Interest subsidies, on student loans, 29n, 49, 50
Italy, 22
J
Japan, 22, 66, 104, 106-107, 110-112, 115, 116, 117n
Job mobility, 21, 114-115, 121, 160
and employer-provided training, 21, 29n, 110-111, 159
and skills improvement training, 2, 15
Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) program, 45, 58-60, 71, 97
community college role, 33
evaluation of, 84-86, 162-163, 165
federal matching funds, 10, 162, 163
proprietary school involvement, 36
Job search and placement assistance, 37, 38, 55, 59, 61, 161
Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA), 2, 16, 54-58, 63n, 71, 96-97, 163-165
community-based organization programs, 37, 56-57
community college programs, 33, 37, 56-57
performance management system, 7, 8, 52, 57-58, 91-92, 97, 130, 134 , 137, 141-142
proprietary school involvement, 36, 56-57
see also Economic Dislocation and Worker Adjustment Assistance Act
Junior colleges, see Community colleges
L
Labor market structure, 2, 10, 21-22, 28, 160
and employer-provided training, 21
Labor relations, policies, 21
apprenticeship programs, 31, 38, 39
La Raza, 43
Legislation, see Federal regulations; Higher Education Act; Job Training Partnership Act; Perkins Act; names of other specific statutes
Licensing, see Certification (institutional)
Life-cycle theories, of technological change, 23
Literacy programs, 42, 53, 69, 72, 89, 165-166
Loans, see Student grants and loans
Local governments, 44, 121, 122, 128n, 170
community college administration, 32, 34
Low-income groups, 66
and community-based organizations, 37
and proprietary schools, 36
and student grants, 50
Low Income Opportunity Board (LIOB), 173, 174
Low-skill occupations, 21, 23, 24, 69, 95
M
Malcolm Baldrige Award, 160
Managers, 23
Manpower Development and Training Act, 44
Manufacturing
and readjustment assistance, 61
Miami Dade Community College, 32
Middle-level positions, 17, 23
military training, 42
Military training, 19, 30, 42-43
apprenticeship, 38
Minimum standards approach, 9, 135-136, 143
Minorities
apprenticeships, 39
and community-based organizations, 37
community college enrollment, 33
proprietary school enrollment, 36
skills improvement training, 68
Mississippi, 59
Monitoring of training programs, 9, 155
Morrill Act, 128n
N
National Apprenticeship Act, 39
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 143n
National Institute for Literacy, 165-166
National Institute of Standards and Technology, 42
National Science Foundation, 10, 174
National Supported Work Demonstration, 88
New Jersey, 99
Nonprofit institutions, 15
see also Community-based organizations
North American Free Trade Agreement, 161
North Carolina, 95
North Dakota, 59
O
Occupations
training for specific, 3, 17-20
Office of Work Force Development, 10-11, 174-175
Oklahoma, 37
On-the-job training, see Employer-provided training; Skills improvement training
Organizational patterns, see Industrial organization
Outcomes of training, see Results
P
Parents Loans for Undergraduate Students Program (PLUS), 45
Pell grants, 45, 49, 50, 145, 149, 150, 166n
and vocational rehabilitation, 54
Performance management and standards, 5-6, 7-8, 90-93, 129-139, 171-172
adult education, 53
apprenticeship programs, 39
foreign comparisons, 6
JTPA, 7, 8, 52, 57-58, 91-92, 97, 130, 134, 137, 141-142
military, 43
Perkins Act, 2, 15, 51-52, 92, 167n, 173
Policy, see Federal policy
Private Industry Councils, 56, 97
Private schools, see Proprietary schools
Problem-driven standards, 135, 136
skills improvement impacts, 81-82
Professional associations, 31, 41
Professional occupations, 19, 23, 69
Proprietary schools, 15, 16, 31, 34-36, 66
employers involvement, 94
evaluation of, 76-80
retraining at, 62
and student aid, 35, 48, 49-50, 91, 151, 154
vocational rehabilitation, 54
Providers of training, see Sources of training
Public schools, 15,
see also Vocational-technical schools
Public service occupations, 63n, 80
Public Works Administration, 44
Q
Qualifying training, 2, 15, 16, 25, 28, 120
at community colleges, 34, 76-80
employer-provided, 3, 6, 41, 66-67
evaluation of, 76-80, 100, 151, 155-156
federal role, 4, 5, 7-9, 120, 125-126, 129-143
see also Performance management and standards
R
Racial and ethnic groups, see Minorities
Random assignment experiments, 74-75, 84, 101-102n
Records and record-keeping
employment and wages, 9, 155, 167n
by training providers, 73
Regulation, see Federal regulations
Rehabilitation Act, 54
Remedial education, see Basic education
Reorganization, see Industrial organization
Reputation of training programs, 6, 14, 94
Research and development
skill standards, 171-172
Resources, see Federal funding
Results, 3, 5, 8, 64, 73-90, 100
see also Evaluation and assessment;
Performance management and standards
Retraining, 2, 15-16, 60-62, 63n, 120
access to, 69-70
evaluation of, 82-84
student aid, 51
S
Schools, 17
qualifying training at, 3, 17, 65-67, 100
skills improvement training at, 19, 20, 41
see also Colleges;
Community colleges;
Proprietary schools;
Student grants and loans;
Technical colleges and institutes;
Vocational-technical schools
School-to-work transition, 9, 156-158
foreign comparisons, 114-116
Secondary schools, see High schools; Vocational-technical schools
Second-chance training, 2, 16, 120
community-based organization programs, 37, 43
at community colleges, 33
evaluation of, 10, 73, 84-90, 162-166
at proprietary schools, 36
see also Adult Education Act;
Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) program;
Job Training Partnership Act
Secretary's (of Labor) Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills (SCANS) , 136
Serviceman's Readjustment Act, see G.I. Bill
Short-term training programs, 31
Skill requirements, 95
and economic competitiveness, 22-25, 28, 131, 140, 161
standards, 7, 8, 10, 11, 52, 94, 111-114, 139-140, 171
and technological development, 1, 23, 24, 28
Skills improvement training, 2, 15, 16, 25, 28, 120
evaluation of, 80-82
foreign comparisons, 110-111
formal company programs, 40-41, 68-69
student aid, 51
Small businesses
owned by disabled, 54
skills improvement training, 68-69
Smith-Hughes Act, 44, 51, 128n
Social Security Act, 44
Sources of training, 3, 17-20, 29n, 43-44
and standards, 7
Stafford Loan Program, 45, 49, 50, 63n
Standards, see Performance management and standards; Skill requirements, standards
State governments, 4, 13, 44, 121-122, 127-128n, 146
apprenticeship administration, 39-40
community college funding, 32, 34
and employer-sponsored training, 41, 82
federal aid, 2, 10, 11, 36, 44, 51, 52-53, 54, 121-122, 169-170, 173-174
institutional eligibility oversight, 51, 91, 151-154
JOBS administration, 58-60
JTPA administration, 55, 99-100
performance standards development, 52, 92, 100, 153, 154, 155-156
rehabilitation agencies, 54
short-term program funding, 31
and systemic reform, 3, 6, 99-100, 121-123, 126-127, 156, 169-171
and trade readjustment, 61
vocational school administration, 36-37, 51-52
waivers from federal rules, 10, 170-171, 174, 175
State Student Incentive Grants (SSIG), 45
Statistical data collection, proprietary schools, 35
Stigmatization, of program participants, 6, 94
Structure of training system, see Coordination among programs; Industrial organization; Labor market structure; Systemic reform
Student grants and loans, 2, 13-14, 16, 20, 29n, 35, 45, 46, 48-51, 65, 90, 120, 144-145, 149-150
default, 7, 14, 50, 92, 127, 154
Depression-era programs, 44
institutional eligibility, 15, 51, 91, 92, 151-154
proprietary schools, 35, 48, 49-50, 91, 151, 154
Student Right-to-Know Act, 92
Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants (SEOG), 45, 48
Supplemental Loan for Students Program (SLS), 45, 49, 50
Sweden, 66
Switzerland, 40
Systemic reform
federal role, 3, 4-5, 10-11, 100, 119, 120-121, 125-127, 169-175
states roles in, 3, 6, 99-100, 121-123, 126-127, 156, 169-171
T
Targeted Job Tax Credit, 94
Tax subsidies, 42, 94, 146, 161, 166-167n
Technical assistance, 5-6, 57, 173
Technical colleges and institutes, 15, 31-32, 33, 53, 77, 80, 97
Technological development and skill requirements, 1, 23, 24, 28
Technology transfer programs, 42
Tech-Prep programs, 9, 51, 52, 156-157, 158
Teenage parents, 60
Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA), 60-61, 62, 63n, 69-70, 83, 161-162
Trade schools, see Proprietary schools; Vocational-technical schools
Transferability of training, 42, 43
Trust funds, apprenticeships, 38
Two-plus-two programs, 96
Two-year colleges, see Community colleges; Technical colleges and institutes
U
Unemployment insurance, 44, 60-61, 70, 167n
see also Britain
Universities, 15
Unskilled labor, see Low-skill occupations
Upgrade of job skills, see Skills improvement training
Upskilling, 22-23
Urban League, 43
U.S. Employment Service, 44, 94
U.S. Government, see Federal funding; Federal policy; Federal regulations; names of specific federal agencies and programs
V
Value added, in training programs, 8, 73-76, 90, 93, 135
Vocational Education Act, 36
Vocational rehabilitation, 54, 148
Vocational Student Loan Insurance Act, 49
Vocational-technical schools, 15, 31, 36-37, 97
and retraining, 62
Voucher programs, 9, 51, 144-145, 147-149, 151, 166n, 167n
W
Wages, see Earnings and wages
Wagner-Peyser Act, 44
Welfare-to-work programs, 85-86, 89-90, 92, 95, 134, 162
see also Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) program
Women, 15
apprenticeships, 39
proprietary school enrollment, 36
second-chance training, 85-89 passim, 163
skills improvement training, 68
in two-year programs, 33, 78, 79-80
Work Incentive (WIN) Program, 59, 85, 162
Workplaces, see Employer involvement; Employer-provided training; Industrial organization; Skills improvement training
Works Progress Administration, 44
Y
Youth Employment and Demonstration Projects Act, 37
Youth Incentive Entitlement Pilot Projects (YIEPP), 158
Youth training, 3, 5, 10, 15, 55-56, 125-126, 163-165, 167-168n
skills improvement, 68