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64 RACES OF MAIZE 3. Three commercial races, Mafz Criollo, Canilla, and Tus6n, were probably carried to Cuba by the West Indian Arawak between 1200 and 1440 A.D. Historical evidence indicates that a fourth commercial race, Mafz Argentino, an orange-yellow flint, is a recent introduction from Argentina. 4. Two popcorns, which are grown on a limited scale for domestic consumption only, are undoubtedly recent introductions from the United States. A white dent corn found in one town in Oriente province seems identical with the Mexican Zapalote Chico and may be a recent introduction. 5. Interviews conducted by questionnaire with sixty-seven Cuban farmers indicate that hybridization and selection for the racial types described in this paper are dominant in the con- temporary evolution of Cuban maize. These processes tend to produce plants which are very similar in vegetative, tassel, cytological, and physiological characters but which differ strik- ingly in the ears which they produce.
65 LITERATURE CITED I. Anderson, E. Field studies of Guatemalan maize. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 34: 433--467. 1947. 2. --and W. L. Brown. The history of the common maize varieties of the United States corn belt. Agr. Hist. 26: 2-8. 1952. 3. --and H. C. Cutler. Races of Zea Mays: I. Their recognition and classification. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 29: 69-88. 1942. 4. Bachiller y Morales, A. Prontuario de agricultura general, para el uso de los labradores i hacendados de Ia isla de Cuba. Barcina, La Habana. 1856. 5. Bennett, H. H., and R. V. Allison. The soils of Cuba. Trop. Plant Res. Found. Washington, D. C. 1928. 6. Birket-Smith, K. The origin of maize cultivation. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Hist-Filol. Meddel. 293 : 1-49. 1943. 7. British Colour Council, in collaboration with the Royal Horti- cultural Society. Horticultural Colour Chart. Henry Stone & Son, Ltd. Banbury, Great Britain. 1939, 1942. 8. Brown, W. L. Maize of the West Indies. Trop. Agric. 30: 141-170. 1953. 9. Chamberlain, T. W. Rainfall maps of Cuba. Monthly Weather Rev. 68: 4--10. 1940. 10. Colombo, Cristoforo. Giornale di bordo, 1492-93, secondo il riassunto autografo del Las Casas. In De Lollis, C., ed. Scritti di Cristoforo Colombo. Raccolta di Documenti e Studi pubbli- cati dalla R. Commissione Colombiana. Pt. 1, Vol. 1: 1-119. 1892. 11. Cuba. Ministerio de Agricultura. Memoria del censo agricola nacional, 1946. Fernandez, La Habana. 1951. 12. --. Secretaria de Hacienda. Secci6n de Estadistica. Comercio Exterior ( Importaciones de maiz en grano). 191fh30. 13. Culin, S. The Indians of Cuba. Bull. Free Mus. Sci. and Art ( Univ. Penna.) 3: 185-226. 1902. 14. Cutler, H. C. Races of maize in South America. Leafl. Bot. Mus. Harv. Univ. 12: 257-292. 1946. 15. Del Valle, C. G. Tipos cubanos de maiz. Revista de Agricultura (Minist. de Agr. de Ia Rep. de Cuba). Agosto-Sept.: 109-119. 1936. 16. --. Estudios geneticos sobre el maiz. Estac. Exp. Agron. San- tiago de las Vegas (Cuba). Bol. No. 61. 1944. 17. --. Tipos cubanos de maiz. II. El maiz dulce. Estac. Exp. Agron. Santiago de las Vegas (Cuba). Bol. No. 62. 1945. 18. --. La obtenci6n de un hlbrido de maiz comercial en Cuba.
66 RACES OF MAIZE Estac. Exp. Agron. Santiago de las Vegas (Cuba) . Bol. No. 69. 1952. 19. -- y E. Hidalgo Gato. EI malz de rosita. Estac. Exp. Agron. Santiago de las Vegas (Cuba). Bol. No. 71. 1954. 20. Eden, W. G. Effects of kernel characteristics and components of husk cover on rice weevil damage to corn. Jour. Econ. Ent. 45: 1084-1085. 1952. 21. Farabee, W. C. The central Arawaks. Univ. Penna., Univ. Mus., Anthrop. Publ., Vol. 9. 1918. 22. Grey, R. .M . Report of the Harvard Botanical Gardens, Soledad Estate, Cienfuegos, Cuba (Atkins Foundation). 1900-1926. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1927. 23. Gumilla, J. Historia natural, civil, y geogn16ca de las naciones situadas en las riberas del rio Orinoco. C. Gilbert y Tuto, Barcelona. 2 Vols. 1791. First published, Madrid, 1741. 24. Hernandez X., E . Report to Dr. J. G. Harrar, Director of the Rockefeller Foundation Agricultural Program in Mexico. April 1, 1949. 25. Komarek, E. V., ed. Florida Corn. (Chapters 7-16 of Original). State of Florida. Department of Agriculture. 1951. 26. Kuleshov, N. N. The maize of Mexico, Guatemala, Cuba, Panama and Colombia. In Bukasov, S. M. The cultivated plants of Mexico, Guatemala and Colombia. Bull. Appl. Bot. Gen., and Pl. Breeding, Supplement No. 47: 492-501. 1930. 27. Las Casas, Bartolome de. Apologetica historia de las Indias. M. Serrano y Saenz, ed. In Nueva Biblioteca de Autores Espaiioles, Vol. 13. Bailly, Bailliere e hijos, Madrid. 1909. Manuscript begun about 1527. 28. --. Historia de las Indias. A. Millares Carlo, ed. 3 Vols. Fondo de Cultura Econ6mica, Mexico, D. F. 1951. First published, Madrid, 1875-76. Manuscript begun about 1527. 29. La Sagra, R. de. Historia econ6mico-poHtica y estadlstica de Ia isla de Cuba. Viudas de Arazoza y Soler, Habana. 1831. 30. Lenz, L. W. Comparative histology of the female inflorescence of Zea Mays L. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 35: 353-376. 1948. 31. Loven, S. Origins of the Tainan culture, West Indies. Elanders boktryckeri aktiebolag, Goteborg. 1935. 32. Marrero, L. GeograHa de Cuba. Alfa, La Habana. 1950. 33. Morison, S. E. Admiral of the ocean sea; a life of Christopher Columbus. Little, Brown & Co. Boston. 2 Vols. 1942. 34. Oviedo y Valdes, G. F. de. Historia general y natural de las Indias, islas y tierra-firme. Jose Amador de los Rlos, ed. Real Academia de Ia Historia, Madrid. 1851-55. First published, Sevilla, 1535.
LITERATURE CITED 67 35. Parodi, L. R. Los maices indigenas de la Republica Argentina. Anales de Ia Acad. Nac. de C. E. F. y N. de Buenos Aires 12: 9-14. 1948. 36. Reynoso, A. Consideraciones respecto de los abonos dirigidas a los agricultores cubanos. M. Rivadeneyra, Madrid. 1867. 37. --. Apuntes acerca de varios cultivos cubanos. Madrid. 1867. 38. --. Notas acerca del cultivo en camellones; agricultura de los lndigenas de Cuba y Haiti. E. Leroux, Paris. 1881. 39. Rouse, I. The Arawak. In Julian H. Steward, ed. Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 4, The Circum-Caribbean Tribes: 507-539; 542-546. Smithsonian lost. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Bull. 143. Washington, D. C. 1948. 40. --.The southeast and the West Indies. In Griffin, John W., ed. The Florida Indian and His Neighbors: 117-137. Rollins Col- lege, Winter Park, Florida. 1949. 41. Shideler, F. J. El maiz amarillo cubano. Revista de Agricultura ( Minist. de Agr. de la Rep. de Cuba) Marzo-Agosto: 60--64. 1954. 42. Sturtevant, E. L. Varieties of corn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Off. Exp. Sta. Bull. 57: 1-108. 1889. 43. Vasquez de Espinosa, A. Compendium and description of the West Indies. trans. by Charles Upson Clark. Smithsonian Inst. Washington, Misc. Coli., Vol. 102. 1942. Manuscript written before 1630. 44. Weatherwax, P. Indian corn in old America. The Macmillan Co. New York. 1954. 45. Wellhausen, E. J., L. M. Roberts, and E. Hermindez X. in col- laboration with P. C. Mangelsdorf. Races of maize in Mexico. Their origin, characteristics and distribution. Bussey Institu- tion of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 1952.
