Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile (1998)

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39 DETAILED STATISTICAL TABLES Page 1 Distribution of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s in the United States, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 42 2 Demographic Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 43 3 Demographic Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 44 4 Employment Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 45 5 Reasons for Not Working as Reported by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 46 6 Reasons for Working Part-Time as Reported by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 47 7 Labor Force Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Gender, 1995 (in percent) 48 8 Employment Sector of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 49 9 Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Sector, 1995 (in percent) 50 10 Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 51 11 Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 52 12 Primary Work Activity of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 53 13 Primary Work Activity of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 54 14 Median Annual Salaries of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Gender, 1995 55 15 Median Annual Salaries of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Employment Sector and Gender, 1995 56 16 Government Support Status of Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 57 17 Federal Agencies and Departments Supporting Work of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, 1995 (in percent) 58 18 Government Support Status of Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Employment Sector, 1995 (in percent) 59 19 Relationship of Principal Job of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s to Doctoral Degree, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 60 20 Most Important Reason for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Working Outside Field of Degree, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 61

40 Page 21 Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Academic Rank, 1995 (in percent) 62 22 Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, Gender, and Academic Rank, 1995 (in percent) 63 23 Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Tenure Status, 1995 (in percent) 64 24 Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, Gender, and Tenure Status, 1995 (in percent) 65 25 Number of Postdocs Ever Held by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 66 26 Reasons for Holding Postdocs for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 68 27 1995 Postdoc Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 69 28 Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s on Postdoctoral Appointments, by Selected Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 70 29 Relevance of Most Recent Postdoc to Principal Job for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Selected Field of Doctorate and Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 71 30 Second Job Status and Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 72 31 Second Job Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Employment Sector, 1995 (in percent) 73 32 Relationship of Second Job of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s to Doctoral Degree, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 74 33 Employment Changes of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Since 1993, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 75 34 Reasons for Changing Employer or Job Between 1993 and 1995 for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 76 35 Number of Articles and Papers Authored Between April 1990 and April 1995 by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Employment Sector, 1995 (in percent) 77 36 Number of Articles and Papers Authored Between April 1990 and April 1995 by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Academic Position and Tenure Status, 1995 (in percent) 78 37 Patent Activities Between April 1990 and April 1995 for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 79 38 Membership of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s in Professional Societies, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 80 39 Work or Research Activities Outside the United States by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Since Earning the Doctorate, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 81

40 41 Work-Related Training Activities Between April 1994 and April 1995 of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) Continuing Education of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Between April 1993 and April1995, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 41 Page 82 83

TABLE 1 Distribution of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s in the United States, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 t; Field of Doctorate Number Percent All Fields 542,500 100.0 Computer Sciences 6,600 1.2 Mathematical Sciences 25,200 4.6 Chemistry 61,400 11.3 Physics and Astronomy 38,700 7.1 Eartbl Atmospheric:/Marine Sciences 16,500 3.0 Agricultural/Environmental Sciences 22,400 4.1 Biological Sciences 109,900 20.3 Health Sciences 16,900 3.1 Social Sciences 75,800 14.0 Economics 22,500 4.1 Political Sciences 16,300 3.0 Sociology 23,000 4.2 Other Social Sciences 13,900 2.6 Psychology 82,200 15.1 Engineering 87,000 16.0 Aerospac:el Aerooautical 3,800 0.7 Chemical 12,600 2.3 Civil 7,700 1.4 Elec:tricai/Eiectronics 22,900 4.2 Industrial 2,400 0.4 Mechanical 10,600 1.9 Other Engineering 27,000 s.o SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

TABLE 2 Demographic Characteristics of Science and Engineering Pb.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in pen:ent) Field of Doctorate Eirtbl Agn- Atmos- culturall Mathe- Physics pheri<:/ Environ- Demographic AU Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social Cbaracteristics Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Total PopuJation (No.) 542,500 6,600 25,200 61,400 38,700 16,500 22,400 109,900 16,900 75,800 82,200 87,000 YearofDoctorate 1942-49 0.6 0.0 0.8 2.0 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 1950-59 5.9 0.0 4.0 10.9 8.3 4.8 7.1 6.2 1.9 4.9 4.2 4.8 1960-69 15.0 0.0 20.6 20.2 19.8 16.6 16.0 14.5 6.6 13.5 10.9 15.7 1970-79 28.5 5.1 35.8 25.5 31.0 28.9 27.2 28.3 24.1 33.8 28.8 25.7 1980-89 30.9 43.7 24.0 26.2 24.4 29.4 32.3 31.3 37.8 31.2 36.4 30.5 1990-94 19.2 51.2 14.9 15.1 15.7 19.6 17.1 19.3 29.6 16.4 19.5 23.1 Gender Male 78.5 84.3 88.2 86.2 94.3 87.8 87.5 73.2 49.2 73.8 57.7 94.9 Female 21.5 15.7 11.8 13.8 5.1 12.2 12.5 26.8 50.8 26.2 42.3 5.1 Race/Etbnic Group White 83.9 67.0 82.0 83.5 83.2 91.2 86.3 86.8 84.9 86.4 91.6 70.8 Black 2.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 0.8 0.4 1.3 1.8 4.3 3.6 3.1 1.3 Asian 11.5 28.7 13.4 12.6 14.2 6.6 10.1 9.3 8.0 6.8 2.0 25.6 Native American 2.2 2.8 3.0 2.1 1.5 1.5 2.1 1.9 2.0 2.6 2.6 2.1 Hispanic 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.2 Age in 1995 34 or Younger 11.4 27.6 10.0 13.6 13.3 10.5 7.2 12.4 5.9 6.3 8.3 16.8 35-44 30.9 53.7 24.7 27.7 24.7 31.3 33.2 33.8 35.2 26.6 33.5 32.0 45-54 32.6 17.4 40.2 27.9 33.0 31.9 30.7 30.8 37.3 38.2 37.1 27.3 55-64 16.0 1.1 18.9 18.4 18.7 17.3 17.8 14.0 14.9 17.9 13.6 16.2 65-15 9.1 0.3 6.2 12.4 10.3 8.9 11.2 8.9 6.7 11.0 1.5 7.6 Citizenship U.S. Citizen 92.1 71.7 89.2 93.4 90.4 93.5 93.0 93.9 94.9 93.3 98.2 84.5 Non-U.S. Citizen 7.9 28.3 10.8 6.6 9.6 6.5 7.0 6.1 5.1 6.7 1.8 15.5 ~ w NOTE: Numbers are rounded to tbe nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. SOURCE: National Research CounciJ/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

TABLE 3 Demographic Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent} Years Since Doctorate Demographic 5 Years 6-15 16-25 More Than Charac:teristics Total or Less Years Years 25 Years Total Population (No.} 542,500 104,200 167,400 154,600 116,300 Gender Male 78.5 65.8 71.9 83.7 92.5 Female 21.5 34.2 28.1 16.3 7.5 Race/Ethnic Group White 83.9 71.4 83.1 86.8 92.3 Black 2.0 2.9 2.4 2.0 0.8 Asian ll.5 21.6 11.8 8.9 5.5 Native American 2.2 3.6 2.4 1.9 1.0 Hispanic 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 Citizenship U.S. Citizen 92.1 75.7 92.6 97.8 98.7 Non-U.S. Citizen 7.9 24.3 7.4 2.2 1.3 SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. t

TABLE 4 Employment Status of Science and Engineering Pb.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in pen:ent) Field of Doctorate Earth/ Agri- Atmos- cultural/ Mathe- Physics pbericl Environ- AU Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social Employment Status Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Total Population (No.) 542,500 6,600 25,200 61,400 38,700 16,500 22,400 109,900 16,900 75,800 82,200 87,000 Full-Time Employed• 84.1 96.5 86.3 81.7 84.9 83.2 82.2 84.7 85.9 83.6 80.5 87.4 Part-Time Employed• 5.2 1.4 4.4 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8 5.5 5.6 11 .8 3.0 Not Employed•• 10.6 2.1 9.3 14.4 11.1 12.9 13.9 11.4 8.6 10.8 7.7 9.6 Seeking Employment 1.4 0.9 1.6 1.9 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.0 0.6 1.6 Retired 1.5 0.0 6.5 10.8 8.2 9.3 11.1 7.2 5.6 8.0 4.9 7.0 Not Seeking Employment 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.3 2.7 1.6 1.8 2.3 0.9 NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. •Includes those who held postdoctoral appointments . .. Percentages are not unemployment ntes because they are based on the total population, which includes those retired and those not seeking employment; none of these is considered part of the labor force in this report. Unemployment ntes are shown in Table 7. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. ~ v.

TABLE 5 Reasons for Not Working as Reported by Science and Engineering Pb.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) Field of Doctorate Earth/ Agri- Atmos- cultural/ Mathe- Physics ph eric/ Environ- All Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social Reasons for Not Working Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Total Not Employed (No.) 57,800 • 2,300 8,800 4,300 2,100 3,100 12,600 1,500 8,200 6,300 8,400 Retired 72.3 • 73.0 78.8 76.5 73.2 80.7 65.1 65.6 75.3 64.3 On Layoff 5.9 • 8.0 6.6 6.1 8.0 4.9 6.2 8.4 3.0 1.8 Student 2.8 • 1.4 0.7 2.2 4.3 1.6 4.7 3.0 2.1 5.4 Family Responsibilities 6.6 • 6.6 4.8 2.8 7.8 3.6 9.7 8.2 4.8 13.7 IUIDisabled 5.1 • 5.1 3.5 5.1 3.3 2.0 6.5 6.3 6.1 9.2 Suitable Job Not Available 10.3 • 13.1 9.0 12.0 12.3 6.6 10.0 10.9 9.8 10.0 No Need or Desire to Work 8.8 • 14.5 8.3 10.0 11.1 6.7 9.0 13.8 7.4 13.2 Other Reason 6.8 • 5.4 4.1 8.5 7.9 8.7 8.3 5.7 4.8 6.5 NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. Percentages may total more than 100 because multiple answers were allowed. •Too few cases to estimate. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. 75.9 9.4 1.9 2.5 2.2 11.1 4.1 7.9 .J:o. 0\

TABLE 6 Reasons for Working Part-Time as Reported by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 {in percent) Field of Doctorate Eartbl Agri- Atmos- cultural/ Mathe- Physics pbericl Environ- All Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social Reasons for Working Part-Time Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Total Employed Part-Time {No.) 27,700 • • 2,400 1,500 • • 4,000 • 4,200 9,500 2,500 Retired or Semi-Retired 32.8 • • 50.3 51.6 • • 40.7 • 31.3 19.0 41.3 Student 1.7 • • 2.0 0.0 • • 4.4 • 1.9 0.9 0.6 Family Responsibilities 25.1 • • 6.9 8.2 • • 23.8 • 21.6 40.3 9.3 Ill/Disabled 2.1 • • 0.3 0.0 • • 1.1 • 2.4 3.6 1.3 Suitable Job Not Available 22.3 • • 28.5 34.6 • • 21.5 • 26.3 15.5 31.5 No Need or Desire for Full-Time Work 35.7 • • 31.1 28.4 • • 30.3 • 27.9 42.6 33.5 Other Reason 13.3 • • 12.2 9.3 • • 12.6 • 17.8 12.4 10.2 NOTE: Percentages may total more than I 00 because multiple answers were allowed. •Too few cases to estimate. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. ~

TABLE 7 Labor Force Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Gender, 1995 (in percent) Field of Doctorate Earth/ Agri- Atmos- cultunll Madlc- Physics phcric/ Environ- Labor Force Status All Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social and Gender Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Total Ph.D. Labor Force (No.) 492,100 6,500 23,200 53,100 35,000 14,600 Full-Time Employed• 92.8 97.7 93.5 93.3 94.1 93.6 Part-Time Employed• 5.8 1.4 4.8 4.5 4.4 4.4 Unemployed and Seeking 1.5 0.9 1.7 2.2 1.6 2.0 Male 385,200 5,500 20,500 46,200 33,000 12,800 Full-Time Employed• 94.5 98.1 94.7 93.5 94.3 94.1 Part-Time Employed• 4.1 1.0 3.5 4.3 4.2 3.8 UnemploYed and Seeking 1.5 0.9 1.7 2.2 1.4 2.1 Female 106,900 •• 2,700 1,500 2,000 1,800 Full-Time Emplayed • 86.6 •• 84.5 92.0 89.4 90.1 Part-Time Employed• 11.8 •• 14.1 5.8 6.9 8.6 Unemployed and Seeking 1.5 •• 1.4 2.2 3.7 1.2 NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. •Includes those who held postdoctoral appointments. ••Too few cases to estimate. 19,700 93.8 4.5 1.7 17,100 94.4 4.0 1.6 2,600 89.9 7.7 2.4 SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. 99,000 15,100 68,300 76,300 80,100 94.1 92.6 92.8 86.7 95.0 4.3 5.9 6.2 12.7 3.2 1.7 1.5 1.1 0.6 1.8 12,500 7,700 50,100 44,000 15,800 95.3 94.0 94.0 92.7 95.4 3.2 4.2 5.0 6.6 3.0 1.6 1.8 1.0 0.7 1.6 26,500 8,100 18,200 32,300 4,200 90.8 91.2 89.3 78.5 87.8 7.3 1.5 9.3 20.9 1.5 1.9 1.3 1.4 0.6 4.7 .c:o. 00

TABLE 8 Employment Sector of Science and Engineering Pb.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) Field of Doctorate Eartbl Agri- Atmos- cultural/ Malbe- Physcis pheric/ Environ- All Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social Employment Sector Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Employed Population (No.) 484,800 6,400 22,800 52,500 34,400 14,400 19,300 97,400 15,500 67,600 75,800 78,600 Educational Institution 48.5 50.2 67.0 33.1 47.7 47.7 47.1 58.8 56.2 65.7 39.8 33.1 2-Year College 1.4 0.6 2.0 1.9 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.3 2.2 1.4 0.3 4-Year College/University 41.2 45.5 59.3 26.0 34.5 36.8 39.2 52.3 50.7 58.8 33.1 27.3 University-Affiliated Research Institute 4.7 3.6 5.0 4.4 11.2 8.9 6.0 4.2 3.1 4.0 1.5 5.3 Elementary or Secondary School 1.l 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.7 1.1 0.8 3.9 0.1 Private For-Profit Company 30.3 43.2 22.6 55.2 33.5 22.5 30.1 22.3 21.2 10.9 19.1 53.8 Self-Employed 5.9 1.3 2.1 2.7 2.8 3.8 4.4 3.1 3.6 4.6 20.0 3.1 Private Not-for-Profit Organization 4.9 2.0 3.3 2.9 5.6 4.8 2.3 4.9 7.4 5.0 9.1 2.9 StateiLocal Government 2.7 0.7 0.5 1.0 0.5 3.0 2.9 2.3 4.0 4.0 7.0 0.8 U.S. Government 7.1 2.2 4.2 4.7 9.7 17.9 12.9 8.4 7.0 7.4 4.8 6.1 Other Employer 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.6 2.4 0.3 0.2 NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. ~

TABLE 9 Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Sector, 1995 (in percent) Employment Sector Private Private Not-for- Educational For-Profit Self- Profit Other Occupation Total Institution Company Employed Organization Government Employer Employed Population (No.) 484,800 234,900 146,700 28,600 23,800 48,000 2,700 Scientists 38.3 24.6 44.1 67.8 57.5 59.3 58.9 Computer Scientists 2.9 0.6 7.3 1.9 2.9 1.5 1.5 Math Scientists 1.2 0.6 1.6 0.8 2.8 2.7 1.8 Chemists 4.4 1.2 10.6 1.6 2.2 3.7 3.4 Physicists 2.5 2.2 2.3 1.0 4.1 4.7 0.7 Eartbl Atmospheric/Marine Scientists 2.1 1.4 2.2 1.5 2.7 5.8 0.6 Agricultural/Environmental Scientists 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.6 0.9 3.7 1.6 Biological Scientists 9.8 10.4 8.0 2.7 13.4 15.3 4.1 Health Scientists 2.6 2.0 2.4 6.1 5.0 3.1 5.4 Social Scientists 2.4 1.5 1.5 2.9 4.5 6.5 3.4 Psychologists 8.5 3.1 6.5 47.7 19.0 12.3 5.7 Engineers 8.8 2.4 20.5 6.1 5.9 8.1 6.0 Postsec:ondary Teachers of Science 24.8 51.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 Postsec:ondary Teachers of Engineering 3.2 6.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Teachers/Professors 2.3 4.6 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 Top/Mid-Level Managers 12.7 8.0 19.3 1.9 20.5 17.7 21.0 Management-Related Occupations 4.6 1.6 7.6 4.9 6.8 8.4 10.2 Technologists 1.2 0.4 2.6 1.4 0.9 1.3 1.4 Olher Occupations 4.1 0.9 5.8 17.6 8.2 4.9 2.5 NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. SOURCE: National Research CounciVNational Science Foundation, Survey ofDodorate Recipients, 1995. IJ\ 0

TABLE 10 Occupation of Science and EngineeriDg Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) Years Since Doctorate 5 Years 6-15 16-25 More Than Occupation Total or Less Years Years 25 Years Employed Population (No.) 484,800 100,200 161,100 145,400 78,100 Scientists 38.3 51.1 41.5 29.7 33.2 Computer Scientists 2.9 4.0 3.1 2.8 1.4 Math Scientists 1.2 1.7 1.4 1.0 0.8 Chemists 4.4 5.1 4.6 3.3 4.2 Physicists 2.5 3.4 2.4 2.0 2.5 Earth/ Atmospheric/Marine Scientists 2.1 2.5 2.0 2.2 2.0 AgriculturaJ/Environmental Scientists 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.3 1.8 Biological Scientists 9.8 16.6 10.5 6.7 5.6 Health Scientists 2.6 2.9 2.7 2.8 1.9 Social Scientists 2.4 2.9 2.7 2.0 1.8 Psychologists 8.5 10.0 10.1 7.4 5.0 Engineers 8.8 12.6 9.0 7.2 6.8 Postsecondary Teachers of Science 24.8 20.4 23.6 25.5 31.4 Postsecondary Teachers of Engineering 3.2 2.9 3.3 2.7 4.2 OCher Teachers/Professors 2.3 1.8 2.4 2.5 2.0 To~Levd~ers 12.7 3.7 10.4 18.7 17.9 ~ement-Related Occupations 4.6 2.4 5.0 5.1 4.6 Technologists 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.2 0.8 Other Occupations 4.1 3.0 3.5 5.0 5.3 SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. VI -

TABLE II Occupation of Science and Engineering Pb.D.s, by Field ofDoctorate, 1995 (.in percent) VI N Field of Doctorate Earth/ Agri- Atmos- cultural/ Mathe- Physics ph eric/ Environ- All Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social Occupation Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Employed Population (No.) 484,800 6,400 22,800 52,500 34,400 14,400 19,300 97,400 15,500 67,600 75,800 78,600 Practitioners and Postsecondary Teachers of Science & Engineering Computer Scientists 3.9 72.4 13.3 1.7 5.5 1.5 0.8 0.8 0.3 1.6 1.1 6.5 Mathematical Scientists 3.9 1.1 61.2 0.2 1.8 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.3 1.6 0.6 1.4 Chemists 6.6 0.0 0.3 53.8 0.6 1.4 2.7 1.5 2.3 0.1 0.1 0.8 Physicists 4.0 0.0 0.5 1.7 47.5 1.7 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.0 1.5 Earth/ Atmospheric/Marine Scientists 3.2 0.0 0.1 1.5 5.9 67.1 3.9 0.7 0.4 1.1 0.0 1.1 Agricultural/Environmental Scientists 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 41.0 3.4 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.2 Biological Scientists 13.8 0.8 0.3 6.5 1.9 5.0 17.2 54.7 16.3 0.5 1.9 1.1 Health Scientists 5.6 0.8 0.5 2.1 1.3 0.3 2.9 13.9 46.8 2.2 2.6 1.0 Social Scientists 8.3 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.4 1.3 0.1 2.1 56.4 1.1 0.2 Psychologists 11.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 1.6 1.1 71.3 0.0 Engineers 12.1 2.8 3.9 42 12.0 3.8 2.1 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.6 62.0 Other Teachers/Professors 2.3 3.8 2.1 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.7 8.2 2.4 0.7 Top/Mid-Level Managers 12.7 8.9 9.1 15.4 11.1 9.8 13.0 11.9 17.2 13.3 9.7 15.9 Management-Related Occupations 4.6 2.7 3.2 5.0 4.1 3.4 4.7 4.5 5.9 5.7 4.3 4.5 Technologists 1.2 4.5 2.5 1.7 3.2 1.0 1.6 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 1.3 Other Occupations 4.1 1.3 2.6 4.8 3.7 2.8 6.8 42 2.8 7.1 3.9 2.0 Note: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. SOURCE: Natiooal Research CounciVNatiooal Science Foundation, Survey ofDoctorate Recipients, 1995.

TABLE 12 Primary Work Activity of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) Field of Doctorate Earth/ Agri- Atmos- cultural/ Mathe- Physics ph eric/ Environ- All Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social Primary Work Activity Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Employed Population (No.) 484,800 6,400 22,800 52,500 34,400 14,400 19,300 97,400 15,500 67,600 75,800 78,600 Applied Research 20.2 17.8 11.6 27.4 20.5 29.0 36.5 19.6 23.4 18.0 9.2 24.8 Basic Research 13.7 11.4 12.4 13.0 20.4 19.0 8.6 31.0 5.8 7.6 5.6 4.9 Development and Design 7.2 6.9 4.2 11.6 11.2 2.9 6.1 3.1 4.1 2.3 1.6 19.9 Computer Applications 4.4 23.9 11.3 3.2 10.3 4.3 2.6 1.5 0.8 2.2 1.5 8.3 Managing and Supervising 11.8 7.4 8.1 13.7 11.3 10.8 12.4 10.5 15.2 11.8 10.1 14.9 Professional Services 12.3 0.3 2.3 4.7 2.4 4.2 5.3 9.5 15.6 6.0 48.2 2.6 Teaching 22.1 28.3 44.2 16.0 16.4 21.6 14.1 17.4 26.4 42.1 17.1 16.1 Other Activities 8.4 4.0 6.0 10.5 7.5 8.2 14.5 7.4 8.7 9.9 6.7 8.4 NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. VI UJ

TABLE 13 Primary Work Activity of Science and Engineering Pb.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) Years Since Doctorate 5 Years 6-15 16-25 More Than Primary Work Activity Total or Less Years Years 25 Years Employed Population (No.) 484,800 100,200 161,100 145,400 78,100 Applied Research 20.2 25.8 22.3 16.4 15.5 Basic Research 13.7 19.9 14.4 9.5 11.9 Development and Design 7.2 8.1 7.3 7.4 5.5 Computer Applications 4.4 5.3 4.7 4.1 2.8 Management and Administratioo 11.8 4.0 10.3 16.9 15.6 Professional Services 12.3 12.5 13.9 12.2 9.1 Teaching 22.1 18.8 19.5 23.7 28.5 Other Activities 8.4 5.6 7.7 9.7 11.0 SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipien1s, 1995. VI ~

TABLE 14 Median Annual Salaries of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Gender, 1995 Field of Doctorate Earth/ Agri- Atmos- cultural/ Mathe- Physics pberic/ Environ- All Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Hcaltb Social Gender Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Total $60,200 $65,000 $60,000 $68,000 $68,000 $60,000 $55,000 $57,400 $58,000 $55,000 $56,000 $70,000 Male 65,000 66,000 60,000 70,000 69,000 60,000 58,500 60,000 69,000 59,000 60,000 70,000 Female 50,000 • 51,000 58,800 51,000 46,100 45,000 48,000 52,000 48,100 50,000 58,200 NOTE: Median salaries were computed only for Ph.D.s employed full-time (including postdoctoral appointees). *Too few cases to estimate. SOURCE: National Research CounciVNational Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. Vl Vl

TABLE 15 Median Annual Salaries of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Employment Sector and Gender, 1995 Employment Sector Total Male Female Total $60,200 $65,000 $50,000 Educational Institution 52,000 55,000 44,000 2-Year College 45,000 47,000 40,000 4-Year College/University 52,000 55,000 44,000 University-Affiliated Research Institute 56,000 60,200 44,000 Elementary or Secondary School 46,000 48,000 45,000 Private For-Profit Company 75,000 75,000 64,500 Self-Employed 70,000 72,000 61,000 Private Not-for-Profit Organization 60,000 64,000 50,000 Government 61,000 63,000 54,900 NOTE: Median salaries were oomputed only for Ph.D.s employed full-time (including postdoctoral appointees). SOURCE: National Research CounciVNational Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. VI 0\

TABLE 16 Government Support Status of Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) Field of Doctorate Earth/ Agri- Atmos- culturaV Mathe- Physics pheric/ Environ- All Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social Government Support Status Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Employed Population (No.) 484,800 6,400 22,800 52,500 34,400 14,400 19,300 97,400 15,500 67,600 75,800 78,600 Received Government Support 28.3 31.1 24.0 21.7 47.2 38.9 27.7 37.3 24.1 17.5 16.3 34.0 No Government Support 71.7 68.9 76.0 78.3 52.8 61.1 72.3 62.7 75.9 82.5 83.7 66.0 NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. VI ....:a

TABLE 17 Federal Agencies and Departments Supporting Work of Science and Engineering Pb.D.s, 1995 (in percent) Total Receiving Support National Institutes of Health Department of Defense National Science Foundation Department of Energy National Aeronautics and Space Admin.istration Department of Agriculture Department of Health and Human Services Environmental Protedion Agency Department of Education Department of Interior Department of Commerce Department of Transporbdioo Agency for International Development Otber Agency 137,000 29.5 21.8 20.1 15.9 9.1 7.8 6.7 4.6 2.8 2.8 2.4 2.4 1.7 5.9 NOTE: Percentages do not total 100 because multiple answers were allowed. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. VI 00

TABLE 18 Government Support Status of Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Employment Sector, 1995 (in percent) Employment Sector Private Educational For-Profit Self- Private Not-for- Profit Other Government Support Status Total Institution Company Employed ()rganimion Government• Employer Employed Population (No.) 484,800 234,900 146,700 28,600 23,800 48,000 2,700 Received Government Support 28.3 39.5 18.2 8.8 44.3 8.1 19.8 No Government Support 71.7 60.5 81.8 91.2 55.7 91.9 80.2 • All federal government employees were counted in the "no government support" category. Those in the government category who were receiving support were employed by state or local governments. SOURCE: National Resean:h Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. \A \0

g TABLE 19 Relationship of Principal Job of Science and Engineering Pb.D.s to Doctoral Degree, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) Field of Doctorate Earth/ Agri- Atmos- culturall Mathe- Physics pheric/ Environ- Relationship of Principal All Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social Job to Doctoral Degree Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Employed Population (No.) 484,800 6,400 22,800 52,500 34,400 14,400 19,300 97,400 15,500 67,600 75,800 78,600 Closely Related 68.2 80.6 66.5 56.1 51.2 71.1 70.7 70.0 79.1 72.2 80.9 62.0 Somewhat Related 24.1 16.5 24.4 33.1 34.0 22.1 22.8 23.0 16.8 20.2 15.0 29.6 Not Related 7.7 3.0 9.1 10.8 14.7 6.8 6.5 7.0 4.1 7.5 4.1 8.4 NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. SOURCE: National Resean:h Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

TABLE 20 Most Important Reason for Science and Engineering Pb.D.s Working Outside Field ofDegree, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) Field of Doctorate Earth/ Agri- Atmos- cultural/ Mathe- Physics ph eric/ Environ- AU Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social Most Important Reason Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Total Working Outside Degree Field (No.) 37,600 • 2,100 5,700 5,100 • • 6,900 • 5,100 3,100 6,600 Pay/Promotion Opportunities 21.8 • 30.7 26.7 19.7 • • 20.6 • 22.8 20.0 21.8 Working Conditions 3.2 • 1.8 1.6 1.7 • • 3.7 • 4.1 3.0 4.4 Job Location 3.9 • 4.5 4.3 2.2 • • 3.0 • 5.0 1.8 5.5 Change in Career or Professiooal Interest 28.9 • 24.1 33.2 25.6 • • 36.0 • 21.8 29.5 30.2 Family-Related Reasons 5.2 • 6.7 3.5 3.8 • • 6.3 • 4.7 9.8 3.6 Job in Doctoral Field Not Available 26.9 • 23.7 21.2 37.0 • • 22.3 • 32.4 22.2 24.0 Other Reason 10.1 • 8.5 9.5 10.0 • • 8.1 • 9.2 13.7 10.5 NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. •Too few cases to estimate. SOURCE: National Research Council/Natiooal Science Foundation, Survey ofDoctorate Recipients, 1995. 0\ -

TABLE 21 Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Academic Rank, 1995 (in percent) Field of Doctorate Earth/ Agri- Atmos- cu1tun1/ Mathe- Physics ph eric/ Environ- All Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social Academic Rank Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Total Employed in Academe (No.) 211,700 3,100 14,700 15,000 13,800 6,200 8,300 48,400 8,100 43,400 26,100 24,600 Professor 37.9 9.6 46.2 43.3 39.7 37.2 42.1 36.3 25.9 39.9 34.6 37.8 Associate Professor 24.0 44.1 28.1 17.4 16.5 19.9 24.6 21.5 32.4 26.8 23.4 25.5 Assistant Professor 19.9 38.2 16.4 16.7 12.5 15.6 17.0 22.4 30.0 20.4 19.6 19.2 Instructor/Lecturer 3.0 1.6 3.3 3.1 2.2 2.9 1.8 3.7 2.2 3.0 3.9 1.6 Adjunct Faculty Member 2.2 0.9 1.2 1.8 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.6 2.6 2.8 2.1 Other 1.5 0.5 1.2 2.7 1.9 1.5 0.7 1.8 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.7 Not Applicable at Institution 2.2 0.7 0.9 4.0 7.7 4.4 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.9 2.2 3.1 Not Applicable for Position 9.5 4.5 2.6 11.1 17.0 15.9 10.4 11.3 6.2 5.4 12.2 9.1 NOTE: Academically employed includes 2-year and 4-year colleges, universities, medical schools, and university-affiliated research institutes. Those on postdoctoral appointments are not included in this table. SOURCE: Nltional Research Council/Nitional Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. ~

TABLE 22 Academic:ally Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, Gender, and Academic Rank, 1995 (in percent) Years Since Doctorate s Years &:IS t6=2s Morelb8D Academic Rank and Gender Total or Less Years Year 25 Years Total Employed in Academe (No.) 211,700 35,900 69,600 64,600 41,600 Professor 37.9 1.7 13.6 59.4 76.1 Associate Professor 24.0 7.9 41.1 23.0 10.7 Assistant Professor 19.9 60.6 25.5 3.5 1.0 Instructor/Lecturer 3.0 7.0 3.2 2.0 0.6 Adjunc:t Faculty Member 2.2 3.1 2.3 1.6 2.1 Other 1.5 2.3 1.2 0.8 2.2 Not Applicable at Institution 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.4 2.0 Not Applicable for Position 9.5 15.4 11.1 7.3 5.1 Male 163,500 22,400 49,400 53,500 38,200 Professor 43.5 1.3 15.7 62.1 78.0 Associate Professor 23.8 8.0 43.5 22.4 9.5 Assistant Professor 16.7 63.2 23.1 2.8 0.8 Instructor/Lecturer 2.1 5.5 2.5 1.5 0.6 Adjunct Faculty Member 1.7 2.4 1.7 1.4 2.0 Other 1.5 2.3 1.2 0.8 2.3 Not Applicable at lnstibrtion 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.5 2.1 Not Applicable for Position 8.4 15.0 10.3 6.7 4.6 Female 48,300 13,500 20,200 11,100 3,400 Professor 18.9 2.4 8.7 46.5 55.0 Associate Professor 24.5 7.7 35.2 25.8 23.9 Assistant Professor 30.7 56.2 31.3 7.1 3.0 Instructor/Lecturer 5.9 9.6 4.8 4.6 1.5 Adjunct Faculty Member 3.7 4.1 3.8 3.0 4.0 Other 1.4 2.3 1.1 0.9 1.0 Not Applicable at Institution 1.8 1.7 1.8 2.3 0.9 Not Applicable for Position 13.1 16.1 13.2 9.8 10.7 NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. Academically employed 0'\ includes 2-yeai and 4-year colleges, universities, medical schools, and university-affiliated researcll institutes. Those on post- 1M doctoral appointments are not included in this table. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

TABLE 23 Academically Employed ~ienc:e and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Tenure Status, 1995 (in percent) Field of Doctorate Earth/ Agri- Atmos- culturaV Mathe- Physics ph eric/ Environ- All Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social Tenure Status Fields ~ienc:es ~ienc:es Chemistry Astronomy ~ienc:es ~ienc:es ~ienc:es ~iences Sciences Psychology Engineering Total Employed in Academe (No.) 211,700 3,100 14,700 15,000 13,800 6,200 8,300 48,400 8,100 43,400 26,100 24,600 Tenured 56.0 42.1 72.2 56.6 50.8 54.3 62.6 50.2 46.6 62.9 51.3 56.6 On Tenure Track 17.7 44.5 14.7 15.2 10.1 14.2 13.9 18.5 29.7 18.3 15.9 19.1 Not on Tenure Track 8.7 5.3 4.8 8.2 9.6 6.9 6.1 ll.8 9.8 7.4 10.3 7.0 No Tenure System at Institution 4.5 1.1 2.6 5.2 9.6 6.4 3.0 4.6 3.9 2.6 5.6 5.2 No Tenure for My Position 13.1 7.0 5.7 14.8 20.0 18.2 14.5 14.9 9.9 8.9 16.9 12.1 NOTE: Academically employed includes 2-year and 4-year colleges, universities, medical schools, and university-affiliated research institutes. Those on postdoctoral appointments are not included in this table. SOURCE: National Research Council/National ~ienc:e Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. ~

TABLE 24 Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, Gender, and Tenure Status, 1995 (in percent) Years Since Doctorate 5 Years 6-15 16-25 More Than Tenure Status and Gender Total or Less Years Years 25 Years Total Employed in Academe (No.) 211,700 35,900 69,600 64,600 41,600 Tenured 56.0 6.1 47.2 76.7 81.8 On Tenure Track 17.7 51.6 23.2 3.4 1.1 Not on Tenure Track 8.7 18.3 9.6 5.6 3.9 No Tenure System at Institution 4.5 4.3 5.1 4.9 3.3 No Tenure for My Position 13.1 19.7 14.9 9.4 10.0 Male 163,500 22,400 49,400 53,500 38,200 Tenured 61.4 5.0 51.0 79.2 82.8 On Tenure Track 15.4 54.2 22.5 2.9 0.9 Not on Tenure Track 7.2 18.6 7.7 4.6 3.3 No Tenure System at Institution 4.6 4.4 5.2 5.0 3.3 No Tenure for My Position 11.5 17.8 13.5 8.3 9.7 Female 48,300 13,500 20,200 11,100 3,400 Tenured 38.0 8.0 37.8 64.7 70.5 On Tenure Track 25.3 47.4 25.1 5.8 3.3 Not on Tenure Track 14.1 17.9 14.1 10.6 10.0 No Tenure System at Institution 4.4 4.0 4.8 4.3 3.3 No Tenure for My Position 18.2 22.8 18.1 14.6 12.8 • NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. Academically employed includes 2-year and 4-year colleges, universities, medical schools, and university-affiliated research institutes. Those on postdoctoral appointments are not included in this table. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. 0\ VI

TABLE 25 Number of Postdocs Ever Held by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 0"1 0"1 Field of Doctorate Earth/ Agri- Abnos- cultural/ Mathe- Physics ph eric/ Environ- Years Since Doctorate All Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social and Number of Postdocs Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Total Population (No.) 542,500 6,600 25,200 61,400 38,700 16,500 22,400 109,900 16,900 75,800 82,200 87,000 None 66.4 89.7 81.1 52.1 49.3 65.6 73.3 38.3 79.5 88.2 74.7 82.6 I 25.0 9.7 13.8 35.5 36.1 28.9 20.4 41.7 17.2 9.1 2l.l 15.6 2 6.7 0.6 3.7 9.7 11.8 4.4 5.0 15.5 2.3 1.9 3.2 1.4 3 or More 1.9 0.0 1.4 2.7 2.7 l.l 1.4 4.5 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.4 5 Years or Less 104,200 3,400 3,800 9,200 6,100 3,200 3,800 21,200 5,000 12,400 16,000 20,100 None 59.6 87.9 69.7 39.0 28.4 49.9 55.9 29.1 78.8 90.1 71.4 73.4 I 32.0 11.0 19.0 50.6 50.2 41.2 34.6 51.8 19.4 8.8 25.0 23.9 2 7.2 1.1 7.7 9.6 19.1 6.5 7.5 17.0 1.4 1.0 2.4 2.4 3 or More 1.2 0.0 3.6 0.9 2.3 2.4 2.0 2.1 0.3 0.1 l.l 0.3 6-10 Years 88,800 2,000 3,000 8,700 5,000 2,500 3,500 17,400 3,500 11,400 14,500 17,200 None 63.4 92.1 81.0 44.1 38.9 54.1 64.7 27.5 81.7 91.2 73.1 81.1 1 26.8 7.8 14.3 42.1 40.9 34.9 28.5 46.6 16.0 6.4 23.0 16.5 2 7.7 0.1 4.7 11.9 15.6 9.1 6.3 19.8 1.2 1.9 2.8 2.0 3 or More 2.1 0.0 0.0 2.0 4.6 1.9 0.4 6.1 1.1 0.5 1.0 0.4 11-15 Years 78,600 • 3,000 7,400 4,500 2,300 3,800 17,000 2,900 12,200 15,400 9,400 None 65.0 • 81.4 54.0 48.6 60.4 73.2 32.0 77.0 85.9 74.1 85.7 1 25.8 • 12.8 35.8 37.2 34.8 17.2 43.8 20.1 12.3 22.1 12.5 2 7.3 • 3.3 8.3 12.1 3.3 7.9 18.9 2.6 1.7 3.6 0.9 3 or More 1.8 • 2.5 1.9 2.1 1.4 1.7 5.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.9

16-20 years 76,700 • 3,800 6,800 5,500 2,500 2,900 16,100 None 66.5 • 83.8 53.4 46.5 66.5 78.7 35.2 I 24.7 • 11.7 34.0 42.8 29.6 17.2 43.1 2 6.8 • 4.1 10.1 7.8 3.9 3.7 16.6 3 or More 1.9 • 0.4 2.5 2.9 0.1 0.4 5.1 21-25 Years 78,000 • 5,200 8,800 6,500 2,300 3,200 15,000 None 70.4 • 89.1 44.8 55.4 73.4 82.5 47.7 1 21.6 • 9.1 38.2 31.2 24.9 13.9 35.4 2 5.8 • 1.5 11.3 11.1 1.4 2.1 12.8 3 or More 2.2 • 0.3 5.6 2.4 0.3 1.5 4.1 More Than 25 Years 116,300 • 6,400 20,400 11,200 3,600 5,300 23,200 None 72.9 • 79.5 63.6 63.5 85.2 83.1 55.4 I 19.5 • 16.1 25.0 25.6 12.1 12.5 30.4 2 5.4 • 2.7 8.6 8.5 2.1 2.7 9.5 3 or More 2.3 • 1.6 2.8 2.4 0.6 1.7 4.7 •Too few cases to estimate. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey ofDoctorate Recipients, 1995. 2,100 13,300 80.3 87.4 15.0 9.9 3.0 1.8 1.7 0.8 2,000 12,300 83.6 88.9 11.8 7.6 2.4 2.5 2.3 1.1 1,500 14,100 75.0 86.4 17.4 9.5 6.6 2.3 1.1 1.7 13,700 75.2 19.4 4.5 0.9 10,000 80.7 15.5 2.2 1.6 12,600 76.0 19.3 3.6 1.1 9,700 84.2 14.0 1.6 0.3 12,600 83.7 15.5 0.8 0.1 18,100 90.8 8.2 0.6 0.4 0\ -...J

TABLE 26 Reasons for Holding Postdocs for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) Field of Doctorate E8rtbl Agri- Atmos- culturaV 0\ 00 Mathe- Physics ph eric/ Environ- AU Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronom~ Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Ps~cholo~ Enlineerin; Total Ever Holding Postdoc 182,300 • 4,800 29,400 19,600 5,700 5,900 67,900 3,500 8,900 20,800 15,200 Reason for First Postdoc Additional Training in Field 46.7 • 39.8 43.4 49.0 31.8 42.1 50.0 49.6 33.7 61.8 32.5 Training Out of Field 14.8 • 9.2 17.7 9.8 5.7 9.8 18.6 16.0 18.1 10.7 9.6 Work With Specific Person or Place 21.3 • 32.2 19.2 22.5 38.9 14.9 20.7 18.2 23.2 15.0 26.1 No Other Employment Available 11.1 • 10.6 14.1 13.6 17.6 26.4 6.2 9.9 10.3 5.0 24.6 Other Reason 6.1 • 8.2 5.5 5.1 5.9 6.7 4.6 6.3 14.7 7.5 7.2 Total with Only One Postdoc 135,900 • 3,500 21,800 14,000 4,800 4,600 45,900 2,900 6,900 17,400 13,600 Reason for First Postdoc Additional Training in Field 45.8 • 36.1 42.2 47.0 31.3 39.6 49.5 50.4 34.8 63.0 31.8 Training Out of Field 14.7 • 10.1 17.9 10.6 5.5 10.1 18.9 16.8 18.5 9.5 9.7 Work With Specific Person or Place 21.8 • 35.2 20.5 22.7 38.2 15.6 21.4 16.8 22.6 14.9 25.9 No Other Employment Available 11.7 • 10.8 14.5 15.2 18.3 28.0 6.2 10.1 10.2 4.5 25.1 Other Reason 6.0 • 7.8 4.8 4.5 6.6 6.7 4.1 5.9 14.0 8.1 7.5 Total With More Than One Postdoc 46,400 • • 7,600 5,600 • • 22,000 • 2,000 3,400 1,600 Reason for First Postdoc Additional Training in Field 49.3 • • 46.9 54.0 • • 51.1 • 30.1 55.9 38.7 Training Out of Field 15.3 • • 17.0 8.0 • • 18.1 • 16.7 16.7 8.6 Work With Specific Person or Place 19.7 • • 15.4 21.9 • • 19.2 • 25.3 15.6 27.7 No Other Employment Available 9.3 • • 13.1 9.6 • • 6.2 • 10.6 7.5 20.3 Other Reason 6.5 • • 7.6 6.5 • • 5.5 • 17.2 4.4 4.7 Reason for Second Postdoc Additional Training in Field 34.8 • • 28.0 34.9 • • 36.6 • 26.2 51.1 26.3 Training Out of Field 17.6 • • 18.9 8.9 • • 19.8 • 23.6 16.1 15.9 Work With Specific Person or Place 24.9 • • 21.6 28.5 • • 24.8 • 27.5 16.5 34.1 No Other Employment Available 14.3 • • 17.5 20.2 • • 11.5 • 7.6 11.9 21.2 Other Reason 8.4 • • 14.0 7.5 • • 7.3 • 15.2 4.3 2.5 *Too few cases to estimate. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

TABLE 27 1995 Postdoc Status of Science and Engineering Pb.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) Field of Doctorate Earth/ Agri- Atmos- cultural/ Mathe- Physics ph eric/ Environ- Years Since Doctorate All Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social and Postdoc Status Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Total Population (No.) 542,500 6,600 25,200 61,400 38,700 16,500 22,400 109,900 16,900 75,800 82,200 87,000 On Postdoc in 1995 4.2 2.4 2.2 4.0 7.0 4.4 4.2 9.9 3.0 0.7 1.9 2.0 5 Years or Less 104,200 3,400 3,800 9,200 6,100 3,200 3,800 21,200 5,000 12,400 16,000 20,100 On Postdoc in 1995 18.6 4.6 12.7 23.0 38.6 17.7 20.2 43.8 8.8 3.1 7.4 8.1 6-10 Years 88,800 2,000 3,000 8,700 5,000 2,500 3,500 17,400 3,500 11,400 14,500 17,200 On Postdoc in 1995 2.4 0.1 0.8 2.1 4.5 2.7 3.3 6.7 1.2 0.4 1.1 0.7 11-15 Years 78,600 • 3,000 7,400 4,500 2,300 3,800 17,000 2,900 12,200 15,400 9,400 On Postdoc in 1995 0.7 • 0.5 0.3 1.4 2.1 0.6 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.7 0.3 More Than IS Years 270,900 • 15,400 36,000 23,200 8,400 11,400 54,300 5,500 39,700 36,300 40,400 On Postdoc in 1995 0.3 • 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 •Too few cases to estimate. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. ~

70 TABLE 28 Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s on Postdoctoral Appointments, by Selected Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) Field of Doctorate Physics All and Biological Characteristics Fields* Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Psychology Engineering Total 1995 Postdocs 22,800 2,400 2,700 10,900 1,600 1,800 Years Since Doctorate 5 Years or Less 84.9 87.0 86.2 85.5 75.3 91.6 6-10 Years 9.4 7.5 8.3 10.7 9.8 6.7 11-15 Years 2.3 0.9 2.2 1.6 7.2 1.8 25 Years or More 3.4 4.6 3.3 2.1 7.8 0.0 Gender Male 66.8 74.0 92.2 59.6 35.3 86.0 Female 33.2 26.0 7.8 40.4 64.7 14.0 Race/Ethnic Group White 67.6 57.2 63.6 71.3 88.4 40.5 Black 1.5 2.0 0.3 1.3 1.9 0.5 Asian 27.0 35.6 33.8 23.8 5.2 56.5 Native American 3.5 5.1 0.6 3.4 3.1 2.3 Hispanic 0.3 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.1 Age in 1995 34 or Younger 58.1 66.0 71.8 60.3 39.2 62.1 35-44 33.9 27.4 23.2 34.6 34.3 32.2 45 or Older 7.9 6.7 5.0 4.8 26.7 5.7 Citizenship U.S. Citizen 71.0 62.5 64.0 76.3 93.7 36.9 Non U.S. Citizen 29.0 37.5 36.0 23.7 6.3 63.1 Sector Educational Institution 54.9 53.6 51.1 57.1 49.8 48.2 Business/Industry 6.6 4.9 6.0 6.9 5.7 12.0 Government 33.1 38.9 40.0 30.5 24.5 38.9 Other 5.4 2.5 2.9 5.6 20.0 0.9 Employment Benefits* • Received Health Benefits 83.5 88.7 89.6 86.7 57.1 73.3 Received Pension Benefits 37.2 43.3 49.6 34.5 17.9 31.9 *Includes all science and engineering doctorates on postdoctoral appointments in 1995, including fields not shown separately in this table. ••Does not add to I 00 because some respondents had both benefits. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

71 TABLE 29 Relevance of Most Recent Postdoc to Principal Job for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Selected Field of Doctorate and Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) Field of Doctorate Physics Years Since Doctorate All and Biological and Relevance of Postdoc Fields Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Psychology Engineering Total (No.)• 159,400 26,900 16,900 56,900 19,200 13,400 Subject Matter 84.5 77.2 77.0 87.5 92.6 82.0 Specific Skills 72.6 62.1 66.9 75.4 77.2 69.4 Contacts With Colleagues 79.6 72.0 75.6 81.9 86.5 77.4 Use of Equipment 58.4 61.9 56.3 69.5 46.2 52.4 General Approach 90.4 90.0 92.0 91.9 91.8 89.0 5 Years or Less 22,600 3,500 2,000 5,700 3,300 3,700 Subject Matter 90.7 89.1 84.2 90.6 98.2 87.1 Specific Skills 80.3 76.1 74.9 76.7 87.3 79.1 Contacts With Colleagues 86.3 83.2 75.0 86.7 96.5 82.8 Use of Equipment 64.9 76.6 73.3 72.5 49.8 61.3 General Approach 93.1 97.5 93.3 90.5 96.4 91.8 6-10 Years 30,300 4,700 2,800 11,500 3,800 3,100 Subject Matter 89.3 80.7 85.7 92.5 95.5 86.4 Specific Skills 80.9 71.7 80.3 83.0 86.4 79.5 Contacts With Colleagues 85.2 75.8 87.5 88.5 89.2 81.9 Use of Equipment 69.2 69.6 67.5 80.7 57.3 62.4 General Approach 93.0 92.4 95.6 94.5 90.0 95.0 11-15 Years 27,000 3,400 2,200 11,400 3,900 •• Subject Matter 87.1 83.6 77.5 89.8 92.3 •• Specific Skills 75.1 65.6 71.2 78.7 74.4 •• Contacts With Colleagues 81.8 73.4 80.5 83.9 83.4 •• Use of Equipment 62.2 63.5 65.0 72.9 48.7 •• General Approach 91.0 91.9 90.3 93.5 90.6 •• 16-20 Years 25,400 3,200 2,900 10,300 3,400 1,500 Subject Matter 82.1 75.3 69.1 86.3 89.7 78.1 Specific Skills 71.1 58.6 65.7 75.1 72.0 64.1 Contacts With Colleagues 77.4 68.1 69.1 81.5 84.4 70.6 Use of Equipment 54.5 61.2 52.0 66.4 38.2 53.2 General Approach 90.4 89.7 92.9 92.5 90.6 86.2 21-25 Years 22,800 4,800 2,800 7,800 1,800 2,100 Subject Matter 77.5 67.6 69.8 83.0 85.7 74.6 Specific Skills 61.0 50.7 54.8 67.2 66.9 44.3 Contacts With Colleagues 72.2 60.7 73.4 75.1 82.8 72.4 Use of Equipment 49.4 52.8 48.5 61.2 39.7 31.5 General Approach 87.8 88.2 89.4 91.7 92.2 79.4 More than 25 Years 26,300 7,400 4,100 10,200 3,000 1,700 Subject Matter 80.0 73.3 77.9 82.1 90.8 77.3 Specific Skills 66.3 56.7 60.6 69.2 70.1 68.4 Contacts With Colleagues 74.6 72.6 71.4 75.1 80.7 68.7 Use of Equipment 49.8 55.5 44.0 61.0 38.0 39.7 General Approach 87.5 85.2 90.8 87.4 91.3 88.0 NOTE: Percentages represent those who said the aspect of postdoc training was "a great deal" or "somewhat" relevant to their principal job. *Includes those who held at least one postdoc, but whose principal job was not a postdoc in April1995. ••Too few cases to estimate. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

TABLE 30 Second Job Status and Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) ......:J IV Field of Doctorate Earth/ Agri- Atmos- cultural/ Mathe- Physics ph eric/ Environ- Second Job Status All Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social and Occupation Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Employed Population (No.) 484,800 6,400 22,800 52,500 34,400 14,400 19,300 97,400 15,500 67,600 75,800 78,600 Held Second Job 15.5 12.2 9.8 8.9 9.4 10.8 12.2 10.8 20.7 19.3 32.7 11.4 No Second Job 84.5 87.8 90.2 91.1 90.6 89.2 87.8 89.2 79.3 80.7 67.3 88.6 Total Holding Second Job (No.) 75,300 • 2,200 4,700 3,300 1,600 2,300 10,500 3,200 13,000 24,800 8,900 Occupation of Second Job Scientists 43.9 • 32.2 34.3 26.5 40.0 42.2 42.7 54.5 36.6 64.7 9.9 Computer Scientists 2.3 • 9.2 1.2 4.3 2.6 2.6 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.0 4.1 Mathematical Scientists 1.6 • 21.2 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.7 1.4 1.2 1.3 0.9 1.1 Chemists 1.2 • 0.0 18.6 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Physicists 0.9 • 0.3 0.1 16.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 Earth/ Atmospheric/Marine Scientists 1.0 • 0.0 2.2 1.5 31.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.6 Agricultural/Environmental Scientists 1.0 • 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 23.2 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Biological Scientists 4.8 • 0.1 5.1 1.9 4.6 11.1 23.2 8.3 0.0 0.8 0.7 Health Scientists 6.2 • 1.4 6.1 0.6 0.0 1.9 14.6 40.9 3.0 3.8 1.4 Social Scientists 5.4 • 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 2.0 0.3 1.0 29.2 0.5 0.1 Psychologists 19.4 • 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.7 1.8 51.6 0.1 Engineers 6.8 • 3.7 2.3 9.3 5.2 2.7 1.0 0.8 0.2 0.0 48.3 Postsecondary Teachers of Science 18.3 • 30.3 23.0 21.0 19.3 11.6 24.8 22.5 19.7 17.0 5.3 Postsecondary Teachers of Engineering 1.8 • 0.7 0.4 2.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.0 12.9 Other Teachers and Professors 4.3 • 2.6 3.5 4.0 2.8 0.0 2.7 4.2 10.8 3.4 1.9 Top/Mid-Level Managers 2.0 • 2.6 1.9 1.5 1.7 2.9 2.8 2.8 1.9 1.2 3.3 Management-Related Occupations 2.1 • 0.7 1.5 2.6 1.7 1.5 1.1 1.5 4.7 1.2 2.3 Technologists 1.7 • 8.5 2.9 6.9 5.3 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.3 0.4 1.5 Other Occupations 19.2 • 18.7 30.1 26.2 24.0 31.5 23.0 12.3 24.9 12.1 14.6 NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

TABLE 31 Second Job Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Employment Sector, • 1995 (in percent) Employment Sector Private Private Educational For-Profit Self- Not-for- Profit Other Second Job Status Total Institution Company Employed Organization Government Employer Employed Population (No.) 484,800 234,900 146,700 28,600 23,800 48,000 2,700 Held Second Job 15.5 18.2 8.9 20.2 23.1 16.6 11.8 No Second Job 84.5 81.8 91.1 79.8 76.9 83.4 88.2 *Employment sector of principal job. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey ofDoctorate Recipients, 1995. -...I w

TABLE 32 Relationship of Second Job of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s to Doctoral Degree, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) Field of Doctorate Earth/ Agri- Atmos- cultural/ Mathe- Physics ph eric/ Environ- All Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social Relationship Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Total Holding Second Job (No.) 75,300 • 2,200 4,700 3,300 1,600 2,300 10,500 3,200 13,000 24,800 8,900 Closely Related 65.9 • 51.8 52.5 37.2 57.8 54.7 52.2 68.6 65.1 82.3 61.2 Somewhat Related 19.4 • 26.9 19.4 25.7 18.8 25.0 26.6 20.9 23.0 11.2 23.0 Not Related 14.8 • 21.3 28.1 37.0 23 .4 20.3 21.2 10.5 12.0 6.6 15.8 •Too few cases to estimate. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey ofDoctorate Recipients, 1995. .....,J ~

TABLE 33 Employment Changes of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Since 1993, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) Field of Doctorate Earth/ Agri- Atmos- cultural/ Mathe- Physics pheric/ Environ- All Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social 1995 Status Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Total Employed in 1995 (No.) 484,800 6,400 22,800 52,500 34,400 14,400 19,300 97,400 15,500 67,600 75,800 78,600 Not Employed in 1993 4.8 7.4 3.0 4.1 4.1 4.7 5.2 5.4 5.1 4.9 3.9 5.1 No Change Since 1993 73.5 60.3 77.9 72.6 74.0 74.1 74.9 72.1 71.6 77.1 75.1 70.7 Change in Employer and Job 10.1 18.7 7.4 10.5 9.9 10.3 7.2 11.2 12.2 8.5 9.6 10.7 Change in Employer Only 4.5 5.4 5.6 3.5 4.6 4.0 4.3 4.5 4.7 3.9 5.8 4.2 Change in Job Only 7.1 8.1 6.0 9.2 7.4 6.9 8.4 6.8 6.4 5.6 5.6 8.7 NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. .....:! VI

TABLE 34 Reasons for Changing Employer or Job Between 1993 and 1995 for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) ....... 0'\ Field of Doctorate Eartbl Agri- Atmos- cultural/ Mathe- Physics ph eric/ Environ- All Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social Reasons for Changing* Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Total Changing (No.) 105,300 2,100 4,300 12,200 1,500 3,100 3,900 22,000 3,600 12,200 15,900 18,600 Pay/Promotion Opportunities 52.4 59.9 46.1 52.6 42.1 53.7 59.2 53.1 59.7 55.1 51.9 51.6 Working Conditions 28.4 21.8 27.9 23.1 18.1 25.2 24.8 28.9 37.1 30.7 39.3 24.8 Job Location 21.3 30.1 15.9 17.5 14.7 24.1 19.3 21.9 25.3 24.6 25.2 19.6 Family-Related Reasons 10.9 8.7 8.3 7.3 8.9 10.5 10.3 10.5 15.5 13.4 16.8 8.3 School-Related Reasons 13.8 17.1 17.1 13.0 12.2 9.8 9.8 17.2 12.8 10.9 15.8 11.7 Laid Off/Job Terminated 19.0 15.1 20.6 18.5 33.4 25.2 19.3 18.6 16.5 15.7 16.1 18.2 Retired 3.8 0.8 4.5 4.2 5.8 3.5 3.6 4.1 4.5 3.5 4.0 2.4 Other Reason 11.2 9.0 12.2 11.6 11.5 16.7 8.4 9.5 6.8 13.7 13.0 10.4 NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. *Percentages may total more than 100 because multiple answers were allowed. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey ofDoc:torate Recipients, 1995.

TABLE 35 Number of Artic::les and Papers Authored Between April 1990 and April 1995 by Science and Engineering Pb.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Employment Sector, 1995 (in percent) Total Number of Articles Total Number of Papers Total More Mean More Mean Field of Doctorate Number Than No. of Than No. of and Employment Sector Employed None 1-2 3-5 6-10 10 Articles None 1-2 3-5 6-10 10 Papers Total 484,800 37.1 19.7 18.0 12.8 12.4 4.7 26.7 16.8 21.7 17.6 17.1 6.4 Field of Doctorate Computer Sciences 6,400 32.6 25.3 22.6 10.5 8.9 3.6 13.9 20.2 21.7 18.7 25.5 8.4 Mathematical Sciences 22,800 37.9 22.3 17.1 13.3 9.4 4.0 32.8 18.9 23.9 14.2 10.2 4.4 Chemistry 52,500 41.6 18.9 17.2 10.8 11.6 4.6 33.8 19.5 21.9 13.3 11.4 4.9 Physics and Astronomy 34,400 33.3 16.9 15.8 14.6 19.5 6.7 25.2 14.2 21.0 18.9 20.7 7.8 Eartb/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences 14,400 23.3 20.9 21.7 18.9 15.2 5.6 14.7 12.2 24.1 23.9 25.2 8.6 AgriculturaVEnvironmental Sciences 19,300 33.9 18.6 17.7 15.1 14.7 4.9 23.5 15.3 19.3 20.8 21.1 1.5 Biological Sciences 97,400 22.4 17.5 21.5 18.0 20.7 7.0 19.2 15.3 23.8 19.9 21.7 7.7 Health Sciences 15,500 26.6 23.9 20.5 14.1 14.8 5.4 18.0 15.5 21.4 21.8 23.2 8.3 Social Sciences 67,600 40.9 22.1 19.6 11.0 6.4 3.1 23.7 16.7 25.2 20.8 13.6 5.5 Psychology 75,800 56.1 17.2 11.9 7.7 7.0 2.8 42.1 16.9 16.1 12.4 12.5 4.7 Engineering 78,600 37.9 22.3 18.4 11.8 9.7 4.1 23.8 18.5 21.1 17.6 18.9 7.1 Employment Secto ... Educational Institution 234,900 22.3 19.0 21.6 18.2 18.9 6.7 15.1 14.6 23.2 22.4 24.8 8.8 Private For-Profit Company 146,700 52.1 21.6 14.7 7.2 4.4 2.4 38.1 20.8 21.2 12.1 7.8 3.9 Self-Employed 28,600 71.7 15.3 8.4 2.5 2.0 1.1 58.8 16.8 13.5 6.5 4.5 2.4 Private Not-for-Profit Organization 23,800 42.3 20.5 16.1 9.9 11.1 4.4 31.4 15.3 22.3 16.4 14.7 6.3 Government 48,000 39.6 18.7 17.1 11.9 12.6 4.4 27.6 16.0 20.3 18.7 17.5 3.9 *Those reporting "other" types of employers are not included. ...:I ...:I SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

TABLE 36 Number of Articles and Papers Authored Between April 1990 and April 1995 by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Academic .....:J Position and Tenure Status, 1995 (in percent) 00 Total Number Total Number of Articles Total Number of Papers Academic Position Employed More Mean No. More Mean No. and Tenure Status in Academe None 1-2 3-5 6-10 Than 10 of Articles None 1-2 3-5 6-10 Than 10 ofPapers Total 229,500 21.0 19.1 22.0 18.6 19.3 6.9 13.9 14.4 23.5 22.9 25.3 8.9 Academic Position• Postdoc Appointee 17,700 6.2 19.2 38.4 24.3 11.9 5.4 4.9 16.5 36.8 27.6 14.2 6.3 Full Professor 80,200 22.8 16.5 17.3 17.4 26.0 9.2 14.8 13.7 21.0 21.8 28.8 10.4 Associate Professor 50,700 19.4 18.4 21.8 18.9 21.6 7.2 12.8 13.1 20.9 23.6 29.5 10.2 Assistant Professor 42,100 13.6 21.6 26.4 23.3 15.0 5.9 7.6 13.3 25.2 26.7 27.2 9.0 Instructor/Lecturer 6,300 39.2 23.9 20.6 11.6 4.7 3.0 26.8 20.3 27.5 16.3 9.0 4.2 Adjunct Faculty 4,700 41.8 24.2 16.2 11.1 6.6 3.2 31.9 19.0 22.4 15.0 11 .8 4.9 Not Applicable 24,700 32.1 22.1 20.3 13.4 12.1 4.9 23.1 17.3 22.8 19.1 17.8 6.6 Tenure Status Postdoc Appointee 17,700 6.2 19.2 38.4 24.3 11.9 5.4 4.9 16.5 36.8 27.6 14.2 6.3 Tenured 118,600 22.3 17.5 19.0 17.7 23.5 8.2 14.5 14.0 21.0 22.4 28.1 10.1 On Tenure Track 37,400 11.5 20.2 26.5 24.1 17.7 6.5 6.3 11 .9 23.8 27.5 30.5 9.8 Not Tenured 18,500 22.6 22.1 21.1 18.8 15.3 5.7 15.4 15.1 28.1 21.0 20.3 7.3 Not Applicable 37,200 32.4 21.5 19.6 13.2 13.3 5.1 23.0 16.7 22.6 18.6 19.1 7.0 NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. •Those reporting "other" academic ranks were not included in this table. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey ofDoctorate Recipients, 1995.

TABLE 37 Patent Activities Between April1990 and Aprill995 for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) Field of Doctoarte Earth/ Agri- Abnos- culturaV Mathe- Physics pheric/ Environ- All Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social Patent Activities Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Total Employed (No.) 484,800 6,400 22,800 52,500 34,400 14,400 19,300 97,400 15,500 67,600 75,800 78,600 Named as Inventor 12.4 14.3 3.8 30.9 17.4 4.7 8.2 13.0 5.6 0.4 0.9 24.6 Not Named as Inventor 87.6 85.7 96.2 69.1 82.6 95.3 91.8 87.0 94.4 99.6 99.1 75.4 Total Named on Patent Applications 60,100 • • 16,300 6,000 • 1,600 12,600 • • • 19,300 Number of Applications 1-2 59.4 • • 47.6 57.1 • 78.5 71.0 • • • 59.0 3-10 35.6 • • 44.3 38.3 • 21.5 26.1 • • • 36.8 More Than 10 5.0 • • 8.1 4.6 • 0.0 2.8 • • • 4.2 Number of Patents Granted None 30.0 • • 20.9 22.4 • 37.1 43.8 • • • 28.2 1-2 45.9 • • 42.4 51.0 • 48.1 44.5 • • • 48.1 3-10 20.6 • • 29.9 23.3 • 14.8 11.1 • • • 20.5 More Than 10 3.5 • • 6.9 3.4 • 0.0 0.5 • • • 3.1 Total with Patents Granted 42,100 • • 12,900 4,600 • • 7,100 • • • 13,900 Number of Products/Licenses None 48.3 • • 46.0 51.9 • • 55.8 • • • 47.9 1-2 39.2 • • 37.1 39.3 • • 36.4 • • • 40.1 More Than 2 12.5 • • 16.9 8.9 • • 7.9 • • • 12.0 -...J NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. 1.0 SOURCE: National Research CounciVNational Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

TABLE 38 Membership of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s in Professional Societies, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) Field of Doctorate Earth/ Agri- Atmos- cu1turall Mathe- Physics ph eric/ Environ- All Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social Membership Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistty Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Total Population (No.)• 542,100 6,600 25,100 61,300 38,700 16,500 22,400 109,700 16,900 15,100 82,100 86,900 None 15.6 19.6 18.1 15.8 20.8 9.4 13.4 16.0 7.1 17.7 12.5 16.2 One 21.1 22.4 23.5 28.3 27.4 17.4 18.7 16.6 13.7 14.6 22.9 25.0 Two 23.7 31.2 27.2 26.9 24.3 21.9 25.0 20.5 22.4 21.4 23.8 25.6 Three 17.4 14.6 15.9 15.6 15.4 20.2 19.2 18.4 20.6 19.5 17.1 15.7 Four or More 22.3 12.3 15.3 13.4 12.2 31.1 23.7 28.6 36.3 26.8 23.7 17.6 NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. *Those who reported that they had never worked were excluded. SOURCE: National Research CounciVNational Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. 00 0

TABLE 39 Work or Research Activities Outside the United States by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Since Earning the Doctorate, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) Field of Doctorate Earth/ Agri- Atmos- cultural/ Biolo- Mathe- Physics ph eric/ Environ- gical All Computer matical and Marine mental Scien- Health Social Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Total Population (No.)• 542,100 6,600 25,100 61,300 38,700 16,500 22,400 109,700 16,900 75,700 82,100 86,900 Conducted Foreign Work/Research 38.4 34.1 39.4 38.2 44.6 59.2 49.5 35.1 29.1 52.0 19.6 40.6 Did Not Conduct Foreign Work/Research 61.6 65.9 60.6 61.8 55.4 40.8 50.5 64.9 70.9 48.0 80.4 59.4 Total Conducting Foreign Work/Research Outside the U.S. 207,900 2,200 9,900 23,400 17,300 9,700 11,100 38,500 4,900 39,400 16,100 35,300 Length of Last Trip Less Than One Week 21.6 21.1 21.0 27.7 19.8 15.0 18.6 19.7 31.5 13.2 24.8 30.2 7 to 30 days 43.1 45.8 38.4 38.9 42.4 54.0 55.0 40.4 42.2 44.7 42.0 42.5 1 to6months 18.6 18.9 22.3 14.0 18.9 20.4 12.0 20.3 14.8 26.0 17.0 13.0 More than 6 months 16.7 14.1 18.3 19.3 19.0 10.7 14.4 19.6 11.4 16.1 16.2 14.4 Total Not Conducting Foreign Work/Research Outside the U.S. 334,100 4,300 15,200 37,900 21,400 6,700 11,300 71,300 12,000 36,300 66,000 51,600 Reasons for Not Conducting Work/Research• • Not Relevant to Career 38.7 27.4 36.0 41.9 41.0 34.9 28.7 32.9 30.2 42.3 44.7 39.4 No Interest 20.7 21.3 28.1 21.5 20.0 16.7 18.4 19.0 18.7 15.1 25.2 20.3 No Time 35.6 46.8 34.3 28.2 31.6 32.5 33.5 37.9 37.8 37.5 40.7 31.5 Unable to Identify Host Institution 17.3 24.0 20.4 15.3 16.9 18.6 18.4 13.8 21.2 16.7 17.1 21.8 Concerns About Losing Place in Job Market 16.1 17.1 11.9 16.7 19.2 10.1 15.0 17.5 13.6 11.2 17.6 16.5 Unaware of Funding Sources 31.3 39.2 31.0 24.3 28.2 33.8 34.2 29.5 37.8 30.6 35.3 32.2 Lack of Foreign Language Skills 15.5 14.8 13.8 12.8 11.8 12.0 20.4 13.7 17.3 17.3 20.5 13.7 Family-Related Reasons 36.5 41.9 39.8 30.6 34.3 29.7 36.7 41.4 41.5 36.7 39.3 29.7 Other Reasons 10.8 7.6 9.8 12.4 11.4 12.8 15.8 10.1 10.5 12.2 7.5 13.1 NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. 00 •Those who reported that they had never worked were excluded . - .. Percentages may total more than 100 because multiple answers were allowed. SOURCE: National Research CounciVNational Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

TABLE 40 Work-Related Training Activities Between April1994 and April1995 of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) 00 N Field of Doctorate Earth/ Agri- Atmos- culturaV Mathe- Physics ph eric/ Environ- All Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Total Population (No.)• 542,100 6,600 25,100 61,300 38,700 16,500 22,400 109,700 16,900 75,700 82,100 86,900 Taken Work-Related Training 52.1 53.8 43.4 49.4 39.2 47.4 58.5 46.6 69.2 48.1 71.8 50.1 No Work-Related Training 47.9 46.2 56.6 50.6 60.8 52.6 41.5 53.4 30.8 51.9 28.2 49.9 Total with Training (No.) 282,600 3,500 10,900 30,300 15,200 7,800 13,100 51,100 11,700 36,400 58,900 43,500 Types of Work-Related Training•• ~emenvSupervisorTraining 27.7 21.3 17.9 37.7 29.2 24.3 34.8 28.9 31.7 25.5 17.3 35.1 Training in Occupational Field 77.7 79.9 79.1 71.1 69.5 73.1 75.4 76.1 85.8 69.9 91.5 73.7 General Professional Training 19.8 14.8 15.4 23.3 18.9 18.0 24.6 18.6 19.3 23.4 15.5 22.3 Other Work-Related Training 16.5 18.3 16.8 17.0 19.1 21.7 17.1 17.1 16.2 22.5 11.2 15.2 Reasons for Taking Training* • Change Occupational Field 11.1 10.1 14.8 12.3 11.7 11.5 11.0 10.7 12.4 9.4 9.6 13.1 Further Skills in Occupational Field 91.8 88.9 92.8 89.3 86.7 86.0 92.4 91.7 95.9 89.6 96.6 90.7 Licensure/Certification 18.2 3.6 4.2 6.7 5.3 7.6 17.6 15.5 38.5 8.9 45.3 6.0 Increase Opportunities 29.6 33.8 32.3 33.8 28.6 28.5 34.0 29.1 32.3 28.1 22.4 35.8 Learn Skills for New Position 26.6 34.5 24.7 32.8 29.6 27.3 24.4 27.5 29.2 21.3 19.4 33.6 Required or Expected by Employer 33.0 34.0 32.0 42.1 40.7 34.4 36.1 33.0 32.2 32.5 23.0 37.4 Other Reasons 7.1 7.8 7.9 6.6 7.3 9.2 6.0 6.6 6.0 10.5 6.5 5.8 NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. *Those who reported that they had never worked were excluded. ••Percentages may total more than 100 because multiple answers were allowed. SOURCE: National Research CounciVNational Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

TABLE 41 Continuing Education of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Between Aprill993 and Aprill995, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) Field of Doctorate Earth/ Agri- Abnos- cultural/ Mathe- Physics ph eric/ Environ- All Computer matical and Marine mental Biological Health Social Fields Sciences Sciences Chemistry Astronomy Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences Psychology Engineering Total Population (No.) 542,500 6,600 25,200 61,400 38,700 16,500 22,400 109,900 16,900 75,800 82,200 87,000 Courses Taken Took Courses 5.9 5.2 5.1 5.2 4.8 6.3 5.8 5.9 8.5 5.4 6.9 5.9 Did Not Take Courses 94.1 94.8 94.9 94.8 95.2 93.7 94.2 94.1 91.5 94.6 93.1 94.1 Total Taking Courses 32,000 •• •• 3,200 1,900 •• •• 6,500 •• 4,100 5,700 5,200 Reasons for Taking Courses• Further Education Before Career 25.3 •• •• 22.9 32.5 •• •• 33.2 •• 20.6 17.6 25.0 Prepare for Graduate School 2.1 •• •• 0.1 5.5 •• •• 1.9 •• 1.4 0.8 4.1 Change Field 26.3 •• •• 24.0 40.9 •• •• 32.2 •• 27.4 20.4 24.1 Gain Further Skills 62.5 •• •• 52.6 58.3 •• •• 62.6 •• 61.9 67.8 61.0 Licensure/Certification 18.9 •• •• 17.6 7.5 •• •• 25.5 •• 15.0 30.2 7.1 Increase Opportunities 37.8 •• •• 42.3 34.4 •• •• 41.6 •• 33.2 28.4 46.4 Required by Employer 9.6 •• •• 14.5 10.2 •• •• 10.9 •• 9.4 7.2 7.7 Leisure/Personal Interest 52.0 •• •• 51.7 56.5 •• •• 47.9 •• 57.1 52.9 52.6 Other Reason 4.7 •• •• 2.7 0.0 •• •• 4.7 •• 5.6 6.6 3.4 School-Related Costs Employer Paid Costs 45.0 •• •• 51.5 51.7 •• •• 40.7 •• 48.4 34.0 55.2 Employer Did Not Pay Cost 55.0 •• •• 48.5 48.3 •• •• 59.3 •• 51.6 66.0 44.8 Degree/Certificate Status Completed Degree/Certificate 15.8 •• •• 17.0 11.7 •• •• 20.3 • • 12.7 11.7 17.5 Did Not Complete Degree/Certificate 84.2 •• •• 83.0 88.3 •• •• 79.7 •• 87.3 88.3 82.5 NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. •Percentages may total more than I 00 because multiple answers were allowed. 00 .. Too few cases to estimate. \.H SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.