MESOSCALE
CHEMISTRY
A WORKSHOP SUMMARY
Kathryn Hughes, Camly Tran, and Joe Alper, Rapporteurs
Chemical Sciences Roundtable
Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology
Division on Earth and Life Sciences
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Grant No. DE-FG02-07ER15872, the National Institutes of Health under Contract No. HHSN26300024, and the National Science Foundation under Grant No. CHE-1232613. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-37328-9
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-37328-X
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Copyright 2015 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
Suggested citation: NRC (National Research Council). 2015. Mesoscale Chemistry (A Workshop Summary). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Cover image adopted from Gregory Voth, University of Chicago. Representation of a hydroxide anion diffusion in a mesoscale anion exchange membrane.
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
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CHEMICAL SCIENCES ROUNDTABLE
CO-CHAIRS
WILLIAM F. CARROLL, JR., Occidental Chemical Corporation
JENNIFER S. CURTIS, University of Florida
MEMBERS
TINA BAHADORI, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
MICHAEL R. BERMAN, Air Force Office of Scientific Research
STEVEN BERNASEK, National Science Foundation
CAROLE BEWLEY, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
DONNA G. BLACKMOND, Scripps Research Institute
EMILIO BUNEL, Argonne National Laboratory
ALLISON CAMPBELL, WR Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
A.WELFORD CASTLEMAN, JR., Pennsylvania State University
RICHARD R. CAVANAGH, National Institute of Standards and Technology
JULIO DE PAULA, Lewis & Clark College
MIGUEL GARCIA-GARIBAY, University of California, Los Angeles
SEAN JONES, Office of Science and Technology Policy
JACK KAYE, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
JOANN S. LIGHTY, National Science Foundation
KENNETH G. MOLOY, DuPont Central Research and Development
ROBERT PEOPLES, American Chemical Society
TANJA PIETRASS, U.S. Department of Energy
MICHAEL E. ROGERS, National Institute of General Medical Sciences
KATHLEEN J. STEBE, University of Pennsylvania
PATRICIA A. THIEL, Ames Laboratory and Iowa State University
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE ON MESOSCALE CHEMISTRY
MIGUEL GARCIA-GARIBAY (co-chair), University of California, Los Angeles
PATRICIA A. THIEL (co-chair), Ames Laboratory and Iowa State University
VERNON ANDERSON, National Institutes of Health
BRUCE GARRETT, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
JENNIFER SINCLAIR CURTIS, University of Florida
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STAFF
TERESA FRYBERGER, Director
KATHRYN HUGHES, Senior Program Officer
DOUGLAS FRIEDMAN, Senior Program Officer
CARL-GUSTAV ANDERSON, Research Associate
ELIZABETH FINKELMAN, Program Coordinator
CAMLY TRAN, Postdoctoral Fellow
NAWINA MATSHONA, Senior Program Assistant
COTILYA BROWN, Senior Program Assistant
JOE ALPER, Consulting Writer
BOARD ON CHEMICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
CO-CHAIRS
TIMOTHY SWAGER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
DAVID R. WALT, Tufts University
MEMBERS
HÉCTOR D. ABRUÑA, Cornell University
JOEL C. BARRISH, Bristol-Myers Squibb
MARK A. BARTEAU, University of Michigan
DAVID BEM, The Dow Chemical Company
ROBERT G. BERGMAN, University of California, Berkeley
JOAN BRENNECKE, University of Notre Dame
HENRY E. BRYNDZA, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company
MICHELLE V. BUCHANAN, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
DAVID W. CHRISTIANSON, University of Pennsylvania
RICHARD EISENBERG, University of Rochester
JILL HRUBY, Sandia National Laboratories
FRANCES S. LIGLER, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University
SANDER G. MILLS, Merck Research Laboratories (retired)
JOSEPH B. POWELL, Shell
ROBERT E. ROBERTS, Institute for Defense Analyses
PETER J. ROSSKY, Rice University
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STAFF
TERESA FRYBERGER, Director
KATHRYN HUGHES, Senior Program Officer
DOUGLAS FRIEDMAN, Senior Program Officer
CARL-GUSTAV ANDERSON, Research Associate
ELIZABETH FINKELMAN, Program Coordinator
CAMLY TRAN, Postdoctoral Fellow
NAWINA MATSHONA, Senior Program Assistant
COTILYA BROWN, Senior Program Assistant
Acknowledgment of Reviewers
This workshop summary has been reviewed in draft form by persons chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets institutional standards of objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Julio de Paula, Lewis & Clark College
Chris Mundy, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Eric Lin, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Paul Weiss, University of California, Los Angeles
Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by the National Research Council, which is responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
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Contents
2 GROWING (UP) FROM THE NANOSCALE TO THE MESOSCALE
Architectural Complexity at the Molecular Level
Bringing Mesoscale Properties to Molecular Catalysts by Attaching an Outer Coordination Sphere
Mesoscale Concepts for Design and Behavior in Heterogeneous Catalysis
Strategies for the Synthesis of Mesoscale Catalyst Designs
4 MEMBRANE BEHAVIOR AND MICROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS
Asymmetric Lipid Vesicles Formation and Properties
Digital Microfluidics: Not Just for Liquids Anymore
Engineering at the Mesoscale: Microreactors and Membranes
5 BIOMINERALIZATION AND GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Formation Pathways in Biominerals Revealed by Their Structure
Nucleation Events, Mineral Assembly, and Crystal Modifications Performed by Disordered Proteins
Mesoscale Geochemistry Research Opportunities On, Within, and Beyond Earth
6 COMPUTATIONAL/CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN SELF-ASSEMBLY
Designing Novel Self-Assembling Protein Materials: Recent Successes and Future Prospects
Bottom-Up Multiscale Approaches for Mesoscale Phenomena: Progress and
View of Intelligent Mesoscale Biological Systems at Chemical Resolution: What Can Be Learned
Emergence of Entropy, Order, and Function at the Mesoscale
Multiscale Computer Simulation of Mesoscale Biomolecular Cooperativity
B About the Chemical Sciences Roundtable
C Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers and Organizing Committee Members
ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
BCST | Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology |
BESAC | Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee |
CSR | Chemical Sciences Roundtable |
DOE | U.S. Department of Energy |
DOPC | 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine |
GDP | guanosine diphosphate |
GTP | guanosine triphosphate |
HIV | human immunodeficiency virus |
mV | millivolt |
NIH | National Institutes of Health |
NRC | National Research Council |
NSF | National Science Foundation |
PNNL | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory |
STM | scanning tunneling microscopy |
TEM | transmission electron microscopy |
TOF-SIMS | time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry |