Transportation of
Laboratory Animals
PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP
Patricia McAdams, Steven Olson, Lida Anestidou,
and Jenna Ogilvie, Rapporteurs
Roundtable on Science and Welfare in Laboratory Animal Use
Institute for Laboratory Animal Research
Division on Earth and Life Studies
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
This project was supported by the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine; American Veterinary Medical Association; Bayer; Charles River Laboratories; Covance Laboratories, Inc.; GlaxoSmithKline; Johnson & Johnson; Massachusetts General Hospital; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Merck; Novartis Corporation; University of California, Davis; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; University of Michigan; University of Washington; and the National Academy of Sciences W.K. Kellogg Foundation Fund. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-37333-3
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-37333-6
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/21734
Additional copies of this publication are available for sale from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.
Copyright 2017 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Transportation of Laboratory Animals: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226.21734.
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PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR TRANSPORTATION OF LABORATORY ANIMALS1
Carol Clarke (Co-Chair), Research Specialist Staff Officer, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Animal Care
William J. White (Co-Chair), Corporate Vice President, Charles River Laboratories
Robert C. Dysko, Clinical Professor, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School
Judith B. Franco, Associate Director of Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Inc.
Dianne Garnes, Global Animal Welfare Officer, Novartis Corporation
Bruce W. Kennedy, Compliance Associate, California State Polytechnic University
David M. Kurtz, Veterinary Staff Scientist, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
C. Ford Morishita, Retired Biology Teacher, Founding Member of the National Academies Teacher Advisory Council
Susan Brust Silk, Director, Division of Policy and Education, Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, National Institutes of Health
___________________
1 Affiliations of planning committee members were current as of September 2014.
ROUNDTABLE ON SCIENCE AND WELFARE IN LABORATORY ANIMAL USE1
Co-Chairs
Lynn C. Anderson (Co-Chair), Vice President, Global Animal Welfare and Comparative Medicine, Covance Laboratories, Inc.
Steven Niemi (Co-Chair), Liaison to the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine; and Director, Office of Animal Resources, Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences
Members
Paul A. Locke, Liaison to Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) Council; and Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
David Anderson, Executive Director, Health Sciences Administration, University of Washington
Bonnie V. Beaver, Professor, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University
Pamela Chamberlain, Veterinary Medical Officer and Institutional Official for the White Oak Animal Program, Office of Counterterrorism and Emerging Threats, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Carol Clarke, Research Specialist Staff Officer, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Animal Care, U.S. Department of Agriculture
Robert C. Dysko, Clinical Professor, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School
James Fox, Professor and Director, Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Dianne Garnes, Global Animal Welfare Officer, Pharmaceutical Division, Novartis Corporation
Gail C. Golab, Director, Animal Welfare Division, American Veterinary Medical Association
Donna Matthews Jarrell, Attending Veterinarian and Director, Center for Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
___________________
1 Affiliations of roundtable members were current as of September 2014.
Bruce W. Kennedy, Compliance Associate, California State Polytechnic University
David M. Kurtz, Veterinary Staff Scientist, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Margaret S. Landi, Chief of Animal Welfare, Ethics, and Strategy, GlaxoSmithKline
K. C. Kent Lloyd, Professor and Head, Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis
Lawrence Schook, Professor, Office of the Vice President for Research, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Susan Brust Silk, Director, Division of Policy and Education, Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, National Institutes of Health
William J. White, Corporate Vice President, Veterinary and Professional Services, Charles River Laboratories
John C. Wingfield, Assistant Director, Biological Sciences, National Science Foundation
Robert H. Wurtz, National Institutes of Health Distinguished Investigator, Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health
Staff
Lida Anestidou, Director, Roundtable on Science and Welfare in Laboratory Animal Use
Angela Kolesnikova, Administrative Assistant, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research
Jenna Ogilvie, Senior Program Assistant, Board on Life Sciences
INSTITUTE FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL RESEARCH1
Co-Chairs
Michael D. Lairmore (Co-Chair), Professor and Dean, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis
Margaret S. Landi (Co-Chair), Chief of Animal Welfare, Ethics, and Strategy, GlaxoSmithKline
Members
Karin Blumer, Scientific Affairs, Novartis International AG
Cory Brayton, Associate Professor of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University
Joseph J. DeGeorge, Global Head of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck Research Laboratories
Ron DeHaven, Executive Vice President, American Veterinary Medical Association
Lewis B. Kinter, Consultant
Malak Kotb, Chair, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota
Paul A. Locke, Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Daniel S. Marsman, Head, Safety and Regulatory Affairs, Procter & Gamble Health Care
Melinda A. Novak, Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Amherst
James A. Roth, Clarence Hartley Covault Distinguished Professor, Director, Center for Food Security and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University
Lawrence Schook, Professor, Office of the Vice President for Research, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Sheldon Sloan, Internal Medicine Portfolio Leader Established Products, Janssen Research & Development, LLC
Patricia Turner, Program Leader, Laboratory Animal Science and Professor, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph
___________________
1 Affiliations of Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) Council members were current as of September 2014.
Staff
Frances E. Sharples, Acting Director
Lida Anestidou, Senior Program Officer
Angela Kolesnikova, Administrative Assistant
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Reviewers
This Proceedings of a Workshop was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.
We thank the following individuals for their review of this proceedings:
Anne Deschamps, Federation of American Societies of Experimental Biology
Erik D. Dohm, University of Alabama at Birmingham
Mary A. Robinson, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
Joe H. Simmons, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the proceedings nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this proceedings was overseen by Allan Basbaum, University of California, San Francisco. He was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this proceedings was carried out in accordance with standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the rapporteurs and the National Academies.
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Contents
Overview of Laboratory Animal Transportation
Organization of the Proceedings of a Workshop
The Process and Requirements of Air Transportation
The International Air Transport Association and Air Cargo
Crossing International Borders: A European Perspective
4 THE HEALTH STATUS AND LOGISTICS OF LABORATORY ANIMALS
5 SPECIES-SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS
6 INTERNATIONAL, NATIONAL, AND STATE REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
World Organisation for Animal Health
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Considerations at the State Level
7 PERSPECTIVES ON THE TRANSPORTATION OF LABORATORY ANIMALS
Boxes
2-1 Number of Animals That Come Through Heathrow Airport in a Typical Year
2-2 Common Problems Encountered at Border Inspection Posts
4-1 Critical Control Points Where Potential Hazards May Exist
4-2 Considerations in the Transport of Animals Listed by Lynn Anderson
5-1 Some of the Organizations Involved in Overseeing the Transport of Nonhuman Primates
5-2 Some of the Documents Needed to Accompany Shipments of Dogs and Ferrets
5-3 Considerations Listed by William White in Transporting Mice, Rats, and Small Mammals
5-4 Considerations Listed by David Lains for Packaging Zebrafish for Transit
6-1 Carrier and Handler Requirements for Transporting Animals from Carol Clarke
8-1 Questions and Issues to Consider in Transporting Laboratory Animals
9-1 Practical Suggestions Discussed by Workshop Participants
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
AALAS |
American Association for Laboratory |
Animal Science |
|
APHIS |
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service |
ATA |
Animal Transport Association |
CBP |
U.S. Customs and Border Patrol |
CDC |
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
CITES |
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora |
DHS |
Department of Homeland Security |
DOT |
Department of Transportation |
EARA |
European Animal Research Association |
e-CFR |
Electronic Code of Federal Regulations |
EU |
European Union |
FDA |
U.S. Food and Drug Administration |
FWS |
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service |
HACCP |
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point system |
IACUC |
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee |
IATA |
International Air Transport Association |
ILAR |
Institute for Laboratory Animal Research |
LAPB |
Live Animals and Perishables Board |
LAR |
Live Animals Regulations |
NC3Rs |
National Centre for Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction of Animals in Research |
NGSS |
Next Generation Science Standards |
NHP |
nonhuman primate |
NIEHS |
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |
NIH |
National Institutes of Health |
OIE |
World Organisation for Animal Health |
SPF |
specific pathogen free |
USDA |
U.S. Department of Agriculture |
WHO |
World Health Organization |