Midsize Car with SI Engine Pathway - NRC Low Most Likely Estimates - Direct Manufacturing Costs Alternative Pathway - High CR with Exhaust Scavenging Low Most Likely Cost Estimates Paired with High Most Likely Effectiveness Estimates |
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Possible Technologies | % FC Reduction (%) | FC Reduction Multiplier | Cumulative FC Reduction Multiplier | FC (gal/100 mi) | Cumulative Percent FC Reduction | Unadjusted Combined (mpg) | 2017 Cost Estimates | 2020 Cost Estimates | 2025 Cost Estimates | 2017 Cost/Percent FC ($/%) |
Null Vehiclea | 1.000 | 1.000 | 3.240 | 0.0% | 30.9 | |||||
Intake Cam Phasing ICP |
2.6% | 0.974 | 0.974 | 3.156 | 2.6% | 31.7 | $37 | $35 | $31 | $14.23 |
Dual Cam Phasing DCP (vs. ICP) |
2.5% | 0.975 | 0.950 | 3.077 | 5.0% | 32.5b | $31 | $29 | $27 | $12.40 |
2008 Example Vehicle | ||||||||||
Low Rolling Resistance Tires - 1 ROLL1 |
1.9% | 0.981 | 0.932 | 3.018 | 6.8% | 33.1 | $5 | $5 | $5 | $2.63 |
Low Friction Lubricants - 1 LUB1 |
0.7% | 0.993 | 0.925 | 2.997 | 7.5% | 33.4 | $3 | $3 | $3 | $4.29 |
6 Speed Automatic Transmissionc 6 SP AT with Improved Internals IATC |
1.6% | 0.984 | 0.910 | 2.949 | 9.0% | 33.9 | $37 | $34 | $31 | $23.13 |
Aero Drag Reduction - 1 AERO1 |
2.3% | 0.977 | 0.889 | 2.882 | 11.1% | 34.7 | $39 | $37 | $33 | $16.96 |
Engine Friction Reduction - 1 EFR1 |
2.6% | 0.974 | 0.866 | 2.807 | 13.4% | 35.6 | $48 | $48 | $48 | $18.46 |
Improved Accessories - 1 IACC1 |
1.2% | 0.988 | 0.856 | 2.773 | 14.4% | 36.1 | $71 | $69 | $60 | $59.17 |
Electric Power Steering EPS |
1.3% | 0.987 | 0.845 | 2.737 | 15.5% | 36.5 | $87 | $82 | $74 | $66.92 |
Mass Reduction - 2.5% MR2.5 (-87.5 lbs) |
0.8% | 0.992 | 0.838 | 2.715 | 16.2% | 36.8 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0.00 |
2016 Target 36.6 mpg | ||||||||||
Discrete Variable Valve Lift DVVL |
3.6% | 0.964 | 0.808 | 2.617 | 19.2% | 38.2 | $116 | $109 | $99 | $32.22 |
Mass Reduction - 2.5%-5.0% MR5-MR2.5 (-87.5 lbs) |
0.8% | 0.992 | 0.801 | 2.596 | 19.9% | 38.5 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0.00 |
Stoichiometric Gasoline Direct Injection SGDI (Required for TRBDS) |
1.5% | 0.985 | 0.789 | 2.557 | 21.1% | 39.1 | $192 | $181 | $164 | $128.00 |
Possible Technologies | % FC Reduction (%) | FC Reduction Multiplier | Cumulative FC Reduction Multiplier | FC (gal/100 mi) | Cumulative Percent FC Reduction | Unadjusted Combined (mpg) | 2017 Cost Estimates | 2020 Cost Estimates | 2025 Cost Estimates | 2017 Cost/Percent FC ($/%) |
High Compression Ratio- Exh Scavenging EXS |
6.0% | 0.940 | 0.742 | 2.404 | 25.8% | 41.6 | $250 | $250 | $250 | $41.67 |
Turbocharging & Downsizing - 1 (I-4 to I-4) TRBDS1 33% DS 18 bar BMEP |
8.3% | 0.917 | 0.680 | 2.204 | 32.0% | 45.4 | $288 | $271 | $245 | $34.70 |
Turbocharging & Downsizing - 2 (I-4 to I-3) TRBDS2 50% DS 24 bar BMEP |
3.5% | 0.965 | 0.657 | 2.127 | 34.3% | 47.0 | -$92 | -$89 | -$82 | -$26.29 |
8 Speed Automatic Transmissionc 8 SP AT |
1.7% | 0.983 | 0.645 | 2.091 | 35.5% | 47.8 | $56 | $52 | $47 | $32.94 |
Shift Optimizerc SHFTOPT |
0.7% | 0.993 | 0.641 | 2.076 | 35.9% | 48.2 | $26 | $24 | $22 | $37.14 |
Improved Accessories - 2 IAAC2 |
2.4% | 0.976 | 0.625 | 2.027 | 37.5% | 49.3 | $43 | $40 | $37 | $17.92 |
Low Rolling Resistance Tires ROLL2 |
2.0% | 0.980 | 0.613 | 1.986 | 38.7% | 50.4 | $58 | $46 | $31 | $29.00 |
Aero Drag Reduction - 2 AERO2 |
2.5% | 0.975 | 0.598 | 1.936 | 40.2% | 51.6 | $117 | $110 | $100 | $46.80 |
Mass Reduction - 5.0%-10.0% MR10-MR5 (-175 lbs) |
4.6% | 0.954 | 0.570 | 1.847 | 43.0% | 54.1 | $154 | $151 | $151 | $33.48 |
Low Friction Lub - 2 & Engine Friction Red - 2 LUB2_EFR2 |
1.3% | 0.987 | 0.563 | 1.823 | 43.7% | 54.8 | $51 | $51 | $51 | $39.23 |
2025 Target 54.2 mpg | ||||||||||
Continuously Variable Valve Lift CVVL (vs. DVVL) |
1.0% | 0.990 | 0.557 | 1.805 | 44.3% | 55.4 | $58 | $55 | $49 | $58.00 |
High Efficiency Transmission HEG1 & 2 |
5.4% | 0.946 | 0.527 | 1.708 | 47.3% | 58.6 | $314 | $296 | $267 | $58.15 |
Cooled EGR - 1 CEGR1 50% DS 24 bar BMEP |
3.5% | 0.965 | 0.509 | 1.648 | 49.1% | 60.7 | $212 | $199 | $180 | $60.57 |
Cylinder Deactivation DEACD |
0.0% | 1.000 | 0.509 | 1.648 | 49.1% | 60.7 | ||||
Cooled EGR - 2 (I-3 to I-3) CEGR2 56% DS 27 bar BMEP |
1.4% | 0.986 | 0.501 | 1.625 | 49.9% | 61.5 | $364 | $343 | $310 | $260.00 |
Totals | ||||||||||
Relative to Null Vehicle | 49.9% | 0.501 | $2,565 | $2,431 | $2,233 | $51.45 | ||||
Null Vehicle - 2008 MY Vehicle | 5.0% | 0.950 | $68 | $64 | $58 | $13.51 | ||||
2008 MY Vehicle - 2016 MY | 11.8% | 0.882 | $290 | $278 | $254 | |||||
2017 MY- 2025 MY | 32.8% | 0.672 | $1,259 | $1,196 | $1,115 | $38.34 | ||||
Beyond 2025 MY | 10.9% | 0.891 | $948 | $893 | $806 | $87.06 | ||||
a Null vehicle: I4, DOHC, naturally aspirated, 4 valves/cylinder PFI fixed valve timing and 4 speed AT.
b An example midsize car in 2008 was 46.64 sq ft and had a fuel economy of 32.5 mpg. Its standard for MY2016 would be 36.6 mpg and for MY2025 would be 54.2 mpg.
c These technologies have transmission synergies included. Green highlighting indicates a technology order different than the NHTSA pathway, shown in Appendix S.
Midsize Car with SI Engine Pathway - NRC High Most Likely Estimates - Direct Manufacturing Costs Alternative Pathway - High CR with Exhaust Scavenging High Most Likely Cost Estimates Paired with Low Most Likely Effectiveness Estimates |
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Possible Technologies | % FC Reduction (%) | FC Reduction Multiplier | Cumulative FC Reduction Multiplier | FC (gal/100 mi) | Cumulative Percent FC Reduction | Unadjusted Combined (mpg) | 2017 Cost Estimates | 2020 Cost Estimates | 2025 Cost Estimates | 2017 Cost/Percent FC ($/%) |
Null Vehiclea | 1.000 | 1.000 | 3.240 | 0.0% | 30.9 | |||||
Intake Cam Phasing ICP |
2.6% | 0.974 | 0.974 | 3.156 | 2.6% | 31.7 | $43 | $41 | $36 | $16.54 |
Dual Cam Phasing DCP (vs. ICP) |
2.5% | 0.975 | 0.950 | 3.077 | 5.0% | 32.5b | $35 | $33 | $31 | $14.00 |
2008 Example Vehicle | ||||||||||
Low Rolling Resistance Tires - 1 ROLL1 |
1.9% | 0.981 | 0.932 | 3.018 | 6.8% | 33.1 | $5 | $5 | $5 | $2.63 |
Low Friction Lubricants - 1 LUB1 |
0.7% | 0.993 | 0.925 | 2.997 | 7.5% | 33.4 | $3 | $3 | $3 | $4.29 |
6 Speed Automatic Transmissionc 6 SP AT with Improved Internals IATC |
1.3% | 0.987 | 0.913 | 2.958 | 8.7% | 33.8 | $37 | $34 | $31 | $28.46 |
Aero Drag Reduction - 1 AERO1 |
2.3% | 0.977 | 0.892 | 2.890 | 10.8% | 34.6 | $39 | $37 | $33 | $16.96 |
Engine Friction Reduction - 1 EFR1 |
2.6% | 0.974 | 0.869 | 2.815 | 13.1% | 35.5 | $48 | $48 | $48 | $18.46 |
Improved Accessories - 1 IACC1 |
1.2% | 0.988 | 0.858 | 2.781 | 14.2% | 36.0 | $71 | $67 | $60 | $59.17 |
Electric Power Steering EPS |
1.3% | 0.987 | 0.847 | 2.745 | 15.3% | 36.4 | $87 | $82 | $74 | $66.92 |
Mass Reduction - 2.5% MR2.5 (-87.5 lbs) |
0.8% | 0.992 | 0.841 | 2.723 | 15.9% | 36.7 | $22 | $22 | $22 | $27.50 |
2016 Target 36.6 mpg | ||||||||||
Discrete Variable Valve Lift DVVL |
3.6% | 0.964 | 0.810 | 2.625 | 19.0% | 38.1 | $133 | $125 | $114 | $36.94 |
Mass Reduction - 2.5%-5.0% MR5-MR2.5 (-87.5 lbs) |
0.8% | 0.992 | 0.804 | 2.604 | 19.6% | 38.4 | $66 | $66 | $66 | $82.50 |
Stoichiometric Gasoline Direct Injection SGDI (Required for TRBDS) |
1.5% | 0.985 | 0.792 | 2.565 | 20.8% | 39.0 | $192 | $181 | $164 | $128.00 |
High Compression Ratio- Exh Scavenging EXS |
6.0% | 0.940 | 0.744 | 2.411 | 25.6% | 41.5 | $250 | $250 | $250 | $41.67 |
Turbocharging & Downsizing - 1 TRBDS1 33% DS 18 bar BMEP |
7.7% | 0.923 | 0.687 | 2.226 | 31.3% | 44.9 | $331 | $312 | $282 | $42.99 |
Turbocharging & Downsizing - 2 TRBDS2 50% DS 24 bar BMEP |
3.2% | 0.968 | 0.665 | 2.154 | 33.5% | 46.4 | -$96 | -$92 | -$86 | -$30.00 |
8 Speed Automatic Transmissionc 8 SP AT |
1.3% | 0.987 | 0.656 | 2.126 | 34.4% | 47.0 | $151 | $126 | $115 | $116.15 |
Shift Optimizerc SHFTOPT |
0.3% | 0.997 | 0.654 | 2.120 | 34.6% | 47.2 | $26 | $24 | $22 | $86.67 |
Improved Accessories - 2 IAAC2 |
2.4% | 0.976 | 0.639 | 2.069 | 36.1% | 48.3 | $43 | $40 | $37 | $17.92 |
Low Rolling Resistance Tires ROLL2 |
2.0% | 0.980 | 0.626 | 2.028 | 37.4% | 49.3 | $58 | $46 | $31 | $29.00 |
Possible Technologies | % FC Reduction (%) | FC Reduction Multiplier | Cumulative FC Reduction Multiplier | FC (gal/100 mi) | Cumulative Percent FC Reduction | Unadjusted Combined (mpg) | 2017 Cost Estimates | 2020 Cost Estimates | 2025 Cost Estimates | 2017 Cost/Percent FC ($/%) |
Aero Drag Reduction - 2 AERO2 |
2.5% | 0.975 | 0.610 | 1.977 | 39.0% | 50.6 | $117 | $110 | $100 | $46.80 |
Mass Reduction - 5%-10% MR10-MR5 (-175 lbs) |
4.6% | 0.954 | 0.582 | 1.886 | 41.8% | 53.0 | $325 | $322 | $315 | $70.65 |
Low Friction Lub - 2 & Engine Friction Red - 2 LUB2_EFR2 |
1.3% | 0.987 | 0.575 | 1.862 | 42.5% | 53.7 | $51 | $51 | $51 | $39.23 |
Cooled EGR - 1 CEGR1 50% DS 24 bar BMEP |
3.0% | 0.970 | 0.557 | 1.806 | 44.3% | 55.4 | $212 | $199 | $180 | $70.67 |
2025 Target 54.2 mpg | ||||||||||
High Efficiency Transmission HEG1 & 2 |
4.9% | 0.951 | 0.530 | 1.717 | 47.0% | 58.2 | $314 | $296 | $267 | $64.08 |
Continuously Variable Valve Lift CVVL (vs. DVVL) |
1.0% | 0.990 | 0.525 | 1.700 | 47.5% | 58.8 | $67 | $63 | $56 | $67.00 |
Cylinder Deactivation DEACD |
0.0% | 1.000 | 0.525 | 1.700 | 47.5% | 58.8 | ||||
Cooled EGR - 2 CEGR2 56% DS 27 bar BMEP |
1.4% | 0.986 | 0.517 | 1.676 | 48.3% | 59.7 | $364 | $343 | $310 | $260.00 |
Totals | ||||||||||
Relative to Null Vehicle | 48.3% | 0.517 | $2,994 | $2,834 | $2,617 | $62.03 | ||||
Null Vehicle - 2008 MY Vehicle | 5.0% | 0.950 | $78 | $74 | $67 | $15.49 | ||||
2008 MY Vehicle - 2016 MY | 11.5% | 0.885 | $312 | $298 | $276 | |||||
2017 MY- 2025 MY | 33.7% | 0.663 | $1,859 | $1,760 | $1,641 | $55.17 | ||||
Beyond 2025 MY | 7.2% | 0.928 | $745 | $702 | $633 | $103.92 | ||||
a Null vehicle: I4, DOHC, naturally aspirated, 4 valves/cylinder PFI fixed valve timing and 4 speed AT.
b An example midsize car in 2008 was 46.64 sq ft and had a fuel economy of 32.5 mpg. Its standard for MY2016 would be 36.6 mpg and for MY2025 would be 54.2 mpg.
c These technologies have transmission synergies included. Green highlighting indicates a technology order different than the NHTSA pathway, shown in Appendix S.
Midsize Car with SI Engine Pathway - NRC Low Most Likely Estimates - Direct Manufacturing Costs Alternative Pathway - EAVS Supercharger Low Most Likely Cost Estimates Paired with High Most Likely Effectiveness Estimates |
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Possible Technologies | % FC Reduction | FC Reduction Multiplier | Cumulative FC Reduction Multiplier | FC (gal/100 mi) | Cumulative Percent FC Reduction | Unadjusted Combined FE (mpg) | 2017 Cost Estimates | 2020 Cost Estimates | 2025 Cost Estimates | 2017 Cost/Percent FC ($/%) |
Null Vehiclea | 1.000 | 1.000 | 3.240 | 0.0% | 30.9 | |||||
Intake Cam Phasing ICP |
2.6% | 0.974 | 0.974 | 3.156 | 2.6% | 31.7 | $37 | $35 | $31 | $14.23 |
Dual Cam Phasing DCP (vs. ICP) |
2.5% | 0.975 | 0.950 | 3.077 | 5.0% | 32.5b | $31 | $29 | $27 | $12.40 |
2008 Example Vehicle | ||||||||||
Low Rolling Resistance Tires - 1 ROLL1 |
1.9% | 0.981 | 0.932 | 3.018 | 6.8% | 33.1 | $5 | $5 | $5 | $2.63 |
Low Friction Lubricants - 1 LUB1 |
0.7% | 0.993 | 0.925 | 2.997 | 7.5% | 33.4 | $3 | $3 | $3 | $4.29 |
6 Speed Automatic Transmissionc 6 SP AT with Improved Internals IATC |
1.6% | 0.984 | 0.910 | 2.949 | 9.0% | 33.9 | $37 | $34 | $31 | $23.13 |
Aero Drag Reduction - 1 AERO1 |
2.3% | 0.977 | 0.889 | 2.882 | 11.1% | 34.7 | $39 | $37 | $33 | $16.96 |
Engine Friction Reduction - 1 EFR1 |
2.6% | 0.974 | 0.866 | 2.807 | 13.4% | 35.6 | $48 | $48 | $48 | $18.46 |
Electric Power Steering EPS |
1.3% | 0.987 | 0.855 | 2.770 | 14.5% | 36.1 | $87 | $82 | $74 | $66.92 |
Mass Reduction - 2.5% MR2.5 (-87.5 lbs) |
0.8% | 0.992 | 0.848 | 2.748 | 15.2% | 36.4 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0.00 |
Discrete Variable Valve Lift DVVL |
3.6% | 0.964 | 0.818 | 2.649 | 18.2% | 37.7 | $116 | $109 | $99 | $32.22 |
2016 Target 36.6 mpg | ||||||||||
Mass Reduction - 2.5%-5.0% MR5-MR2.5 (-87.5 lbs) |
0.8% | 0.992 | 0.811 | 2.628 | 18.9% | 38.1 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0.00 |
Stoichiometric Gasoline Direct Injection SGDI (Required for TRBDS) |
1.5% | 0.985 | 0.799 | 2.588 | 20.1% | 38.6 | $192 | $181 | $164 | $128.00 |
EAVS-Supercharger EAVS-SC |
26.0% | 0.740 | 0.591 | 1.915 | 40.9% | 52.2 | $1,302 | $1,302 | $1,302 | $50.08 |
8 Speed Automatic Transmissionc 8 SP AT |
1.7% | 0.983 | 0.581 | 1.883 | 41.9% | 53.1 | $56 | $52 | $47 | $32.94 |
Shift Optimizerc SHFTOPT |
0.7% | 0.993 | 0.577 | 1.870 | 42.3% | 53.5 | $26 | $24 | $22 | $37.14 |
Low Rolling Resistance Tires ROLL2 |
2.0% | 0.980 | 0.566 | 1.832 | 43.4% | 54.6 | $58 | $46 | $31 | $29.00 |
2025 Target 54.2 mpg | ||||||||||
Aero Drag Reduction - 2 AERO2 |
2.5% | 0.975 | 0.551 | 1.786 | 44.9% | 56.0 | $117 | $110 | $100 | $46.80 |
Mass Reduction - 5.0%-10.0% MR10-MR5 (-175 lbs) |
4.6% | 0.954 | 0.526 | 1.704 | 47.4% | 58.7 | $154 | $151 | $151 | $33.48 |
Low Friction Lub - 2 & Engine Friction Red - 2 LUB2_EFR2 |
1.3% | 0.987 | 0.519 | 1.682 | 48.1% | 59.4 | $51 | $51 | $51 | $39.23 |
Continuously Variable Valve Lift CVVL (vs. DVVL) |
1.0% | 0.990 | 0.514 | 1.665 | 48.6% | 60.0 | $58 | $55 | $49 | $58.00 |
Possible Technologies | % FC Reduction | FC Reduction Multiplier | Cumulative FC Reduction Multiplier | FC (gal/100 mi) | Cumulative Percent FC Reduction | Unadjusted Combined FE (mpg) | 2017 Cost Estimates | 2020 Cost Estimates | 2025 Cost Estimates | 2017 Cost/Percent FC ($/%) |
High Efficiency Transmission HEG1 & 2 |
5.4% | 0.946 | 0.486 | 1.575 | 51.4% | 63.5 | $314 | $296 | $267 | $58.15 |
Cooled EGR - 1 CEGR1 50% DS 24 bar BMEP |
3.5% | 0.965 | 0.469 | 1.520 | 53.1% | 65.8 | $212 | $199 | $180 | $60.57 |
Cylinder Deactivation DEACD |
0.0% | 1.000 | 0.469 | 1.520 | 53.1% | 65.8 | ||||
Cooled EGR - 2 (I-3 to I-3) CEGR2 56% DS 27 bar BMEP |
1.4% | 0.986 | 0.463 | 1.499 | 53.7% | 66.7 | $364 | $343 | $310 | $260.00 |
Totals | ||||||||||
Relative to Null Vehicle | 53.7% | 0.463 | $3,307 | $3,192 | $3,025 | $61.54 | ||||
Null Vehicle - 2008 MY Vehicle | 5.0% | 0.950 | $68 | $64 | $58 | $13.51 | ||||
2008 MY Vehicle - 2016 MY | 13.9% | 0.861 | $335 | $318 | $293 | |||||
2017 MY- 2025 MY | 30.8% | 0.692 | $1,634 | $1,605 | $1,566 | $53.00 | ||||
Beyond 2025 MY | 18.2% | 0.818 | $1,270 | $1,205 | $1,108 | $69.81 | ||||
a Null vehicle: I4, DOHC, naturally aspirated, 4 valves/cylinder PFI fixed valve timing and 4 speed AT.
b An example midsize car in 2008 was 46.64 sq ft and had a fuel economy of 32.5 mpg. Its standard for MY2016 would be 36.6 mpg and for MY2025 would be 54.2 mpg.
c These technologies have transmission synergies included. Green highlighting indicates a technology order different than the NHTSA pathway, shown in Appendix S.
Midsize Car with SI Engine Pathway - NRC High Most Likely Estimates - Direct Manufacturing Costs Alternative Pathway - EAVS Supercharger High Most Likely Cost Estimates Paired with Low Most Likely Effectiveness Estimates |
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Possible Technologies | % FC Reduction | FC Reduction Multiplier | Cumulative FC Reduction Multiplier | Fuel Consumption (gal/100 mi) | Cumulative Percent FC Reduction | Unadjusted Combined FE (mpg) | 2017 Cost Estimates | 2020 Cost Estimates | 2025 Cost Estimates | 2017 Cost/Percent FC ($/%) |
Null Vehiclea | 1.000 | 1.000 | 3.240 | 0.0% | 30.9 | |||||
Intake Cam Phasing ICP |
2.6% | 0.974 | 0.974 | 3.156 | 2.6% | 31.7 | $43 | $41 | $36 | $16.54 |
Dual Cam Phasing DCP (vs. ICP) |
2.5% | 0.975 | 0.950 | 3.077 | 5.0% | 32.5b | $35 | $33 | $31 | $14.00 |
2008 Example Vehicle | ||||||||||
Low Rolling Resistance Tires - 1 ROLL1 |
1.9% | 0.981 | 0.932 | 3.018 | 6.8% | 33.1 | $5 | $5 | $5 | $2.63 |
Low Friction Lubricants - 1 LUB1 |
0.7% | 0.993 | 0.925 | 2.997 | 7.5% | 33.4 | $3 | $3 | $3 | $4.29 |
6 Speed Automatic Transmissionc 6 SP AT with Improved Internals IATC |
1.3% | 0.987 | 0.913 | 2.958 | 8.7% | 33.8 | $37 | $34 | $31 | $28.46 |
Aero Drag Reduction - 1 AERO1 |
2.3% | 0.977 | 0.892 | 2.890 | 10.8% | 34.6 | $39 | $37 | $33 | $16.96 |
Engine Friction Reduction - 1 EFR1 |
2.6% | 0.974 | 0.869 | 2.815 | 13.1% | 35.5 | $48 | $48 | $48 | $18.46 |
Electric Power Steering EPS |
1.3% | 0.987 | 0.858 | 2.779 | 14.2% | 36.0 | $87 | $82 | $74 | $66.92 |
Mass Reduction - 2.5% MR2.5 (-87.5 lbs) |
0.8% | 0.992 | 0.851 | 2.756 | 14.9% | 36.3 | $22 | $22 | $22 | $27.50 |
Discrete Variable Valve Lift DVVL |
3.6% | 0.964 | 0.820 | 2.657 | 18.0% | 37.6 | $133 | $125 | $114 | $36.94 |
2016 Target 36.6 mpg | ||||||||||
Mass Reduction - 2.5%-5.0% MR5-MR2.5 (-87.5 lbs) |
0.8% | 0.992 | 0.814 | 2.636 | 18.6% | 37.9 | $66 | $66 | $66 | $82.50 |
Stoichiometric Gasoline Direct Injection SGDI (Required for TRBDS) |
1.5% | 0.985 | 0.801 | 2.596 | 19.9% | 38.5 | $192 | $181 | $164 | $128.00 |
EAVS-Supercharger EAVS-SC |
26.0% | 0.740 | 0.593 | 1.921 | 40.7% | 52.0 | $1,302 | $1,302 | $1,302 | $50.08 |
8 Speed Automatic Transmissionc 8 SP AT |
1.3% | 0.987 | 0.585 | 1.896 | 41.5% | 52.7 | $151 | $126 | $115 | $116.15 |
Shift Optimizerc SHFTOPT |
0.3% | 0.997 | 0.584 | 1.891 | 41.6% | 52.9 | $26 | $24 | $22 | $86.67 |
Low Rolling Resistance Tires ROLL2 |
2.0% | 0.980 | 0.572 | 1.853 | 42.8% | 54.0 | $58 | $46 | $31 | $29.00 |
Aero Drag Reduction - 2 AERO2 |
2.5% | 0.975 | 0.558 | 1.806 | 44.2% | 55.4 | $117 | $110 | $100 | $46.80 |
2025 Target 54.2 mpg | ||||||||||
Mass Reduction - 5%-10% MR10-MR5 (-175 lbs) |
4.6% | 0.954 | 0.532 | 1.723 | 46.8% | 58.0 | $325 | $322 | $315 | $70.65 |
Low Friction Lub - 2 & Engine Friction Red - 2 LUB2_EFR2 |
1.3% | 0.987 | 0.525 | 1.701 | 47.5% | 58.8 | $51 | $51 | $51 | $39.23 |
Cooled EGR - 1 CEGR1 50% DS 24 bar BMEP |
3.0% | 0.970 | 0.509 | 1.650 | 49.1% | 60.6 | $212 | $199 | $180 | $70.67 |
High Efficiency Transmission HEG1 & 2 |
4.9% | 0.951 | 0.484 | 1.569 | 51.6% | 63.7 | $314 | $296 | $267 | $64.08 |
Possible Technologies | % FC Reduction | FC Reduction Multiplier | Cumulative FC Reduction Multiplier | Fuel Consumption (gal/100 mi) | Cumulative Percent FC Reduction | Unadjusted 2017 Combined FE Cost (mpg) Estimates | 2020 Cost Estimates | 2025 Cost Estimates | 2017 Cost/Percent FC ($/%) | |
Continuously Variable Valve Lift CVVL (vs. DVVL) |
1.0% | 0.990 | 0.479 | 1.553 | 52.1% | 64.4 $67 | $63 | $56 | $67.00 | |
Cylinder Deactivation DEACD |
0.0% | 1.000 | 0.479 | 1.553 | 52.1% | 64.4 | ||||
Cooled EGR - 2 CEGR2 56% DS 27 bar BMEP |
1.4% | 0.986 | 0.473 | 1.532 | 52.7% | 65.3 $364 | $343 | $310 | $260.00 | |
Totals | ||||||||||
Relative to Null Vehicle | 52.7% | 0.473 | $3,697 | $3,559 | $3,376 | $70.12 | ||||
Null Vehicle - 2008 MY Vehicle | 5.0% | 0.950 | $78 | $74 | $67 | $15.49 | ||||
2008 MY Vehicle - 2016 MY | 13.6% | 0.864 | $374 | $356 | $330 | |||||
2017 MY- 2025 MY | 32.0% | 0.680 | $1,912 | $1,855 | $1,800 | $59.72 | ||||
Beyond 2025 MY | 15.2% | 0.848 | $1,333 | $1,274 | $1,179 | $87.62 | ||||
a Null vehicle: I4, DOHC, naturally aspirated, 4 valves/cylinder PFI fixed valve timing and 4 speed AT.
b An example midsize car in 2008 was 46.64 sq ft and had a fuel economy of 32.5 mpg. Its standard for MY2016 would be 36.6 mpg and for MY2025 would be 54.2 mpg.
c These technologies have transmission synergies included. Green highlighting indicates a technology order different than the NHTSA pathway, shown in Appendix S.