GLOBAL HEALTH IMPACTS
OF VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES
WORKSHOP SUMMARY
Alison Mack, Rapporteur
Forum on Microbial Threats
Board on Global Health
Health and Medicine Division
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
Financial support for this activity was provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; American Society for Microbiology; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Johnson & Johnson; MedImmune, Merck Company Foundation; Sanofi Pasteur; Skoll Global Threats Fund; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; U.S. Department of Defense: Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, and Medical Research and Materiel Command; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Food and Drug Administration; U.S. Department of Homeland Security; U.S. Agency for International Development; U.S. Department of Justice: Federal Bureau of Investigation; and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations presented in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organizations or agency that provided support for this activity.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-37759-1
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-37759-5
Digital Object Identifier: 10.17226/21792
Additional copies of this report are available for sale from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.
Copyright 2016 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
Cover Credit: The cover image shows land surface temperature (LST) anomalies for regions that experienced extreme droughts (hot and dry: red) and floods (cool and wet: blue) during the 2010-2012 period overlaid on Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) shaded terrain model. Source: Data processing, analysis and interpretation: Jennifer Small, Assaf Anyamba. This image was provided by Dr. Assaf Anyamba of the Universities Space Research Association and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, GIMMS Group.
Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
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PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR THE WORKSHOP ON VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES1
PETER DASZAK, EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York
JACQUELINE FLETCHER, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
JAMES M. HUGHES, Global Infectious Diseases Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
RIMA KHABBAZ, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
LONNIE J. KING, The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
MARY E. WILSON, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
___________________
1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteur and the institution.
FORUM ON MICROBIAL THREATS1
DAVID A. RELMAN (Chair), Stanford University, and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
JAMES M. HUGHES (Vice Chair), Global Infectious Diseases Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
LONNIE J. KING (Vice Chair), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
KEVIN ANDERSON, Biological and Chemical Defense Division, Science and Technology Directorate, Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
ENRIQUETA C. BOND, Burroughs Wellcome Fund (Emeritus), QE Philanthropic Advisors, Marshall, Virginia
LUCIANA BORIO, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
ROGER G. BREEZE, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
ARTURO CASADEVALL, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
ANDREW CLEMENTS, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC
PETER DASZAK, EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York
JEFFREY S. DUCHIN, Public Health–Seattle and King County, Seattle, Washington
MARK B. FEINBERG, Merck Vaccine Division, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania
JACQUELINE FLETCHER, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
CLAIRE FRASER, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
JESSE L. GOODMAN, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
EDUARDO GOTUZZO, Instituto de Medicina Tropical–Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruaña Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
CAROLE A. HEILMAN, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
DAVID L. HEYMANN, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
PHILIP HOSBACH, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania
STEPHEN ALBERT JOHNSTON, Arizona BioDesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
GERALD T. KEUSCH, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
RIMA F. KHABBAZ, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
___________________
1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteur and the institution.
MARK KORTEPETER, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
STANLEY M. LEMON, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
MARGARET MCFALL-NGAI, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin
EDWARD MCSWEEGAN, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
PAULA J. OLSIEWSKI, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, New York, New York
STEPHEN OSTROFF,2 Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
JULIE PAVLIN,3 Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
GEORGE POSTE, Complex Adaptive Systems Initiative, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, Arizona
DAVID RIZZO, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis
GARY A. ROSELLE, Veterans Health Administration, Department of Veterans Affairs, Cincinnati, Ohio
KEVIN RUSSELL,4 Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
JANET SHOEMAKER, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
JAY P. SIEGEL, Johnson & Johnson, Radnor, Pennsylvania
MARY E. WILSON, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
EDWARD H. YOU, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, DC
HMD Staff
EILEEN CHOFFNES, Scholar and Forum Director (until November 2015)
GURU MADHAVAN, Acting Forum Director (until May 2016)
V. AYANO OGAWA, Associate Program Officer (from November 2015)
DAVID GARRISON, Senior Program Assistant (from January 2016)
KATHERINE MCCLURE, Associate Program Officer (until July 2015)
REBEKAH HUTTON, Research Associate (until July 2015)
PRIYANKA NALAMADA, Senior Program Assistant (until March 2015)
JOANNA ROBERTS, Senior Program Assistant (until July 2015)
CARMEN MUNDACA-SHAH, Forum Director (from May 2016)
PATRICK KELLEY, Director, Board on Global Health (until August 2016)
___________________
2 Until March 2015.
3 Until April 2015.
4 Until April 2015.
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Reviewers
This workshop summary has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published workshop summary as sound as possible and to ensure that the workshop summary meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this workshop summary:
Jacqueline Fletcher, Oklahoma State University
Rima Khabbaz, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Dirk Pfeiffer, The Royal Veterinary College
David Rizzo, University of California, Davis
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of the workshop summary before its release. The review of this workshop summary was overseen by Melvin Worth. He was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this workshop summary was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this workshop summary rests entirely with the rapporteur and the institution.
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Preface
The Forum on Emerging Infections was created in 1996 in response to a request from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health. The purpose of the forum is to provide structured opportunities for leaders from government, academia, and industry to regularly meet and examine issues of shared concern regarding research, prevention, detection, and management of emerging, reemerging, and novel infectious diseases in humans, plants, and animals. In pursuing this task, the forum provides a venue to foster the exchange of information and ideas, identify areas in need of greater attention, clarify policy issues by enhancing knowledge and identifying points of agreement, and inform decision makers about science and policy issues. The forum seeks to illuminate issues rather than resolve them. For this reason, it does not provide advice or recommendations on any specific policy initiative pending before any agency or organization. Its value derives instead from the diversity of its membership and from the contributions that individual members make throughout the activities of the forum. In September 2003, the forum changed its name to the Forum on Microbial Threats.
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Acknowledgments
The Forum on Microbial Threats wishes to express its sincere appreciation to the individuals and organizations who contributed their valuable time to provide information and advice to the forum. Their participation in the planning and execution of this workshop made it greater than the sum of its parts. A full list of presenters, and their biographical information, may be found in Appendix E.
The forum gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the members of the planning committee. We would also like to thank the following Academies staff—past and present—and consultants for their invaluable contributions to this activity: Clyde Behney, Chelsea Frakes, Greta Gorman, Faye Hillman, Alison Mack, Khaki McClure, and Bettina Ritter, among others.
Finally, the forum wishes to recognize and profusely thank the sponsors (see page ii) that supported this activity and made it possible.
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A6 Drivers, Dynamics, and Control of Emerging Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases
A. Marm Kilpatrick and Sarah E. Randolph
A7 Climate Teleconnections, Weather Extremes, and Vector-Borne Disease Outbreaks
Kenneth J. Linthicum, Assaf Anyamba, Seth C. Britch, Jennifer L. Small, and Compton J. Tucker
A8 Changing Paradigms for Tick-Borne Diseases in the Americas
Christopher D. Paddock, Robert S. Lane, J. Erin Staples, and Marcelo B. Labruna
A9 Emerging Vector-Borne Diseases in the United States: What Is Next, and Are We Prepared?
Lyle R. Petersen, Roger S. Nasci, Charles B. Beard, and Robert F. Massung
A10 Arbovirus Evolution, Vector Competence, and Virulence Models—Changing Patterns of Infection
Corey W. Hecksel and Rebecca Rico-Hesse
A11 Vector-Borne Disease Emergence and Spread in the European Union
A12 Disruption of Insect Transmission of Plant Viruses,
Boxes, Figures, and Tables
BOXES
WO-1 Drivers of Emergence for Vector-Borne Pathogens
WO-2 West Nile and Chikungunya Common Threads
A6-2 Climate Change and Vector-Borne Disease
FIGURES
WO-1 Vector-borne disease transmission: Humans as incidental hosts
WO-2 Major taxonomic groups of pathogens causing plant emerging infectious diseases
WO-3 Key influences on vector-borne plant diseases
WO-4 Epidemiological effects of urbanization and environmental change
WO-5 Average annual incidence of WNV severe neurological disease by county, United States, 1999–2013
WO-6 Distribution of key tick-borne diseases, 2012
WO-7 Dengue incidence is rapidly increasing in the Americas
WO-8 Chikungunya in the Americas and in the Western Hemisphere
WO-12 Summary correlation map between monthly NINO3.4 SST and rainfall anomalies, 1979–2008
WO-16 Influence of temperature fluctuation on larval development and survival of Anopheles stephensi
WO-17 Vector density, herd immunity, and dengue transmission
WO-18 Aedes aegypti feeding on a human
WO-19 Classifying genetic control strategies
WO-21 Chikungunya vaccine competitive landscape, 2014
A3-1 Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome in Mexico
A3-2 Breeding structure of Aedes aegypti in Mexico and the United States
A3-3 Infection rates of Aedes aegypti populations after per os challenge with DENV-2 JAM 1409 virus
A3-5 DENV-2 American and American-Asian genotype viruses differ in 3’UTR sequences
A3-8 Voltage-gated sodium channel kdr alleles in Aedes aegypti
A3-9 Recent rapid rise of a permethrin kdr allele in Aedes aegypti in Mexico
A5-1 Temporal patterns of select vector-borne disease emergence
A5-2 Scaled number of zoonotic EID events
A5-5 Nonhuman (avian, sentinel, and veterinary) reported WNV infections for 2003 and 2014
A5-6 Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) seroprevalence in dogs 2001–2007 and 2010–2012
A5-7 Annual costs per head of different tick-borne diseases in cattle systems
A6-2 The global aviation network
A6-3 Interactions between economic status and disease risk
A7-5 Distribution of chikungunya outbreaks (2004–2010) in relation to human population density
A8-2 Reported cases of Lyme disease in the United States, 2000–2013
A8-3 Reported cases of Powassan virus disease in the United States, 2000–2013
A9-1 Two general patterns of mosquito-borne arboviral disease transmission
A9-2 Average West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease incidence, by county, 1999–2014
A9-3 West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease incidence, by year, 1999–2013, United States
A9-7 Cases of Lyme disease in 1996 and 2013
A10-2 DENV infectivity and output in human dendritic cells
A11-2 European Environment and Epidemiology (E3) Network
A11-3 E3 geoportal of the European Environment and Epidemiology (E3) Network
A11-4 European Environment and Epidemiology (E3) Network
A11-6 Distribution of WNF cases by affected areas, European region and Mediterranean basin
A12-1 The transmission cycle for insect-borne plant viruses
TABLES
A3-2 Ae. aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus Females in Dengue Patient Homes
A3-3 The Critical Epidemiological Need to Control Aedes aegypti in the Indoor Environment
A3-6 Temporal Increase in kdr in Aedes aegypti in Mérida City
A3-7 Consumer Usage of Mosquito Control Products in Homes
A5-1 Vector-Borne NIAID Priority Pathogens
A8-1 Tick-Borne Pathogens Affecting Humans in the Western Hemisphere
A8-3 Candidate Tick-Borne Pathogens in the Western Hemisphere