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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Providing Sustainable Mental and Neurological Health Care in Ghana and Kenya: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21793.
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A

References

Baingana, F. K., A. Alem, and R. Jenkins. 2006. Mental health and the abuse of alcohol and controlled substances. In Disease and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. 2nd ed., edited by D. T. Jamison, R. G. Feachem, M. W. Makgoba, E. R. Bos, F. K. Baingana, K. J. Hofman, and K. O. Rogo. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. Chapter 22.

CHAG (Christian Health Association of Ghana). 2012. Christian Health Association of Ghana … health in body, mind, & soul. http://www.chag.org.gh (accessed August 20, 2015).

Fekadu, A., G. Medhin, D. Kebede, A. Alem, A. J. Cleare, M. Prince, C. Hanlon, and T. Shibre. 2015. Excess mortality in severe mental illness: 10-year population-based cohort study in rural Ethiopia. The British Journal of Psychiatry 206(4):289–296.

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Providing Sustainable Mental and Neurological Health Care in Ghana and Kenya: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21793.
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Jenkins, R., F. Njenga, M. Okonji, P. Kigamwa, M. Baraza, J. Ayuyo, N. Singleton, S. McManus, and D. Kiima. 2012. Prevalence of common mental disorders in a rural district of Kenya, and socio-demographic risk factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9(5):1810–1819. http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/9/5/1810 (accessed June 12, 2015).

KNCHR (Kenya National Commission on Human Rights). 2011. Silenced minds: The systematic neglect of the mental health system in Kenya. http://www.knchr.org/Portals/0/EcosocReports/THE_%20MENTAL_HEALTH_REPORT.pdf (accessed June 12, 2015).

Marangu, E., N. Sands, J. Rolley, D. Ndetei, and F. Mansouri. 2014. Mental healthcare in Kenya: Exploring optimal conditions for capacity building. African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine 6(1). http://www.phcfm.org/index.php/phcfm/article/view/682 (accessed June 12, 2015).

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Ndetei, D. M., L. I. Khasakhala, M. W. Kuria, V. N. Mutiso, F. A. Ongecha-Owuor, and D. A. Kokonya. 2009. The prevalence of mental disorders in adults in different level general medical facilities in Kenya: A cross-sectional study. Annals of General Psychiatry 8:1. http://www.annals-general-psychiatry.com/content/8/1/1 (accessed June 12, 2015).

Omar, M. A., A. T. Green, P. K. Bird, T. Mirzoev, A. J. Flisher, F. Kigozi, C. Lund, J. Mwanza, and A. L. Ofori-Atta. 2010. Mental health policy process: A comparative study of Ghana, South Africa, Uganda and Zambia. International Journal of Mental Health Systems 4:24. http://www.ijmhs.com/content/4/1/24 (accessed June 12, 2015).

Patel, V., and G. Thornicroft. 2009. Packages of care for mental, neurological, and substance use disorders in low- and middle-income countries. PLoS Medicine Series 6(10). http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.13.71/journal.pmed.1000160 (accessed June 12, 2015).

Republic of Ghana. 2010. Ministry of Health standard treatment guidelines, 6th ed. http://ghndp.org/images/downloads/stg2010.pdf (accessed June 12, 2015).

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Providing Sustainable Mental and Neurological Health Care in Ghana and Kenya: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21793.
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Saxena, S., G. Thornicroft, M. Knapp, and H. Whiteford. 2007. Resources for mental health: Scarcity, inequity, and inefficiency. Lancet 370:878–889. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(07)61239-2 (accessed June 12, 2015).

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Thornicroft, G. 2011. Physical health disparities and mental illness: The scandal of premature mortality. The British Journal of Psychiatry 199(6):441–442.

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Providing Sustainable Mental and Neurological Health Care in Ghana and Kenya: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21793.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Providing Sustainable Mental and Neurological Health Care in Ghana and Kenya: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21793.
×
Page 71
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Providing Sustainable Mental and Neurological Health Care in Ghana and Kenya: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21793.
×
Page 72
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Providing Sustainable Mental and Neurological Health Care in Ghana and Kenya: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21793.
×
Page 73
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Providing Sustainable Mental and Neurological Health Care in Ghana and Kenya: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21793.
×
Page 74
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Mental, neurological, and substance use (MNS) disorders have a substantial impact on global health and well-being. Disorders such as depression, alcohol abuse, and schizophrenia constitute about 13 percent of the total burden of disease. Worldwide, MNS disorders are the leading cause of disability, and the 10th leading cause of death. Despite this high burden, there is a significant shortage of resources available to prevent, diagnose, and treat MNS disorders. Approximately four out of five people with serious MNS disorders living in low- and middle-income countries do not receive needed health services.

This treatment gap is particularly high in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Challenges to MNS care in SSA countries include a lack of trained mental health professionals, few mental health facilities, and low prioritization for MNS disorders in budget allocations. African countries, on average, have one psychiatrist for every 2 million people, whereas European countries have one psychiatrist per 12,000 people.

Expanding on previous efforts to address the development and improvement of sustainable mental health systems in SSA, the Institute of Medicine convened this 2015 workshop series, bringing together key stakeholders to examine country-specific opportunities to improve the health care infrastructure in order to better prevent, diagnose, and treat MNS disorders. Providing Sustainable Mental and Neurological Health Care in Ghana and Kenya summarizes the presentations and discussions from these workshops.

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