Spills of Diluted Bitumen from Pipelines: A Comparative Study of Environmental Fate, Effects, and Response (2016)

References

1. Pipeline Safety, Regulatory Certainty, and Job Creation Act. Public Law 112-90, 2011.

2. National Research Council, Effects of Diluted Bitumen on Crude Oil Transmission Pipelines. The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, 2013.

3. Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill. Senate Report 113-45, 2014.

4. Levine, S.; Taylor, G.; Arthur, D.; Tolleth, M. Understanding Crude Oil and Product Markets; American Petroleum Institute: Washington, DC, 2014.

5. (a) Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers Crude Oil Forecast, Markets & Transportation; Publication Number 2015-0007; 2015; (b) Crosby, S.; Fay, R.; Groark, C.; Kani, A.; Smith, J. R.; Sullivan, T.; Pavia, R., Transporting Alberta Oil Sands Products: Defining the Issues and Assessing the Risks. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OR&R 43. Emergency Response Division, NOAA 2013, 153.

6. POLARIS Applied Sciences Inc. A Comparison of the Properties of Diluted Bitumen Crudes with other Oils. http://crrc.unh.edu/sites/crrc.unh.edu/files/comparison_bitumen_other_oils_polaris_2014.pdf.

7. (a) Dupuis, A.; Ucan-Marin, F., A Literature Review on the Aquatic Toxicology of Petroleum Oil: An Overview of Oil Properties and Effects to Aquatic Biota. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2015, 007; (b) Gosselin, P.; Hrudey, S. E.; Naeth, M. A.; Plourde, A.; Therrien, R.; Van Der Kraak, G.; Xu, Z., Environmental and Health Impacts of Canada’s Oil Sands Industry. The Royal Society of Canada: Ottawa, Canada, 2010.

8. Environment Canada; Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Natural Resources Canada, Properties, Composition and Marine Spill Behavior, Fate and Transport of Two Diluted Bitumen Products from the Canadian Oil Sands. Environment Canada: Ottawa, Canada, 2013.

9. (a) Fitzpatrick, F. A.; Boufadel, M. C.; Johnson, R.; Lee, K.; Graan, T. P.; Bejarano, A. C.; Zhu, Z.; Waterman, D.; Capone, D. M.; Hayter, E.; Hamilton, S. K.; Dekker, T.; Garcia, M. H.; Hassan, J. S. Oil-Particle Interactions and Submergence from Crude Oil Spills in Marine and Freshwater Environments - Review of the Science and Future Science Needs; Open-File Report 2015-1076; U.S. Geological Survey: Reston, VA, 2015; (b) King, T. L.; Robinson, B.; Boufadel, M.; Lee, K., Flume Tank Studies to Elucidate the Fate and Behavior of Diluted Bitumen Spilled at Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2014, 83 (1), 32-37; (c) Witt O’Brien’s; Polaris Applied Sciences; Western Canada Marine Response Corporation A Study of Fate and Behavior of Diluted Bitumen Oils on Marine Waters: Dilbit Experiments - Gainford, Alberta; Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC: 2013; p 163.

10. (a) King, T. L.; Robinson, B.; McIntyre, C.; Toole, P.; Ryan, S.; Saleh, F.; Boufadel, M.; Lee, K., Fate of Surface Spills of Cold Lake Blend Diluted Bitumen Treated with Dispersant and Mineral Fines in a Wave Tank. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2015, 32 (3), 250-261; (b) SL Ross Environmental Research Limited Meso-scale Weathering of Cold Lake Bitumen/Condensate Blend; Ottawa, Canada, 2012.

11. Enbridge Energy Partners LP Form 10-Q for the Period Ending June 30, 2014. http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/880285/000119312514290178/d765165d10q1.pdf (accessed 10/7/2015).

12. Dollhopf, R. J.; Fitzpatrick, F. A.; Kimble, J. W.; Capone, D. M.; Graan, T. P.; Zelt, R. B.; Johnson, R., Response to Heavy, Non-Floating Oil Spilled in a Great Lakes River Environment: A Multiple-Lines-Of-Evidence Approach for Submerged Oil Assessment and Recovery. In Proceedings of the International Oil Spill Conference, Savannah, GA, 2014; pp 434-448.

13. U.S. Energy Information Administration U.S. Imports by Country of Origin - All Countries. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_d_nus_Z00_mbbl_a.htm (accessed 06/11/2015).

14. U.S. Energy Information Administration Refinery Receipts of Crude Oil by Method of Transportation. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pnp_caprec_dcu_nus_a.htm (accessed 06/11/2015).

15. U.S. Energy Information Administration U.S. Crude Oil Production to 2025: Updated Projection of Crude Types. http://www.eia.gov/analysis/petroleum/crudetypes/pdf/crudetypes.pdf (accessed 10/7/2015).

16. U.S. Energy Information Administration California Field Production of Crude Oil. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=MCRFPCA1&f=M (accessed 06/11/2015).

17. Sheridan, M. California Crude Oil Production and Imports; CEC-600-2006-006; California Energy Commission: Sacramento, CA, 2006.

18. Seelke, C. R.; Villarreal, M. A.; Ratner, M.; Brown, P. Mexico’s Oil and Gas Sector: Background, Reform Efforts, and Implications for the United States; R43313; Congressional Research Service: 2015.

19. National Energy Board Estimated Canadian Crude Oil Exports by Type and Destination. http://www.neb-one.gc.ca/nrg/sttstc/crdlndptrlmprdct/stt/stmtdcndncrdlxprttpdstn-eng.html (accessed 06/11/2015).

20. National Energy Board Canadian Crude Oil Exports - By Export Transportation System Summary - 5 year trend. http://www.neb-one.gc.ca/nrg/sttstc/crdlndptrlmprdct/stt/cndncrdlxprttrnsprttnsstm5yr/2013/cndncrdlxprttrnsprttnsstm5yr2013-eng.html (accessed 06/11/2015).

21. Adams, J.; Larter, S.; Bennett, B.; Huang, H.; Westrich, J.; C. van Kruisdijk, The Dynamic Interplay of Oil Mixing, Charge Timing, and Biodegradation in Forming The Alberta Oil Sands: Insights from Geologic Modeling and Biogeochemistry. In Heavy-Oil and Oil-Sand Petroleum Systems in Alberta and Beyond, Hein, F. J.; Leckie, D.; Larter, S.; Suter, J. R., Eds. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Canadian Heavy Oil Association, and American Association of Petroleum Geologists Energy Minerals Division: Tulsa, OK, 2013; pp 23-102.

22. Hollebone, B., The Oil Properties Data Appendix. In Handbook of Oil Spill Science and Technology, Fingas, M., Ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc.: NY, 2015; pp 577-681.

23. Swarthout, R. F.; Nelson, R. K.; Reddy, C. M.; Hall, C. G.; Boufadel, M.; Valentine, D.; Arey, J. S.; Gros, J., Physical and Chemical Characterization of Canadian Dilbit and Related Products. 2015.

24. Mullins, O. C., The Asphaltenes. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2011, 4, 393-418.

25. McKenna, A. M.; Donald, L. J.; Fitzsimmons, J. E.; Juyal, P.; Spicer, V.; Standing, K. G.; Marshall, A. G.; Rodgers, R. P., Heavy Petroleum Composition. 3. Asphaltene Aggregation. Energy Fuels 2013, 27 (3), 1246-1256.

26. Yang, C.; Wang, Z.; Hollebone, B. P.; Brown, C. E.; Yang, Z.; Landriault, M., Chromatographic Fingerprinting Analysis of Crude Oils and Petroleum Products. In Handbook of Oil Spill Science and Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc: 2014; pp 93-163.

27. Wang, Z.; Hollebone, B. P.; Fingas, M.; Fieldhouse, B.; Sigouin, L.; Landriault, M.; Smith, P.; Noonan, J.; Thouin, G. Characteristics of Spilled Oils, Fuels, and Petroleum Products: 1. Composition and Properties of Selected Oils; Environment Canada: 2003.

28. Hollebone, B; Brown, C., Cold Lake Bitumen PAH Analysis Results. Environment Canada ETC Spills Technology Databases, Oil Properties Database.

29. National Research Council, Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates, and Effects. The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, 2003.

30. Jokuty, P.; Whiticar, S.; Fingas, M.; Meyer, E.; Knobel, C., Hydrocarbon Groups and Their Relationship to Oil Properties and Behavior. In Proceedings of the 18th Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar, Environment Canada: Ottawa, Canada, 1995; pp 1-19.

31. Environment Canada ETC Spills Technology Databases, Oil Properties Database. http://www.etc-cte.ec.gc.ca/databases/oilproperties/ (accessed 10/7/2015).

32. Aeppli, C.; Carmichael, C. A.; Nelson, R. K.; Lemkau, K. L.; Graham, W. M.; Redmond, M. C.; Valentine, D. L.; Reddy, C. M., Oil Weathering after the Deepwater Horizon Disaster Led to the Formation of Oxygenated Residues. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (16), 8799-8807.

33. (a) Garrett, R. M.; Pickering, I. J.; Haith, C. E.; Prince, R. C., Photooxidation of Crude Oils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32 (23), 3719–3723; (b) Maki, H.; Sasaki, T.; Harayama, S., Photo-oxidation of biodegraded crude oil and toxicity of the photo-oxidized products. Chemosphere 2001, 44 (5), 1145-1151; (c) Prince, R. C.; Garrett, R. M.; Bare, R. E.; Grossman, M. J.; Townsend, T.; Suflita, J. M.; Lee, K.; Owens, E. H.; Sergy, G. A.; Braddock, J. F., The roles of photooxidation and biodegradation in long-term weathering of crude and heavy fuel oils. Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. 2003, 8 (2), 145-156; (d) Radović, J. R.; Aeppli, C.; Nelson, R. K.; Jimenez, N.; Reddy, C. M.; Bayona, J. M.; Albaigés, J., Assessment of Photochemical Processes in Marine Oil Spill Fingerprinting. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2014, 79 (1–2), 268-277.

34. D’Auria, M.; Emanuele, L.; Racioppi, R.; Velluzzi, V., Photochemical Degradation of Crude Oil: Comparison Between Direct Irradiation, Photocatalysis, and Photocatalysis on Zeolite. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 164 (1), 32-38.

35. Chapelle, F., Ground-water microbiology and geochemistry. John Wiley & Sons: 2001.

36. Barron, M. G.; Carls, M. G.; Short, J. W.; Rice, S. D., Photoenhanced Toxicity of Aqueous Phase and Chemically Dispersed Weathered Alaska North Slope Crude Oil to Pacific Herring Eggs and Larvae. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2003, 22 (3), 650-660.

37. (a) Prince, R. C., Petroleum Spill Bioremediation in Marine Environments. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 1993, 19 (4), 217-242; (b) Transportation Safety Board of Canada Crude Oil Pipeline - Third-Party Damage; Pipeline Investigation Report P07H0040; Trans Mountain Pipeline L.P.: Burnaby, Canada, 2007.

38. (a) Boufadel, M. C.; Sharifi, Y.; Van Aken, B.; Wrenn, B. A.; Lee, K., Nutrient and Oxygen Concentrations within the Sediments of an Alaskan Beach Polluted with the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44 (19), 7418-7424; (b) Li, H.; Boufadel, M. C., Long-Term Persistence of Oil from the Exxon Valdez Spill in Two-Layer Beaches. Nat. Geosci. 2010, 3 (2), 96-99.

39. (a) Geng, X.; Boufadel, M. C.; Personna, Y. R.; Lee, K.; Tsao, D.; Demicco, E. D., BIOB: a mathematical model for the biodegradation of low solubility hydrocarbons. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2014, 83 (1), 138-147; (b) Torlapati, J.; Boufadel, M. C., Evaluation of the Biodegradation of Alaska North Slope Oil in Microcosms Using the Biodegradation Model BIOB. Front. Microbiol. 2014, 5, 212.

40. Wang, Z.; Fingas, M., Separation and Characterization of Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Surfactant in Orimulsion Dispersion Samples. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30 (11), 3351-3361.

41. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Response Team’s Final Bench Scale/ Screening Level Oil Biodegradation Study; Report Number 1597; 2013.

42. (a) Hamoda, M. F.; Hamam, S. E. M.; Shaban, H. I., Volatilization of Crude Oil from Saline Water. Oil Chem. Pollut. 1989, 5 (5), 321-331; (b) Stiver, W.; Mackay, D., Evaporation Rate of Spills of Hydrocarbons and Petroleum Mixtures. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1984, 18 (11), 834-840.

43. Fingas, M. F., Modeling Oil and Petroleum Evaporation. J. Pet. Sci. Res. 2013, 2 (3), 104-115.

44. (a) Camilli, R.; Reddy, C. M.; Yoerger, D. R.; Van Mooy, B. A. S.; Jakuba, M. V.; Kinsey, J. C.; McIntyre, C. P.; Sylva, S. P.; Maloney, J. V., Tracking Hydrocarbon Plume Transport and Biodegradation at Deepwater Horizon. Science 2010, 330 (6001), 201-204; (b) Reddy, C. M.; Arey, J. S.; Seewald, J. S.; Sylva, S. P.; Lemkau, K. L.; Nelson, R. K.; Carmichael, C. A.; McIntyre, C. P.; Fenwick, J.; Ventura, G. T.; Van Mooy, B. A. S.; Camilli, R., Composition and Fate of Gas and Oil Released to the Water Column During the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2012, 109 (50), 20229-20234; (c) Ryerson, T. B.; Camilli, R.; Kessler, J. D.; Kujawinski, E. B.; Reddy, C. M.; Valentine, D. L.; Atlas, E.; Blake, D. R.; de Gouw, J.; Meinardi, S.; Parrish, D. D.; Peischl, J.; Seewald, J. S.; Warneke, C., Chemical Data Quantify Deepwater Horizon Hydrocarbon Flow Rate and Environmental Distribution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2012, 109 (50), 20246-20253.

45. (a) Fay, J. A., The Spread of Oil Slicks on a Calm Sea. 1971, 53-63; (b) Hoult, D. P., Oil Spreading on the Sea. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1972, 4, 341-368.

46. (a) National Research Council, Oil Spill Dispersants: Efficacy and Effects. The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, 2005; (b) Zhao, L.; Boufadel, M. C.; Adams, E. E.; Socolofsky, S. A.; Lee, K., A Numerical Model for Oil Droplet Evolution Emanating from Blowouts. In Proceedings of the International Oil Spill Conference, Savannah, GA, 2014; pp 561-571.

47. Johansen, Ø.; Brandvik, P. J.; Farooq, U., Droplet Breakup in Subsea Oil Releases – Part 2: Predictions of Droplet Size Distributions with and without Injection of Chemical Dispersants. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2013, 73 (1), 327-335.

48. Boufadel, M. C.; Abdollahi-Nasab, A.; Geng, X.; Galt, J.; Torlapati, J., Simulation of the Landfall of the Deepwater Horizon Oil on the Shorelines of the Gulf of Mexico. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (16), 9496-9505.

49. Valentine, D. L.; Fisher, G. B.; Bagby, S. C.; Nelson, R. K.; Reddy, C. M.; Sylva, S. P.; Woo, M. A., Fallout Plume of Submerged Oil from Deepwater Horizon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2014, 111 (45), 15906-15911.

50. (a) Boufadel, M. C.; Bechtel, R. D.; Weaver, J., The Movement of Oil Under Non-Breaking Waves. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2006, 52 (9), 1056-1065; (b) Boufadel, M. C.; Du, K.; Kaku, V.; Weaver, J., Lagrangian Simulation of Oil Droplets Transport Due to Regular Waves. Environ. Modell. Softw. 2007, 22 (7), 978-986.

51. Fingas, M.; Fieldhouse, B., Studies on Crude Oil and Petroleum Product Emulsions: Water Resolution and Rheology. Colloids Surf., A 2009, 333 (1-3), 67-81.

52. National Transportation Safety Board Enbridge Incorporated Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Rupture and Release, Marshall, Michigan, July 25, 2010; NTSB/PAR-12/01; Washington, DC, 2012.

53. Zhao, L.; Torlapati, J.; Boufadel, M. C.; King, T.; Robinson, B.; Lee, K., VDROP: A Comprehensive Model for Droplet Formation of Oils and Gases in Liquids - Incorporation of the Interfacial Tension and Droplet Viscosity. Chem. Eng. J. 2014, 253 (1), 93-106.

54. (a) Frelichowska, J.; Bolzinger, M. A.; Chevalier, Y., Effects of solid particle content on properties of o/w Pickering emulsions. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2010, 351 (2), 348-356; (b) Le Floch, S.; Guyomarch, J.; Merlin, F. X.; Stoffyn-Egli, P.; Dixon, J.; Lee, K., The Influence of Salinity on Oil-Mineral Aggregate Formation. Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. 2002, 8 (1), 65-71.

55. Stoffyn-Egli, P.; Lee, K., Formation and Characterization of Oil–Mineral Aggregates. Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. 2002, 8 (1), 31-44.

56. Fitzpatrick, F. A.; Boufadel, M. C.; Johnson, R.; Lee, K.; Graan, T. P.; Bejarano, A. C.; Zhu, Z.; Waterman, D.; Capone, D. M.; Hayter, E.; Hamilton, S. K.; Dekker, T.; Garcia, M. H.; Hassan, J. S. Oil-Particle Interactions and Submergence from Crude Oil Spills in Marine and Freshwater Environments—Review of the Science and Future Science Needs; Open-File Report 2015–1076; U.S. Geological Survey: 2015.

57. Lee, K.; Bugden, J.; Cobanli, S.; King, T.; McIntyre, C.; Robinson, B.; Ryan, S.; Wohlgeschaffen, G. UV-Epifluorescence Microscopy Analysis of Sediments Recovered from the Kalamazoo River; Centre for Offshore Oil, Gas and Energy Research (COOGER): Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, 2012.

58. (a) Khelifa, A.; Hill, P. S.; Lee, K., The Role of Oil-Sediment Aggregation in Dispersion and Biodegradation of Spilled Oil. In Oil Pollution and its Environmental Impact in the Arabian Gulf Region, Al-Azab, M.; El-Shorbagy, W.; Al-Ghais, S., Eds. Elsevier: Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2005; pp 131-145; (b) Lee, K., Oil-Particle Interactions in Aquatic Environments: Influence on The Transport, Fate, Effect and Remediation of Oil Spills. Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. 2002, 8 (1), 3-8; (c) Sun, J.; Khelifa, A.; Zheng, X.; Wang, Z.; So, L. L.; Wong, S.; Yang, C.; Fieldhouse, B., A Laboratory Study on the Kinetics of the Formation of Oil-Suspended Particulate Matter Aggregates Using the Nist-1941b Sediment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2010, 60 (10), 1701-1707.

59. Wang, C. Y.; Calabrese, R. V., Drop Breakup in Turbulent Stirred-Tank Contactors. Part II: Relative Influence of Viscosity and Interfacial Tension. AIChE J. 1986, 32 (4), 667-676.

60. Perez, S.; Furlan, P.; Hussein, N.; Shinn, D.; Crook, R., Interaction Between Oil and Suspended Sediments in Class 1-2 Rivers (Poster). In Proceedings of the International Oil Spill Conference, Savannah, GA, 2014; p 299120.

61. Waterman, D. M.; Garcia, M. H. Laboratory Tests of Oil-Particle Interactions in a Freshwater Riverine Environment with Cold Lake Blend Weathered Bitumen; No. 106; University of Illinois: Urbana, Illinois, 2015.

62. Short, J. W. Susceptibility of Diluted Bitumen Products from the Alberta Tar Sands to Sinking in Water; A51148; JWS Consulting LLC: 2013.

63. Fetter, C. W., Contaminant Hydrogeology. 2nd ed.; Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1999.

64. Ng, G. H. C.; Bekins, B. A.; Cozzarelli, I. M.; Baedecker, M. J.; Bennett, P. C.; Amos, R. T., A Mass Balance Approach to Investigating Geochemical Controls on Secondary Water Quality Impacts at a Crude Oil Spill Site Near Bemidji, MN. J. Contam. Hydrol. 2014, 164, 1-15.

65. Wesley, J. K. Kalamazoo River Assessment; Special Report 35; Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Fisheries Division: Ann Arbor, MI, 2005.

66. (a) Fitzpatrick, F. A.; Johnson, R.; Zhu, Z.; Waterman, D.; McCulloch, R. D.; Hayer, E. J.; Garcia, M. H.; Boufadel, M.; Dekker, T.; Hassan, J. S.; Soong, D. T.; Hoard, C. J.; Lee, K., Integrated Modeling Approach for Fate and Transport of Submerged Oil and Oil-Partricle Aggregates in a Freshwater Riverine Environment. In Proceedings of the Joint Federal Interagency Conference on Sedimentation and Hydrologic Modeling, Reno, NV, 2015; (b) Soong, D. T.; Hoard, C. J.; Fitzpatrick, F. A.; Zelt, R. B., Preliminary Analysis of Suspended Sediment Rating Curves for the Kalamazoo River and its Tributaries from Marshall to Kalamazoo, Michigan. In Proceedings of the Joint Federal Interagency Conference on Sedimentation and Hydrologic Modeling, Reno, NV, 2015.

67. Hult, M. F. Ground-Water Contamination by Crude Oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, Research Site: U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination Study; Report 84-4188; 1984.

68. Essaid, H. I.; Bekins, B. A.; Herkelrath, W. N.; Delin, G., N., Crude Oil at the Bemidji Site - 25 Years of Monitoring, Modeling, and Understanding. Groundwater 2011, 49 (5), 706-726.

69. Delin, G. N.; Essaid, H. I.; Cozzarelli, I. M.; Lahvis, M. H.; Bekins, B. A. Ground Water Contamination by Crude Oil near Bemidji, Minnesota; USGS Fact Sheet 084-98; U.S. Geological Survey: Mounds View, MN, 1998.

70. Michigan Petroleum Pipeline Task Force Michigan Petroleum Pipeline Task Force Report; Michigan Department of Attorney General Lansing, MI, 2015.

71. Michel, J.; Rutherford, N. Oil Spills in Marshes: Planning & Response Considerations; U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the American Petroleum Institute: Washington, DC, 2013.

72. Shen, H. W.; Julien, P. Y., Erosion and Sediment Transport. In The Handbook of Hydrology, Maidment, D. R., Ed. McGraw-Hill: New York, 1993.

73. Geng, X.; Boufadel, M. C., Impacts of evaporation on subsurface flow and salt accumulation in a tidally influenced beach. Water Resour. Res. 2015, 51 (7), 5547-5565.

74. Crude Quality Inc. CrudeMonitor.ca. http://www.crudemonitor.ca/ (accessed 10/6/2015).

75. 3 Companies Plead Guilty to Burnaby Oil Spill. CBC News October 3, 2011.

76. Shang, D.; Buday, C.; van Aggelen, G.; Colodey, A., Toxicity Evaluation of the Oil Surface Washing Agent Corexit® 9580 and its Shoreline Application in Burrard Inlet, British Columbia. In Proceedings of the 35^th Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar, Environment Canada: Ottawa, Canada, 2012.

77. Stantec Summary of Clean up and Effects of the 2007 Spill of Oil from Trans Mountain Pipeline to Burrard Inlet; Project No. 1231-10505; 2012.

78. Madison, B. N.; Hodson, P. V.; Langlois, V. S., Diluted Bitumen Causes Deformities and Molecular Responses Indicative of Oxidative Stress in Japanese Medaka Embryos. Aquat. Toxicol. 2015, 165, 222-230.

79. (a) Colavecchia, M. V.; Backus, S. M.; Hodson, P. V.; Parrott, J. L., Toxicity of Oil Sands to Early Life Stages of Fathead Minnows (Pimephales Promelas). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2004, 23 (7), 1709-1718; (b) Colavecchia, M. V.; Hodson, P. V.; Parrott, J. L., CYP1A Induction and Blue Sac Disease in Early Life Stages of White Suckers (Catostomus commersoni) Exposed to Oil Sands. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A 2006, 69 (10), 967-994; (c) Colavecchia, M. V.; Hodson, P. V.; Parrott, J. L., The Relationships among CYP1A Induction, Toxicity, and Eye Pathology in Early Life Stages of Fish Exposed to Oil Sands. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A 2007, 70 (18), 1542-1555; (d) Tetreault, G. R.; McMaster, M. E.; Dixon, D. G.; Parrott, J. L., Using Reproductive Endpoints in Small Forage Fish Species to Evaluate the Effects of Athabasca Oil Sands Activities. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2003, 22 (11), 2775-2782.

80. Papoulias, D. M.; Velez, V.; Nicks, D. K.; Tillitt, D. E. Health Assessment and Histopathologic Analyses of Fish Collected from the Kalamazoo River, Michigan, Following Discharges of Diluted Bitumen Crude Oil from the Enbridge Line 6B; Administrative Report; U.S. Geological Survey: Reston, VA, 2014.

81. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Draft Toxicological Profile for Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbonyl Sulfide. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Atlanta, GA, 2014.

82. Committee on Environment and Natural Resources Interagency Assessment of Oxygenated Fuels; National Science and Technology Council: Washington, DC, 1997.

83. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Drinking Water, Water Sources. http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/water_sources.html (accessed 11/13/2015).

84. Railroad Commission of Texas. Field Guide for the Assessment and Cleanup of Soil and Groundwater Contaminated with Condensate From a Spill Incident. http://www.rrc.state.tx.us/oil-gas/environmental-cleanup-programs/guidance-documents-and-helpful-links/condensate-spill-guidance/ (accessed 11/13/2015).

85. Michigan Department of Community Health Public Health Assessment: Kalamazoo River/ Enbridge Spill: Evaluation of crude oil release to Talmadge Creek and Kalamazoo River on residential drinking water wells in nearby communities (Calhoun and Kalamazoo Counties, Michigan); U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Atlanta, GA, 2013.

86. Baker, M. E.; Wiley, M. J.; Seelbach, P. W., GIS-Based Hyirologic Modeling of Riparian Areas: Implications for Stream Water Quality. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 2001, 37 (6), 1615-1628.

87. American Society of Civil Engineers Task Committee on Modeling of Oil Spills, State-of-the-Art Review of Modeling Transport and Fate of Oil Spills. J. Hydraul. Eng. 1996, 122 (11), 594-609.

88. Lambert, P.; Goldthorp, M.; Fieldhouse, B.; Jones, N.; Laforest, S.; Brown, C. E., Health and safety concerns at dilbit crude oil spills for Environment Canada’s responders. In Proceedings of the 38^th Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar, Environment Canada: Vancouver, Canada, 2015; pp 664-678.

89. Harrill, J. A.; Wnek, S. M.; Pandey, R. B.; Cawthon, D.; Nony, P.; Goad, P. T., Strategies for Assessing Human Health Impacts of Crude Oil Releases. In Proceedings of the International Oil Spill Conference, Savannah, GA, 2014; pp 1668-1685.

90. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Bridger Pipeline Release. http://www2.epa.gov/region8/bridger-pipeline-release (accessed 11/13/2015).

91. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Shoreline Assessment Manual; HAZMAT Report No. 2000-1; Seattle, WA, 2013.

92. Whelan, A.; Clark, J.; Andrew, G.; Michel, J.; Benggio, B., Developing Cleanup Endpoints for Inland Oil Spills. In Proceedings of the International Oil Spill Conference, Savannah, GA, 2014; pp 1267-1280.

93. Tsaprailis, H. Properties of Dilbit and Conventional Crude Oils; 2480002; Alberta Innovates: 2013.

94. Fingas, M., Diluted Bitumen (Dilbit): A Future High Risk Spilled Material. In Proceedings of Interspill, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2015; p 24.

95. Fieldhouse, B.; Mihailov, A.; Moruz, V., Weathering of Diluted Bitumen and Implications to the Effectiveness of Dispersants. In Proceedings of the 37th Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar, Environment Canada: Ottawa, Canada, 2014; pp 338-352.

96. Guenette, C. C.; Sveum, P.; Buist, I.; Aunaas, T.; Godal, L. In Situ Burning of Water-in-Oil Emulsions; SINTEF Report STF21 A94053; 1994.

97. Michel, J.; Benggio, B.; Keane, P., Pre-Authorization for The Use of Solidifiers: Results and Lessons Learned. In Proceedings of the International Oil Spill Conference, Savannah, GA, 2008; pp 345-348.

98. Brown, H. M.; Goodman, R. H., The Recovery of Spilled Heavy Oil with Fish Netting. In Proceedings of the International Oil Spill Conference, Washington, DC, 1989; pp 123-126.

99. Brown, H. M.; Nicholson, P., The Containment of Heavy Oil in Flowing Water. In Proceedings of the 15^th Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar, Edmonton, Canada, 1992; pp 457-465.

100. Michel, J.; Galt, J. A., Conditions under which floating slicks can sink in marine settings. In Proceedings of the International Oil Spill Conference, Long Beach, CA, 1995; pp 573-576.

101. McLinn, E. L.; Stolzenberg, T. R., Ebullition-Facilitated Transport of Manufactured Gas Plant Tar from Contaminated Sediment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2009, 28 (11), 2298-2306.

102. Dollhopf, R., Michel, J., Ed. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: 2015.

103. National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 300, 1994.

104. Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). 42 U.S. Code §9610.

105. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA). 33 U.S. Code §2701-2761.

106. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Facility Response Planning Compliance Assistance Guide; Oil Program Center: Washington, DC, 2002.

107. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National Response Team. http://www2.epa.gov/emergency-response/national-response-team (accessed 11/13/2015).

108. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Regional Response Teams. http://www2.epa.gov/emergency-response/regional-response-teams (accessed 11/13/2015).

109. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Area Contingency Planning. http://www2.epa.gov/oil-spills-prevention-and-preparedness-regulations/area-contingency-planning (accessed 11/13/2015).

110. Clean Water Act. 33 U.S. Code §1251 et seq.

111. Facility Response Plans. Code of Federal Regulations, Section 112.20, Title 40, 2012.

112. Executive Order 12777. Implementation of Section 311 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of October 18, 1972, as Amended, and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. 1991.

113. Response Plans for Onshore Oil Pipelines. Code of Federal Regulations, Section 194, Title 49.

114. Transportation of Hazardous Liquids by Pipeline. Code of Federal Regulations, Section 195, Title 49.

115. Gilbride, P.; Barnes-Weaver, E.; Strasser, M. A.; Wake, S. EPA Could Improve Contingency Planning for Oil and Hazardous Substance Response; Report Number 13-P-0152; Office of Inspector General: Washington, DC, 2013.

116. (a) Facilities Transferring Oil or Hazardous Material in Bulk. Code of Federal Regulations, Section 154, Title 33; (b) Oil or Hazardous Material Pollution Prevention Regulations for Vessels. Code of Federal Regulations, Section 155, Title 33; (c) Caplis, J. R. MER Policy Letter 03-13; Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO) Classification Program; U.S Coast Guard: Washington, DC, 2013.

117. McNutt, M., A Community for Disaster Science. Science 2015, 348 (6230), 11.

This page intentionally left blank.