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Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
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1

Introduction

In the past decade, the changing climate of health care policy and practice has sharpened national focus on the challenges of providing high-quality and affordable care to an aging and increasingly diverse population. In this era, population health needs assessment and management require the collaboration of health professionals to provide patient-centered, coordinated, and community-based primary and specialty care services. Nurses, who make up the largest segment of the health care professional workforce, are in a position to lead and partner in teams that provide services across the continuum and settings of care (hospitals, ambulatory care, public health, schools, long-term care, home care, and community health).

In 2010, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) released The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health, which offers a series of recommendations pertaining to roles for nurses in the new health care landscape (IOM, 2011). Shortly after the report’s prepublication release in 2010, AARP and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) launched the Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action (the Campaign) to help implement the report’s recommendations. The present report provides an assessment of progress made by the Campaign and other initiatives and identifies areas that need to be emphasized as work continues to pursue recommendations from The Future of Nursing.

CONTEXT

The Future of Nursing was produced at a propitious moment in health care in the United States, a time of growing awareness that dramatic changes in the care delivery system were needed to accomplish the “Triple Aim” of better patient

Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
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experience, better health of the public, and lower costs. The increasing burden of chronic disease, changing demographics, and demands for greater access to care lent added urgency to the calls for change. The Future of Nursing in many ways anticipated these trends in its recommendations. Now, 5 years later, one can appreciate how prescient and appropriately timed these recommendations were. But many changes have occurred since that report was released, and these changes have created both new opportunities and new challenges in achieving the goals laid out in the report.

As described in The Future of Nursing, it was anticipated that with the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), nurses would play a larger role in delivering health care, facilitating efforts that would increasingly emphasize health promotion and disease prevention, and helping to bridge the gap between coverage and access (IOM, 2011). As the report notes, “by virtue of their regular, close proximity to patients, and their scientific understanding of care processes across the continuum of care, nurses have a considerable opportunity to act as full partners with other health professionals and to lead in the improvement and redesign of the health care system and its practice environment” (IOM, 2011, p. 23). It is precisely because nurses practice in various health care settings and across the continuum of care and enter the profession through different pathways and achieve varying levels of education that they are poised to affect health and health care delivery at every level.

As a result of the ACA, more than 16 million previously uninsured people have gained health insurance coverage (HHS, 2015). To fulfill the promise of access to care for these newly insured people, as well as more affordable, better-coordinated care for all, incentives have been created for new delivery and payment models. The new delivery models emphasize teamwork, care coordination for specialty care and chronic disease management, prevention, and a greater focus on population health and community-based care. The new payment models are moving from fee-for-service and episodic payment to more comprehensive payment based on value.

At the same time, there has been growing awareness of the need for more attention to a health professions workforce that must be appropriately prepared to work in this changing health care system. This awareness has led to greater emphasis on interprofessional education, teamwork training, and a better understanding of the roles of all health professionals in creating an optimal health care delivery system. Rapid advances in information technology, including mobile and digital health tools, also are changing the way health professionals and the public receive information and communicate with one another. Properly harnessed, these advances can enable greater engagement of patients in their own care, as well as support better teamwork and care coordination.

Thus, the context of health care in the United States in 2015 is dramatically different from what it was when The Future of Nursing was released in 2010. While the report anticipated many of these changes, it could not have foreseen

Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
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exactly how they would play out. The terms of the ACA dictated many of these changes, but they also set a tone and direction for the health care system regarding how care should be delivered.

All of these changes are consistent with the key messages in The Future of Nursing, which call for enhanced education and greater roles for nurses in the health care system (IOM, 2011). While The Future of Nursing focuses on advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) and registered nurses (RNs) with higher educational attainment, implications for nurses’ roles are significant. The shift from individual providers to interprofessional teams, for example, has implications for the role of nurses in teams and the education and competencies needed to provide care and function within those teams. Similarly, the shift to delivering care in the community, including retail clinics and patient homes, has important implications for how and where nurses receive clinical training. The changing landscape may enable additional strategies for achieving these goals, including value-based care, interprofessional collaboration and education, patient engagement, and new technologies.

The Future of Nursing coincided with dramatic changes in the health care landscape, and many other organizations released reports shortly before or after that report calling for similar changes in nursing and health care. Examples include

  • the World Health Organization’s (2009) Global Standards for the Initial Education of Professional Nurses and Midwives, developed from 2005 to 2007 and published in 2009, which calls for raising the initial education requirements for professional nurses;
  • the Carnegie Foundation report Educating Nurses: A Call for Radical Transformation, published in December 2009 (Benner et al., 2009);
  • the consensus statement of the Tri-Council for Nursing (comprising the American Association of Colleges of Nursing [AACN], American Nurses Association [ANA], American Organization of Nurse Executives, and National League for Nursing) titled Educational Advancement of Registered Nurses, published in May 2010, which calls for all RNs to pursue further education in order to improve the quality and safety of care across all settings (AACN, 2010);
  • Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation efforts around care delivery and interprofessional education (AACN and AAMC, 2010; Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, 2010, 2012, 2013); and
  • various position statements and issue briefs from professional and trade organizations related to advancing the educational preparation of nurses, interprofessional education, interprofessional collaboration and team-based care, and health workforce diversity (AACN, 2015; AONE, 2015b; NLN, 2015).
Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
×

Building on the changing health care landscape and the release of The Future of Nursing and these other reports, many organizations have been working diligently to make changes in nursing and health care. Nursing organizations have long been active in addressing the issues identified by the report, which lent momentum to a movement that was already under way and gave stakeholders tangible and specific recommendations toward which to work. After the report was released, these organizations continued or advanced their efforts to implement the recommended changes. Their efforts ranged from simple statements of support for the IOM report’s recommendations to the establishment of new and far-reaching initiatives, such as the Campaign.

For example, the ANA released a statement citing areas in which that organization and its members were actively pursuing change, such as the efforts of state nursing associations to make state-level changes to scope-of-practice laws (ANA, 2011). The AACN held a strategic planning session to identify areas in which its activities could align with the IOM report’s recommendations and it developed a new tactical plan for moving forward (AACN, n.d.). The National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) undertook several new efforts, including the Campaign for Consensus, designed to assist states in adopting the Consensus Model regulations regarding scope of practice for APRNs, and a pilot study on lifelong learning and continued competency (Alexander, 2011). And the Jonas Center for Nursing and Veterans Healthcare, which had been supporting doctoral education for nurses through its Jonas Scholars program since 2008, began requiring students to complete a leadership project that incorporates the IOM report’s recommendations (Curley, 2015; see also Jonas Center for Nursing and Veterans Healthcare, 2015). In addition to such individual efforts, many organizations signed on to the Campaign’s Champion Nursing Council, which gives the Campaign strategic guidance on fulfilling its goal of implementing the IOM report’s recommendations to improve health care and to prepare nurses to be essential partners in addressing the nation’s health care system challenges (CCNA, n.d.-c). The Future of Nursing and the Campaign helped accelerate these and other efforts to ensure that nurses are able to provide and lead efforts in health care delivery and system redesign.

STUDY SCOPE

In 2014, RWJF asked the IOM to convene a committee to assess progress made toward implementing the recommendations of The Future of Nursing, assess the progress of the Campaign toward meeting its goals, and issue a brief report including recommendations for the Campaign (see Box 1-1 for the committee’s statement of task). To conduct this study the IOM assembled a committee of 12 experts from the fields of nursing, communications, public health, research and evaluation, and medicine. The committee held four meetings over the course of 5 months that included three public workshops, during which stakeholders

Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
×

BOX 1-1
Statement of Task

An ad hoc committee under the auspices of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) will assess the changes in the field of nursing and peripheral areas over the last 5 years as a result of the IOM report on The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health. The role of the AARP and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s (RWJF’s) Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action (the Campaign) will be taken into consideration in assessing these field changes. The report will assess the Campaign’s progress in meeting its stated goals, and identify the areas that should be emphasized over the next 5 years that will help the Campaign fulfill the recommendations of the IOM report.

This report will be based, in part, on a series of three workshops. Each workshop, organized by the committee and held in conjunction with each of three committee meetings, will invite speakers to help assess the field’s progress of the adoption of The Future of Nursing report, in addition to the work of the Campaign. Specifically, the workshops will invite stakeholders representing nursing, medicine, health systems, consumer groups, business, and policy makers at the state and national levels to provide testimony to the committee on the following broad topics: practice, education, and leadership; with diversity, interprofessional collaboration, and needed data as cross-cutting issues. In addition to the three workshops the committee will, during its closed meetings, consider data collected and provided by RWJF and other inputs and literature gathered by the committee.

In its review of data and input from workshops, the committee will consider the following:

  • Utilization and impact of the IOM’s The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health report.
  • The Campaign’s areas of focus (education, leadership, scope of practice, interprofessional collaboration, diversity, and workforce data).
  • Impact that the Campaign has had on areas peripheral to nursing (such as activities undertaken by individuals and organizations to adopt the recommendations outside the sphere of Campaign activities and that impact).
  • The role of traditional and new media in the impact of the Campaign.
  • Future near-term (5 years) goals for the Campaign.

The committee will author a brief report that will include conclusions and recommendations on what actions need to take place to ensure sustainable impact of the Campaign in its work to implement the recommendations of the IOM The Future of Nursing report and other activities, with an emphasis on future steps and areas of focus.

Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
×

provided testimony on the nursing field’s progress in the areas of practice, education, leadership, diversity, interprofessional collaboration, and data needs. The committee also considered data collected and provided by RWJF, as well as from other sources (see Appendix A for further information about the study methods).

The committee’s task was not to reexamine the merits of or amend the recommendations of The Future of Nursing. The committee did not perform a comprehensive or formal evaluation of the impact of the report’s recommendations or of the Campaign’s impact on health outcomes or access to care—two of the broader goals of the report’s recommendations—as 5 years is an insufficient amount of time over which to evaluate these outcomes. In addition, the committee did not perform a comprehensive assessment of the state of the nursing profession. Instead, the committee focused on how the field of nursing has been impacted by the Campaign and other such efforts. The committee reviewed how the current context of health care delivery and nursing education and practice may affect how the IOM report’s recommendations are being implemented, and it identified barriers to and unintended consequences of their implementation. In the present report, the committee notes when it conducted original analyses. When data were provided by the Campaign, the committee attempted to cross-reference those data with outside sources.

Further, while the committee did assess progress in implementing the recommendations of The Future of Nursing, it was not able to attribute progress or the lack thereof directly to the report or the Campaign, given efforts by other organizations and trends in the field. Progress in the areas of education, practice, collaboration, leadership, diversity, and workforce data may be attributable to those other efforts (described below) and contemporary factors. Regardless, the committee considered how the recommendations of The Future of Nursing have been advanced and how they might continue to be advanced.

The next section of this chapter provides an overview of The Future of Nursing and its findings and recommendations. This is followed by a description of the Campaign’s efforts to implement the recommendations over the past 5 years, as well as salient RWJF activities outside of the Campaign. Finally, this chapter lays out the content of remaining chapters of the report.

OVERVIEW OF THE FUTURE OF NURSING:
LEADING CHANGE, ADVANCING HEALTH

The Future of Nursing1 was the product of a 2-year Initiative on the Future of Nursing, established by RWJF and the IOM (IOM, 2011). The 18-person committee convened by the Initiative was led by Donna Shalala, former U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services, and included experts in such arenas as nursing, business, education, research, and public health. The committee was asked to “ex-

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1 The full report is available at http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12956.

Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
×

amine the capacity of the nursing workforce to meet the demands of a reformed health care and public health system” and to develop a set of recommendations for changes at the national, state, and local levels (IOM, 2011, p. xiii). Specifically, the committee was asked to identify vital roles for nurses in the design and implementation of a more effective and efficient health care system and to make recommendations on how to

  • reconceptualize the role of nurses within the context of the entire health care system;
  • expand the capacity of nursing education to produce an adequate number of well-prepared nurses to meet current and future demand;
  • develop innovative solutions related to professional education and health care delivery by focusing on the delivery of nursing services; and
  • attract and retain well-prepared nurses in multiple care settings.

The Future of Nursing identifies a variety of barriers that have limited the nursing profession’s ability to contribute fully to the health care system. These barriers include an aging workforce, regulatory restrictions on nursing practice, fragmentation of health care, limited capacity of the nursing education system, and a lack of workforce data. The report is centered on four key messages.

Key Message #1: Nurses should practice to the full extent of their education and training. The study committee found that historical, regulatory, and policy barriers have prevented nurses from being able to perform the full range of activities for which their education and training have prepared them. For example, regulations on nurse practitioners (NPs) vary by state, and many states limit or deny an NP’s ability to prescribe medications, assess patient conditions, order and evaluate tests, or admit a patient to the hospital. The committee formulated recommendations for Congress, state legislatures, and various federal agencies on actions that could help remove these scope-of-practice barriers. In addition, the committee found that newly graduated nurses could benefit from additional assistance in the transition to practice, and it recommended the development of residency programs to help nursing graduates further hone their skills.

Key Message #2: Nurses should achieve higher levels of education and training through an improved education system that promotes seamless academic progression. The committee observed that major changes in the health care system will require equally major changes in the education of nurses to prepare them to work with sophisticated technology, analyze and synthesize complex information to make critical decisions, and collaborate with a variety of other health professionals. To meet these advanced needs, the committee recommended that more nurses obtain higher degrees so that by 2020, 80 percent of nurses would have a baccalaureate degree and the number of nurses with a doctorate would double. The committee also recommended that nurses engage in lifelong learning

Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
×

throughout their careers, and that efforts be made to increase the diversity of the nursing workforce.

Key Message #3: Nurses should be full partners, with physicians and other health professionals, in redesigning health care in the United States. The committee found that for nurses to participate fully in the transformation of the health care system, they need to act in positions of leadership and work collaboratively with leaders from other health professions. The committee noted that these nurse leaders need to be full partners at all levels of the system—from bedside to boardroom—and to contribute actively to policy making by serving on committees, commissions, and boards. To develop this leadership capacity, the committee recommended that health care organizations, funders, and education programs provide, expand, and fund opportunities for nurses to develop leadership skills and assume leadership positions, and that health care decision makers ensure that nurses are represented in key leadership positions on boards and management teams.

Key Message #4: Effective workforce planning and policy making require better data collection and an improved information infrastructure. The committee determined that to plan and prepare for fundamental changes in the health care system, it is necessary to have reliable and granular data on the health care workforce. The needed data include the numbers and types of health professionals working in the field, where and in what roles they work, and what types of activities they perform. These data are necessary to plan for workforce needs and to establish a baseline upon which to improve. The committee recommended that the National Health Care Workforce Commission (mandated by the ACA) work with the Health Resources and Services Administration to improve research and the collection and analysis of data in this area.

From the foundation of these key messages, the committee developed eight recommendations for addressing the barriers that have prevented the nursing profession from realizing its full potential in leading the transformation of the health care system (see Box 1-2). The Future of Nursing acknowledges the growing diversity of the U.S. population and the concomitant need for an increasingly diverse nursing workforce, incorporating this critical and crosscutting issue into its recommendations relating to nurses’ educational attainment (recommendations 4, 5, and 6). The study committee directed its recommendations not only at the nursing profession but also at other entities that play a role in improving the system, including government, businesses, health care organizations, professional associations, and the insurance industry.

Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
×

THE FUTURE OF NURSING: CAMPAIGN FOR ACTION

Goals

The Campaign was launched in 2010, shortly after the release of The Future of Nursing (CCNA, n.d.-a). The Campaign is coordinated through the Center to Champion Nursing in America (CCNA), an initiative of AARP, the AARP Foundation, and RWJF. Its stated purpose is to implement the recommendations of the IOM report through actions at the national and state levels. Based on the report’s recommendations, the Campaign focuses on six major areas, or “pillars” (CCNA, n.d.-b):

  • advancing education transformation,
  • leveraging nursing leadership,
  • removing barriers to practice and care,
  • fostering interprofessional collaboration,
  • promoting diversity, and
  • bolstering workforce data.

The Campaign aims to achieve its goals through a wide variety of activities, working with stakeholders, including consumers, nurses, insurers, educators, and policy makers. To support these efforts, 51 state Action Coalitions (one in each state and the District of Columbia) build grassroots networks of local stakeholders to effect change at the state and local levels (CCNA, n.d.-f). In its first 2 years, the Campaign focused its efforts on building an infrastructure (the state Action Coalitions) to convene and mobilize constituents and stakeholders around the messages and recommendations of the IOM report. In its third year, the Campaign “shifted to strategic activation and partnership development,” asking the Action Coalitions to work on five “campaign imperatives” (TCC Group, 2014, p. 1):

  • move beyond nursing and focus on improving health and health care for consumers and their families;
  • deliver short-term results while continuing to develop long-term plans;
  • have the courage to place the right leaders at the helm or remove weak, ineffective leaders;
  • have funding to sustain the [Action Coalitions’] work; and
  • not ignore the diverse stakeholders critical to the [Action Coalitions’] success.
Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
×

BOX 1-2
Recommendations from
The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health*

Recommendation 1: Remove scope-of-practice barriers. Advanced practice registered nurses should be able to practice to the full extent of their education and training.

Recommendation 2: Expand opportunities for nurses to lead and diffuse collaborative improvement efforts. Private and public funders, health care organizations, nursing education programs, and nursing associations should expand opportunities for nurses to lead and manage collaborative efforts with physicians and other members of the health care team to conduct research and to redesign and improve practice environments and health systems. These entities should also provide opportunities for nurses to diffuse successful practices.

Recommendation 3: Implement nurse residency programs. State boards of nursing, accrediting bodies, the federal government, and health care organizations should take actions to support nurses’ completion of a transition-to-practice program (nurse residency) after they have completed a prelicensure or advanced practice degree program or when they are transitioning into new clinical practice areas.

Recommendation 4: Increase the proportion of nurses with a baccalaureate degree to 80 percent by 2020. Academic nurse leaders across all schools of nursing should work together to increase the proportion of nurses with a baccalaureate degree from 50 to 80 percent by 2020. These leaders should partner with education accrediting bodies, private and public funders, and employers to ensure funding, monitor progress, and increase the diversity of students to create a workforce prepared to meeting the demands of diverse populations across the lifespan.

Activities

The Campaign operates at both the national and state levels. The national Campaign convenes leadership and advisory groups—including a Strategic Advisory Committee, Diversity Steering Committee, Champion Nursing Coalition, and Champion Nursing Council—to advance the goals of the IOM report and the Campaign (CCNA, n.d.-e). In addition, the Campaign convenes meetings around the major topics of the IOM report (including leadership, education, and scope of practice) and provides technical assistance to the state Action Coalitions, which, as noted, work to advance the recommendations of The Future of Nursing at the state and local levels (CCNA, 2015c).

Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
×

Recommendation 5: Double the number of nurses with a doctorate by 2020. Schools of nursing, with support from private and public funders, academic administrators and university trustees, and accrediting bodies, should double the number of nurses with a doctorate by 2020 to add to the cadre of nurse faculty and researchers, with attention to increasing diversity.

Recommendation 6: Ensure that nurses engage in lifelong learning. Accrediting bodies, schools of nursing, health care organizations, and continuing competency educators from multiple health professions should collaborate to ensure that nurses and nursing students and faculty continue their education and engage in lifelong learning to gain the competencies needed to provide care for diverse populations across the lifespan.

Recommendation 7: Prepare and enable nurses to lead change to advance health. Nurses, nursing education programs, and nursing associations should prepare the nursing workforce to assume leadership positions across all levels, while public, private, and governmental health care decision makers should ensure that leadership position are available to and filled by nurses.

Recommendation 8: Build an infrastructure for the collection and analysis of interprofessional health care workforce data. The National Health Care Workforce Commission, with oversight from the Government Accountability Office and the Health Resources and Services Administration, should lead a collaborative effort to improve research and the collection and analysis of data on health care workforce requirements. The Workforce Commission and the Health Resources and Services Administration should collaborate with state licensing boards, state nursing workforce centers, and the Department of Labor in this effort to ensure that the data are timely and publicly accessible.

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* Recommendations listed in this box are abbreviated. See Appendix B for the full version of each recommendation.
SOURCE: IOM, 2011.

The state Action Coalitions are considered “the driving force of the Campaign” because they are able to work as a network to effect change at the local level (CCNA, n.d.-f). The first state Action Coalitions—in California, Michigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, and New York—were formed in November 2010; within 1 year after the launch of the Campaign, 36 Action Coalitions were operating around the country; and by January 2013, all 51 Action Coalitions were active (CCNA, n.d.-g). The Campaign provides funding to some state Action Coalitions, mainly through the State Implementation Program (SIP), but it also encourages (and in the case of SIP grantees, requires) that the Action Coalitions find external funding (CCNA, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015a). As of January 2015, only 9 Action Coalitions had not received external funding. The remainder were receiving vari-

Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
×

images

FIGURE 1-1 State Action Coalition funds by the Campaign pillar and/or imperative.
SOURCE: CCNA, 2015c.

ous amounts of funding (from a few thousand dollars to more than $1 million) from various sources, including foundations, government, colleges and universities, health and hospital systems, nursing organizations, and businesses (CCNA, 2015a). Figure 1-1 shows the allocation of total state Action Coalition funds to efforts relating to the recommendations of The Future of Nursing, the Campaign pillars, and Campaign imperatives.

Thirty-one state Action Coalitions currently receive funding from Campaign SIP grants (CCNA, 2015c). These Action Coalitions receive up to $150,000 from RWJF, but they also are required to secure $75,000 in matching funds from other sources (CCNA, 2011, 2012, 2014). All state Action Coalitions work to advance the recommendations of the IOM report, but SIP grantees are required to identify one or two recommendations from the report that they will work toward implementing at the state level using this funding.

A 2013 survey of all state Action Coalitions by the Campaign’s external evaluator, TCC Group (see Evaluation section), asked respondents to indicate

Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
×

whether specific topics relating to the IOM report’s recommendations were (1) a main focus for their efforts, (2) not a main focus but an issue on which they were working, or (3) not an issue on which they were working (TCC Group, 2013a). Figure 1-2 shows the attention paid to these priority areas of the IOM report and

images

FIGURE 1-2 State Action Coalition members’ focus on priority areas of The Future of Nursing and the Campaign.
NOTES: Data are based on responses of 1,100 survey respondents from 49 state Action Coalitions, including that of the District of Columbia. Scores were calculated for each state by aggregating and averaging all responses from that state. APRN = advanced practice registered nurse; BSN = bachelor of science in nursing.
SOURCE: Personal communication, K. Locke, TCC Group, September 3, 2015.

Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
×

images

FIGURE 1-3 Priority focus area for each state Action Coalition.
NOTES: Survey respondents categorized the amount of focus given to each priority area. State scores were aggregated, and the highest score was identified as the top priority. The number of responses from Alaska, Delaware, Indiana, Michigan, and North Dakota was insufficient for calculation of scores. APRN = advanced practice registered nurse; BSN = bachelor of science in nursing.
SOURCE: TCC Group, 2013a.

the Campaign. Figure 1-3 shows the top priority area for each state, based on aggregated scores for respondents from each state.

Measuring Progress

To track its progress toward implementation of the IOM report’s recommendations, the Campaign developed dashboard indicators—specific, measurable data points that approximate success for that recommendation (CCNA, 2015d) (see Table 1-1). The Campaign also utilizes supplemental indicators for some recommendations. In addition to the indicators and supplemental indicators for

Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
×

TABLE 1-1 Recommendations from The Future of Nursing and Campaign Indicators

Recommendation Indicator
#1: Remove scope-of-practice barriers. State progress in removing regulatory barriers to care by nurse practitioners
Supplemental indicators:
  • States that allow full practice authority for nurse-midwives by year
  • States that allow full practice authority for nurse practitioners by year
  • Number of hospitals in the United States with Magnet status
  • Number of nurse-led clinics in the United States
  • Number of nurse-led clinics located in medically underserved areas (MUAs)
#2: Expand opportunities for nurses to lead and diffuse collaborative improvement efforts. Number of required clinical courses and/or activities at top nursing schools that include both RN students and other graduate health professional students
Supplemental indicator:
  • Number of articles published in top 10 health services research journals co-authored by an RN and authors from other disciplines
#3: Implement nurse residency programs. None
#4: Increase the proportion of nurses with a baccalaureate degree to 80 percent by 2020. Percentage of employed nurses with a baccalaureate degree in nursing or higher degree
Supplemental indicators:
  • New RN graduates by degree type, by race/ethnicity
  • New RN graduates by degree type, by gender
  • Number and percent of U.S.-educated, first-time NCLEX-takers with a BSN
  • Percent of hospitals that have new RN graduate residencies
  • Percentage of hospital employers that offer RNs tuition reimbursement
  • Number of RN-to-BSN graduates annually
#5: Double the number of nurses with a doctorate by 2020. Total enrollment in nursing doctorate programs
Supplemental indicators:
  • Number of employed nurses with a doctoral degree
  • Number of people receiving nursing doctoral degrees annually
  • Diversity of nursing doctorate graduates by race/ethnicity
  • Diversity of nursing doctorate graduates by gender
#6: Ensure that nurses engage in lifelong learning. None
#7: Prepare and enable nurses to lead change to advance health. Percent of hospital boards with RN members
Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
×
Recommendation Indicator
#8: Build an infrastructure for the collection and analysis of interprofessional health care workforce data. Number of recommended nursing workforce data items collected by the states
Supplemental indicators:
  • State boards of nursing that participate in the NCSBN Nursys Data System
  • States that collect race/ethnicity data about their nursing workforce

NOTE: BSN = bachelor of science in nursing; NCLEX = National Council Licensure Examination; NCSBN = National Council of State Boards of Nursing; RN = registered nurse.
SOURCE: CCNA, 2015d.

six of the eight recommendations from The Future of Nursing, the Campaign identified a supplemental indicator for progress on increasing the diversity of the nursing workforce: racial/ethnic composition of the RN workforce in the United States (CCNA, 2015d).

The Campaign recognized data limitations that hampered measuring progress toward implementation of the IOM report’s recommendations (CCNA, n.d.d; Spetz et al., 2014). For example, the IOM report calls for a doubling of the number of nurses with doctorates. Given that doctoral programs take 3 or more years to complete, however, the number of doctorally prepared nurses in the workforce would not show much progress due to efforts attributable to the report or the Campaign just 5 years after the report’s release. Thus, the Campaign is looking at interim indicators to identify progress toward the report’s goals, such as nurses’ enrollment in doctoral programs. Further, the Campaign notes that “for national indicators, it is important to use a source of data that provides consistent information across states” (CCNA, n.d.-d, p. 3).

Communications Strategies

The Campaign undertakes a variety of communication activities and also provides communication support to state Action Coalitions (CCNA, 2015b). The Campaign has developed and maintains a website, social media presence, and speakers bureau, which it uses to communicate to stakeholders and the public. It also uses videos, email updates, listserv messages, and webinars to communicate with Action Coalitions and other stakeholder groups central to Campaign efforts. Further, leaders from the Campaign publish articles, stories, editorials, and blog posts in popular media and scholarly journals. Prior to the start of the Campaign, CCNA, which was founded in 2007, was building its communication network with organizations and individuals around the nation. CCNA has helped state Action Coalitions develop communication strategies and provided other com-

Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
×

munication support and technical assistance. The Campaign has stated that it has engaged as key stakeholders the nursing community, business leaders, payers, philanthropic organizations, policy makers, consumers, other health professionals, and the higher education community, “with an emphasis on community college leaders” (CCNA, 2015b, p. 2).

Evaluation

In 2011, the Campaign engaged an external company, TCC Group, to conduct an evaluation of its programs (Raynor and Locke, 2015). This evaluation is ongoing and is described as formative in focus and multilevel, including review of the efforts of the national Campaign, the state Action Coalitions, and the Academic Progression in Nursing program. The evaluation has included the following components:

  • Interviews with key Campaign leaders and staff at RWJF and CCNA were conducted in 2012 to assess the effectiveness of collaboration between these two organizations; the roles and responsibilities of staff in each; and the benefits and challenges with respect to leadership, decision making, and communication that exist through this unique partnership (TCC Group, 2012a).
  • Campaign partner interviews were conducted in September and October 2012 with a variety of Campaign stakeholders, as well as with members of the Campaign’s Champion Nursing Council and Champion Nursing Coalition, to identify accomplishments in and barriers to implementing the goals of the Campaign that are based on the recommendations of the IOM report (TCC Group, 2012b).
  • As discussed above, a national survey of the state Action Coalitions was conducted in fall 2013 to assess the implementation of Campaign activities, the use of Campaign services, the Action Coalitions’ priority focus areas related to the IOM report’s recommendations, and the outcomes of their efforts (TCC Group, 2013b).
  • A formative evaluation of the Academic Progression in Nursing (APIN) program was conducted from October 2012 through October 2013 to assess the program’s implementation and the results and outcomes each APIN grantee was able to accomplish within the 2 years since the start of the program. This evaluation also sought to identify aspects of models that appeared to be particularly successful with regard to advancing academic progression among nurses (TCC Group, 2013b).
  • A survey was conducted in December 2013 among alumni of RWJF nursing programs (Executive Nurse Fellows, Partners Investing in Nursing’s Future, and Nurse Faculty Scholars) to assess the engagement of program alumni in the Campaign (TCC Group, 2013c).
Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
×
  • An analysis focused on the Campaign imperatives (detailed earlier) was conducted in fall 2013 to determine the efforts and capacities of the state Action Coalitions with respect to making progress in the Campaign’s strategic activation phase (TCC Group, 2014).

RWJF ACTIVITIES OUTSIDE OF THE CAMPAIGN

RWJF has a portfolio of work related to advancing the nursing profession that is separate from the work of the Campaign but still advances the messages and goals of The Future of Nursing and the Campaign. In many cases, these programs interface and collaborate with the Campaign at the national and state levels. These programs include the following:

  • The APIN program was established in 2012 as an initiative of RWJF and the Tri-Council for Nursing, with program offices located in the American Organization of Nurse Executives. The program collaborates with and funds are distributed to state Action Coalitions and their stakeholders to establish models of seamless academic progression for nurses to further the IOM report’s recommendation that 80 percent of nurses have a baccalaureate degree by 2020 (AONE, 2015a; RWJF, 2012) (see a more detailed description of this program in Chapter 3).
  • The Future of Nursing Scholars program, established in 2013, supports nurses in obtaining their PhD and furthers the IOM report’s recommendation that the number of nurses with a doctorate be doubled by 2020 (RWJF, 2015a) (see a more detailed description of this program in Chapter 3).
  • Executive Nurse Fellows, established in 1997, is a 3-year program that provides leadership development and support to nurses in executive leadership positions, and includes leadership curriculum, coaching and mentoring, and team-based learning projects (RWJF, 2014b, 2015b).
  • Nurse Faculty Scholars, established in 2008, provides career development awards to nurse faculty. The program requires that awardees have a doctorate in nursing or another related discipline, and that they be junior faculty in a tenure-track position. The 3-year award provides support for the scholar’s research expenses and part of the scholar’s salary. Scholars also receive leadership training and mentoring through the program. With the closing of the program scheduled for 2017, the 2014 call for proposals was this program’s last (RWJF, 2014a, n.d.-e,g).
  • The Nursing and Health Policy Collaborative at the University of New Mexico offers opportunities for PhD-prepared nurse fellows to engage in health policy through academic study in health policy; mentorship opportunities; and collaborative efforts with researchers, other health professionals, policy makers, and the community (RWJF, n.d.-f).
Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
×
  • The Interdisciplinary Nursing Quality Research Initiative (INQRI) was established in 2005 to fund research conducted by interdisciplinary teams that addresses gaps in knowledge relating to nursing and health care delivery and care quality, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness (RWJF, n.d.-a). Responding to the publication of the IOM report in 2010, RWJF created the Future of Nursing National Research Agenda, a research program coordinated by INQRI that supports studies specifically related to the report’s recommendations (RWJF, n.d.-b,c).
  • The New Careers in Nursing (NCIN) scholarship program (RWJF/AARP) was established in 2008 to provide support for students returning to school to obtain baccalaureate and master’s degrees in nursing (RWJF, 2013).
  • Partners Investing in Nursing’s Future (PIN) was established in 2006 as a partnership between RWJF and the Northwest Health Foundation to support local and regional foundations in advancing leadership in nursing. This program ended in June 30, 2015 (RWJF, n.d.-d).

In addition to the PIN program, four other nursing-related programs will be ending in the coming years as the result of RWJF’s new focus on a “Culture of Health” and a review of its portfolio of human capital investments. These four programs are NCIN (closing in 2017), Executive Nurse Fellows (2017), Nurse Faculty Scholars (2017), and the Nursing and Health Policy Collaborative at the University of New Mexico (2018) (RWJF, 2014a, n.d.-h).

ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

Chapters 2 through 6 review the progress made in implementing the recommendations of The Future of Nursing in the areas of delivery of care, education, diversity, leadership and interprofessional collaboration, and data, respectively. These chapters include the committee’s findings and conclusions in each of these areas, as well as its recommendations for how the Campaign and others should move forward in the next 5 years, considering the successes and challenges that have occurred over the past 5 years and the new context within which the recommendations of The Future of Nursing are being implemented.

REFERENCES

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AACN. 2015. Position statements. http://www.aacn.nche.edu/publications/position-statements (accessed September 23, 2015).

AACN. n.d. AACN strategic planning & the IOM report. www.aacn.nche.edu/education-resources/IOMStrategicPlanning.pdf (accessed November 23, 2015).

Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
×

AACN and AAMC (Association of American Medical Colleges). 2010. Lifelong learning in medicine and nursing: Final conference report. Washington, DC: AACN and AAMC.

Alexander, M. 2011. Supporting the Future of Nursing. Journal of Nursing Regulation 2(2):3.

ANA (American Nurses Association). 2011. ANA, CMA and OA activities reflected in the IOM recommendations. http://www.nursingworld.org/ANA-Activities-IOM-Report (accessed November 23, 2015).

AONE (American Organization of Nurse Executives). 2015a. Academic progression in nursing. http://www.aone.org/resources/APIN/APIN_main.shtml (accessed September 23, 2015).

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Benner, P., M. Sutphen, V. Leonard, and L. Day. 2009. Educating nurses: A call for radical transformation (Vol. 15). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

CCNA (Center to Champion Nursing in America). 2011. Future of Nursing: State Implementation Program 2012 request for proposals. Washington, DC: CCNA.

CCNA. 2012. Future of Nursing: State Implementation Program 2013 request for proposals. Washington, DC: CCNA.

CCNA. 2014. Future of Nursing: State Implementation Program 2014 request for proposals. Washington, DC: CCNA.

CCNA. 2015a (unpublished). Action coalition fundraising report, as of January 31, 2015. Washington, DC: CCNA.

CCNA. 2015b. Evaluation of the impact of the Institute of Medicine report “The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health” communications report, July 20, 2015. Washington, DC: CCNA.

CCNA. 2015c (unpublished). Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action biannual operations report, August 1, 2014-May 31, 2015. Washington, DC: The Center to Champion Nursing in America.

CCNA. 2015d. Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action dashboard indicators. http://campaignforaction.org/dashboard (accessed September 12, 2015).

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CCNA. n.d.-e. Our partners. http://campaignforaction.org/whos-involved (accessed November 23, 2015).

CCNA. n.d.-f. State action coalitions. http://campaignforaction.org/states (accessed September 23, 2015).

CCNA. n.d.-g (unpublished). Growing the national campaign: Action coalition timeline. Washington, DC: The Center to Champion Nursing in America.

Curley, D. 2015. Presentation to IOM Committee for Assessing Progress on Implementing the Recommendations of the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health. Washington, DC, July 27, 2015.

HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 2015. Health insurance coverage and the Affordable Care Act. http://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/83966/ib_uninsured_change.pdf (accessed October 22, 2015).

IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2011. The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
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Jonas Center for Nursing and Veterans Healthcare. 2015. Jonas Nurse Leaders Scholar Program. http://www.jonascenter.org/program-areas/jonas-nurse-leaders-scholars (accessed September 23, 2015).

Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation. 2010. Co-chairs’ summary of the conference: Who will provide primary care and how will they be trained? New York: Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation. http://macyfoundation.org/docs/macy_pubs/jmf_ChairSumConf_Jan2010.pdf (accessed September 23, 2015).

Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation. 2012. Conference on interprofessional education, April 1-3, 2012. New York: Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation.

Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation. 2013. Transforming patient care: Aligning interprofessional education with clinical practice redesign. New York: Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation.

NLN (National League for Nursing). 2015. Archived position statements. http://www.nln.org/about/position-statements/archived-position-statements (accessed September 23, 2015).

Raynor, J., and K. Locke. 2015. The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health. Presentation to IOM Committee for Assessing Progress on Implementing the Recommendations of the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health. Washington, DC, May 28, 2015.

RWJF (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation). 2012. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation launches initiative to support academic progression in nursing. http://www.rwjf.org/en/library/articles-andnews/2012/03/robert-wood-johnson-foundation-launches-initiative-to-support-ac.html (accessed September 18, 2015).

RWJF. 2013. New careers in nursing program details. http://www.newcareersinnursing.org/aboutncin/program-details (accessed September 23, 2015).

RWJF. 2014a. Letter to the nursing field from Risa Lavizzo-Mourey: RWJF President and CEO describes transitions in the foundation’s nursing programs. http://www.rwjf.org/en/library/articles-and-news/2014/02/letter-to-the-field.html?cq_ck=1392047707833 (accessed September 22, 2015).

RWJF. 2014b. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation executive nurse fellows. http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2014/rwjf69782 (accessed September 23, 2015).

RWJF. 2015a. Future of Nursing Scholars: Strengthening nursing leadership of the health and health care systems. http://futureofnursingscholars.org (accessed September 23, 2015).

RWJF. 2015b. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation executive nurse fellows. http://www.executivenursefellows.org (accessed September 23, 2015).

RWJF. n.d.-a. Interdisciplinary nursing quality research initiative program overview. http://www.inqri.org/about-inqri/program-overview (accessed September 23, 2015).

RWJF. n.d.-b. INQRI and the future of nursing. http://www.inqri.org/grants/agenda-studies (accessed October 26, 2015).

RWJF. n.d.-c. National research agenda studies. http://www.inqri.org/grants/agenda-studies/list (accessed October 26, 2015).

RWJF. n.d.-d. Partners investing in nursing’s future. http://www.partnersinnursing.org (accessed September 22, 2015).

RWJF. n.d.-e. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Nurse Faculty Scholars frequently asked questions. http://www.nursefacultyscholars.org/general (accessed September 22, 2015).

RWJF. n.d.-f. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Nursing and Health Policy Collaborative at the University of New Mexico. http://nursinghealthpolicy.org/the-collaborative (accessed September 23, 2015).

RWJF. n.d.-g. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Nurse Faculty Scholars about. http://www.nursefacultyscholars.org/about (accessed November 23, 2015).

RWJF. n.d.-h. A bold new direction for leadership programs. http://www.rwjf.org/en/library/features/A-Bold-New-Direction-for-Leadership-Programs.html (accessed November 23, 2015).

Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
×

Spetz, J., T. Bates, L. Chu, J. Lin, N. W. Fishman, and L. Melichar. 2014. Creating a dashboard to track progress toward IOM recommendations for the future of nursing. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice 14(3-4):117-124.

TCC Group. 2012a (unpublished). Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action RWJF/CCNA collaboration report. Philadelphia, PA: TCC Group.

TCC Group. 2012b (unpublished). Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action campaign partner findings. Philadelphia, PA: TCC Group.

TCC Group. 2013a (unpublished). Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action coalition survey. Philadelphia, PA: TCC Group.

TCC Group. 2013b (unpublished). Evaluation of the Academic Progression in Nursing (APIN) initiative, year one report to the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Philadelphia, PA: TCC Group.

TCC Group. 2013c (unpublished). Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action RWJ alumni survey. Philadelphia, PA: TCC Group.

TCC Group. 2014 (unpublished). Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Future of Nursing Campaign imperative analysis. Philadelphia, PA: TCC Group.

WHO (World Health Organization). 2009. Global standards for the initial education of professional nurses and midwives. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.

Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21838.
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Nurses make up the largest segment of the health care profession, with 3 million registered nurses in the United States. Nurses work in a wide variety of settings, including hospitals, public health centers, schools, and homes, and provide a continuum of services, including direct patient care, health promotion, patient education, and coordination of care. They serve in leadership roles, are researchers, and work to improve health care policy. As the health care system undergoes transformation due in part to the Affordable Care Act (ACA), the nursing profession is making a wide-reaching impact by providing and affecting quality, patient-centered, accessible, and affordable care.

In 2010, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) released the report The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health, which made a series of recommendations pertaining to roles for nurses in the new health care landscape. This current report assesses progress made by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation/AARP Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action and others in implementing the recommendations from the 2010 report and identifies areas that should be emphasized over the next 5 years to make further progress toward these goals.

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